Date post: | 23-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | zalman-fariz |
View: | 225 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Dr. Ir. Nenny SaptadjiInsitut Teknologi Bandung
SISTEM GEOTERMAL
Semester 2 Tahun 2013/2014
TM4219 Teknik Geotermal
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Nenny Saptadji/ITB
PLATE TECTONIC
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Nenny Saptadji/ITB
Arah Pergerakan Plate Tectonic
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Many areas have accessible geothermal resources,especially countries along the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire”,
spreading centers, continental rift zones and other hot spots
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012FTTM-ITB/NMS_2008
PANAS BUMI INDONESIA
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Terjadi perpindahan panas dari batuan sumber panas ke batuan sekelilingnya.
Mekanisme perpindahan panas:- Secara konduksi- Secara konveksi
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perambatan panas dari sumber panas ke batuan sekelilingnya?
Terjadi intrusi magma ke kulit bumi
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Heterogenitas atau keaneka ragaman sifat batuan menyebabkan gradien temperatur (perubahan temperatur dengan kedalaman) berbeda-beda dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Identifikasi Area Panas (Thermal Area)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
NON THERMAL AREA:Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada kedalaman 2000 m apabila:
Gradien temperatur = 10 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 20 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 30 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 40 oC/km
Gradien temp (degC/km) 10 20 30 40
Kedalaman T (deg C)0 25 25 25 25
200 27 29 31 33400 29 33 37 41600 31 37 43 49800 33 41 49 571000 35 45 55 651200 37 49 61 731400 39 53 67 811600 41 57 73 891800 43 61 79 972000 45 65 85 1052200 47 69 91 113
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
10 20 30 40
Temperatur (oC)
Ked
alam
an (
m)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
THERMAL AREA: Gradien temperatur = 70 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 80 oC/km
Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada kedalaman 2000 m apabila:
Gradien temp (degC/km) 70 80Kedalaman T (deg C)
0 25 25200 39 41400 53 57600 67 73800 81 891000 95 1051200 109 1211400 123 1371600 137 1531800 151 1692000 165 1852200 179 201
0 50 100 150 200 2500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
70 80
Temperatur (oC)
Ke
da
lam
an
(m
)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida4. Sistim hidrothermal5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
TYPE OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR
Jenis Reservoir (Type of Reservoir):1. Reservoir hidrothermal (hydrothermal reservoir), 2. Reservoir bertekanan tinggi (geopressured
reservoir)3. Reservoir batuan panas kering (hot dry rock
reservoir) 4. Reservoir magma (magma reservoir)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Hydrothermal Reservoirs: consists of heated water and/or steam stored in permeable rock at depths reachable by commercial drilling , typically less than 4 km (Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal system
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Type of Reservoir Description Utlization
Geo-pressured reservoirs
• Consist of heated water stored in permeable rocks under pressure regime greater than hydrostatic;
• Found in several deep sedimentary basins, often at great distances from plate boundaries.
• Often containing large quantities of dissolved methane
There is no present or planned commercial utilization of these reservoirs
Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Type of Reservoir Description Utlization
Hot dry rock reservoirs
Rocks of very low permeability (Batuan tidak mengandung fluida)
Is still considered experimental
Magma reservoirs
Bodies of molten rock at relatively shallow depth
This resources has not been investigated significantly
Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
MANIFESTASI PANAS BUMI DI PERMUKAAN – SURFACE FEATURES OF HYDROTHERMAL
SYSTEM
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistem Hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia6. Model konseptual7. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Muffer & Cataldi (!
978)
Benderiter & Cormy (1990)
Haenel, Rybach & Stegna (1988)
Hochestein (1990)
Sistim panasbumi entalphi rendah
<90oC <100oC <150oC <125oC
Sistim panasbumi entalphi sedang
90-150oC 100-200oC - 125-225oC
Sistim panasbumi entalphi tinggi
>150oC >200oC >150oC >225oC
KLASIFIKASI SISTIM PANAS BUMI BERDASARKAN SUHU
(Classification of Geothermal System)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
TEMPERATUR RESERVOIRRESERVOIR TEMPERATURE IN A NUMBER OF GEOTHERMAL FIELDS
Lapangan Negara Temp. (oC)
Krafla Iceland 300-350
Laugarnes Iceland 130
Laugaland Iceland 80-100
Nesjavellir Iceland 300-400
Svartsengi Iceland 240
Larderello Italy 240
Olkari Kenya 300
Cerro Prieto Mexico 280-340
Broadlands NZ 270
Wairakei NZ 270
BacMan Phillipines 300-320
Tongonan Phillipines 300-350
The Geyser USA 240
Baca USA 270
(Source: Bodvarsson)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDAJENIS RESERVOIR ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
JENIS FLUIDA RESERVOIR
• Air (water)• Uap (steam)• Campuran uap air (water and steam)
Figures captured from CalEnergy’s video
Tergantung Tekanan dan Temperatur
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
HUBUNGAN TEMPERATUR SATURASI TERHADAP TEKANAN
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Tabel Uap dari Rogers dan Mayhew (1980),
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?
Jenis fluida bila T < Ts ?
