Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.Assistant ProfessorFaculty of Engineering and Applied ScienceMemorial University of [email protected]
ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering
Lecture 02: Pipeline Systems Engineering and Routing Considerations
2 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Lecture 02 Objective
To provide an overview of subsea pipeline systems engineering and key factors in pipeline routing
3 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Pipeline Systems Primary FunctionProduct Transport
Liquid hydrocarbonsNatural gasNatural gas liquidsWaterChemicals
Key ElementsProduct typeDelivery rateOperating pressureDistance from field development to marketCurrent and future demand/capacity
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Pipeline Transportation SystemsFlowlines
Field development to a subsea manifold or production facility
Gathering LinesConnecting multiple flowlines to a production facility
Export PipelineTransport from a production facility to domestic or international market
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Project Phases
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Systematic ApproachManagement
Project execution planTechnical
Development planDesign basisSafety plan
AuxiliaryProject summaryEconomic benefits planEnvironmental impact assessmentSocio-economic impact assessment
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Project Execution PlanOverview
Early stage, live document, project wideClient objectives, drivers and risk tolerance
Primary ComponentsProject scope and deliverablesOrganizational hierarchy, roles and responsibilitiesExecution strategies for engineering, quality, procurement, construction, commissioning and safetyProject scheduleIntegrated communication protocols and decision making processes
8 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Design Basis
OverviewEarly stage, live document, project wideClear, complete and authoritative reference
Primary Components Pipeline system overviewOperational parametersEnvironmental and physical dataMaterials engineeringDesign issues and constraintsDesign methodology and philosophy
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Major Design IssuesProduct CharacterizationRoute SelectionMaterials SelectionHydraulic AnalysisMechanical DesignCoatings Components and AssembliesConstructability and InterventionOperation, Inspection and RepairDecommissioning and Abandonment
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Major Cost Factors
Linepipe TonnageMaterialTransportationLength•
Alignment & heading changes
Example≈ US$25k / WT(mm)-D(m)-L(km)762mm OD; 100km; 17.1mm⇒22.2mm WT≈ US$10M differential
Ref: SEIC (2005)
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Major Cost Factors (cont.)Vessel Selection
PerformanceWater depth rangeTension limits
Construction Vessel TimeAlignment, heading angleStinger change-outPlatform, landfall approachCrossings, interactionsMonitored, restricted lay operations Ref: Saipem (2006)
Castoro Sei
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Major Cost Factors (cont.)
Route Intervention ActivitiesDredgingTrenchingPre-sweepingRock dumpingSpan correction
Ref: Saipem (2006)
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Route Selection – OverviewPipeline Route Characterization
Landfall and platform approachesLength, kilometer post and intermediate stationsChanges in alignment and elevation profile
System Environment Characterization
Political and social factorsPhysical and environmental factorsEngineered systems
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Route Selection – Critical Activity
Upfront Planning and AssessmentDesk study•
“Ounce of prevention >> pound of cure”
Utilize available resources•
Regulator and operator experience & lessons learned
•
Government departments & agencies•
New technologies, data acquisition & historical archives
Uncertainty•
Prioritize and plan for engineering surveys
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Route Selection – Politics
Landfall and Platform Approaches
Ref: Saipem (2006)Ref: Lanan (2007)
Ref: BHP (2005)
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Route Selection – PoliticsRegional and International Scope
Political, civil or military instabilityJurisdictions & regulationsArchaeological, historical significanceExamples
•
Black Sea•
Europipe
•
Oman–India•
Medgaz
•
Vancouver Island & Georgia Strait
Ref: Saipem (2006)
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Route Selection – Remote SensingRef: Hansen (2005)
Ref: Google (2005)
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Route Selection – Existing Data
Ref: EnCana (2002)
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Route Selection – Sensitive Areas
EnvironmentalSignificant or sensitive ecosystem•
Wetlands, estuaries, northern environments
Resident habitatBreeding groundsMigration patterns
Cumulative effectsMilitary Zones
Ref: EnCana (2002)
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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
Bathymetry & SlopeSoil Properties
TypeIndex & strengthSpatial distribution
W
F
Ref: NOAA (2005)
Ref: BCOG (2001)
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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
Significant Features
Ref: Hydro (2005)
Ref: Hansen (2005)
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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
Seabed MobilitySediment transportSandwave migrationScour
Ref: Heap (2004)
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Route Selection – Seabed HazardsSeismic
FaultingLiquefaction
MassSlidesSpreadsFallsFlows
SubsurfaceShallow gas
•
Pockmarks•
Subsidence
Subsea vents•
Pinnacles
Ref: Trifunac et al. (2002)
Ref: BCOG (2001)
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
CurrentsSystems, tidal,delta, loopSurface
WavesWind induced•
Shallow water, breaking
•
Bathymetry, refraction, wave crest orthogonality
Internal•
Pycnocline
[density] ø
(water temp., salinity)
Ref: NASA (2005)
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
Seabed Use and ObstaclesOil and gas industry developmentsCommunicationsMobile and fixed gear fishing zonesShipping traffic lanesMilitary exercise zonesMilitary/civilian dumping groundsMining, dredging zonesExpected or anticipated future operations, developmentsShipwrecks
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features – Ice Gouging
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features – Ice Gouging
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features –Strudel Scour
Ref: MMS (2005)
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Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features – Permafrost
Ref: NRCan (2005)
30 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Reading List
1. Chaudhuri, J and Nash, I. (2005). Medgaz: the ultra-deep pipeline. Pipeline World, June, 10p. [2005_Pipeline_World_06_Medgaz_Pipe
line.pdf]
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ReferencesBCOG (2001). BC Offshore Oil & Gas Technology Update. JWEL Project No. BCV50229, October 19, 2001 BHP (2005). http://www.bhpbilliton.comEnCana (2002). Development Plan – Revised Volume 2, Deep Panuke Offshore Gas Development Project, 142p.Google (2005). earth.google.comHansen, B. (2005). How Hydro’s Ormen Lange Project Can Contribute to the Development of the Russian Arctic. Proc., IBC Arctic Oil and Gas Development Conference, Challenges and Opportunities – The Technology Solution, London, UK.Heap, A. (2004). “Shifting sands the clue to the vanishing seagrasses.” AusGEO, 75 September, p.32-34.Hydro (2005). http://www.hydro.com/ormenlange/enLanan, G. (2007). Offshore Arctic Pipeline Operations. Proc., IBC Offshore Oil and Gas in Arctic and Cold Waters Conference, Stavanger, NorwaySaipem (2006). http://www.saipem.eni.it/index.aspSEIC (2005). http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/Trifunac, M.D., A. Hayir and M.I. Todorovska (2002) “Was Grand Banks event of 1929 a slump spreading in two directions?” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22, pp.349-360. MMS (2005). www.mms.govNASA (2005). http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/NOAA (2005). Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, http://www.oar.noaa.gov/NRCan (2005). http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/inter/index_e.html