Satu fasa - air
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Jenis fluida bila P = Ps atau T = Ts ?
Saturated Liquid Two Phase Fluid Saturated Vapor
Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Jenis fluida bila T > Ts ?
Superheated Steam
Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
BOILING POINT WITH DEPTH (BPD)UNTUK MEMPERKIRAKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDA
Fluida yang terkandung dibawah permukaan dapat ditentukan dari landaian tekanan dan temperatur hasil pengukuran di dalam sumur.
Dari data tekanan dan dengan menggunakan Tabel Uap, dapat ditentukan temperatur saturasi atau temperatur titik didih.
Temperatur saturasi kemudian diplot terhadap kedalaman. Kurva biasa disebut sebagai “Kurva BPD”, dimana BPD adalah singkatan dari Boiling Point with Depth.
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Tipikal Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur di Reservoir
Dominasi Uap [Grant, 1982)
Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur di Lapangan Dominasi Uap Kamojang (Saptadji, 1987)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Pengaruh kandungan non condensible gas dan kandungan garam terhadap temperatur saturasi
Adanya kandungan non-condensible gas didalam air akan menyebabkan temperatur saturasi atau temperatur titik didih menjadi lebih rendah
Adanya kandungan garam akan menaikan temperatur saturasi.
Tidak hanya jenis fluida, tetapi sifat fluida juga sangat ditentukan oleh besarnya tekanan dan temperatur didalam sistim.
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Handbook of Geothermal Energy,Editors: Edwards, L.M., Chilingar, G.V. et al., Gulf Publishing Company, 1982, Chapter 9
Type of Geothermal System Resource Availability
Hidrothermal Systems
Vapor-dominated Limited
Liquid-dominatedLimited but significant in
some areas
Dry (hot-rock) formations Potentially large
Geopressured (hot) accumulations Limited but significant in some areas
Subir K. Sanyal: (2005): All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal reservoir
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Fluida yang tepat untuk pembangkit listrik?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia 6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Characteristics of identified geothermal reservoirs in Indonesia: Reservoir fluid has high temperatures; in many cases varied from
225-350oC. Geothermal reservoirs containing fluids is highly fractured and
mostly of volcanic type. Most of geothermal areas are located in mountainous remote
places, many of them overlapping National Park or conservation forest or protected forest.
There are definite differences between geothermal and petroleum reservoirs, requiring some differences in approach,
methodologies and analysis.
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Model Konseptual Kamojang: Sistem Dominasi Uap (Model dari Hochstein, 1987)
Temperatur Reservoir : 235 - 245oC, Tekanan Reservoir : 34 - 35 bar
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Sistim Panas Bumi di Darajat and Wayang Windu
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Sistim Panas Bumi di lapangan Darajat
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Sistim Panas Bumi Wayang Windu ?
Landaian P & T di sebuah sumur di WW mengindikasikan adanya steam zone diatas boiling zone dan zona air
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
MODEL KONSEPTUAL
Sistem Panas Bumi Dominasi Air Awibengkok – Gn Salak(Model tahun 1997-an, Sumber: Buku yang disebarkan kepada publik)
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
MODEL KONSEPTUAL
Model konseptual Sistim panas bumi di Awibengkok Gn Salak (Gambar diambil dari presentasi Chevron Geothermal Indonesia pada kuliah tamu di ITB, Mei 2012 )
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC IN A NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS IN INDONESIA
(Rekap dari beberapa makalah)
Field Province Type of Reservoir Temp. (oC)
Kamojang West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC
Darajat West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC
Lahendong North Sulawesi Water Dominated 260 - 330oC
Salak West Java Water Dominated 240 - 310oC
Sibayak Morth Sumaters Water Dominated 240- 275oC
Dieng Centra java Water Dominated 280- 330oC
Sarulla North Sumatera Water Dominated 250- 270oC
Karaha Bodas West Java Water Dominated 230 - 245oC
Ulubelu Lampung (Sumatera) Water Dominated 280oC
Lumut Balai South Sumatera Water Dominated 260oC
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui
Jenis Reservoir?Kedalaman Reservoir ?Zona Produksi?Ketebalan Reservoir?Batas Reservoir?Luas Reservoir?Tekanan dan Temperatur
Reservoir?Sifat Batuan dan Fluida ?Model Konseptual ?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui
Energi panas yang terkandung dalam reservoir? Energi panas yang dapat diproduksikan? Energi panas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembangkit listrik? Potensi Listrik?
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui
Perubahan Kinerja Selama Reservoir Diproduksikan Perubahan tekanan dan temperatur Perubahan laju alir masa Perubahan kandungan air dalam fluida panas bumi
Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012
SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS
Grant, M.A., Donaldson I.G., Bixley P.F (1982): Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Academic Press, Chapter-1
• The primary permeability is usually fractures rock.• The reservoirs is of great vertical extent.• Many reservoirs are uncapped and hence allow free flow to the
ground surface.• The vertical and lateral extent of the reservoir may be unknown, and
the hot fluid core may be in direct connection with cooler surrounding fluid.
• Heat transport as well as mass transport is important. In the geothermal reservoir we are, in fact, mining the heat rather than the fluid.