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Dr. Ir. Nenny Saptadji Insitut Teknologi Bandung SISTEM GEOTERMAL Semester 2 Tahun 2013/2014 TM4219 Teknik Geotermal
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Dr. Ir. Nenny SaptadjiInsitut Teknologi Bandung

SISTEM GEOTERMAL

Semester 2 Tahun 2013/2014

TM4219 Teknik Geotermal

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

PLATE TECTONIC

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Arah Pergerakan Plate Tectonic

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Many areas have accessible geothermal resources,especially countries along the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire”,

spreading centers, continental rift zones and other hot spots

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012FTTM-ITB/NMS_2008

PANAS BUMI INDONESIA

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

SUMBER ENERGI PANAS BUMI

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Terjadi perpindahan panas dari batuan sumber panas ke batuan sekelilingnya.

Mekanisme perpindahan panas:- Secara konduksi- Secara konveksi

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perambatan panas dari sumber panas ke batuan sekelilingnya?

Terjadi intrusi magma ke kulit bumi

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Heterogenitas atau keaneka ragaman sifat batuan menyebabkan gradien temperatur (perubahan temperatur dengan kedalaman) berbeda-beda dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Identifikasi Area Panas (Thermal Area)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

NON THERMAL AREA:Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada kedalaman 2000 m apabila:

Gradien temperatur = 10 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 20 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 30 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 40 oC/km

Gradien temp (degC/km) 10 20 30 40

Kedalaman T (deg C)0 25 25 25 25

200 27 29 31 33400 29 33 37 41600 31 37 43 49800 33 41 49 571000 35 45 55 651200 37 49 61 731400 39 53 67 811600 41 57 73 891800 43 61 79 972000 45 65 85 1052200 47 69 91 113

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

10 20 30 40

Temperatur (oC)

Ked

alam

an (

m)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

THERMAL AREA: Gradien temperatur = 70 oC/km Gradien temperatur = 80 oC/km

Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada kedalaman 2000 m apabila:

Gradien temp (degC/km) 70 80Kedalaman T (deg C)

0 25 25200 39 41400 53 57600 67 73800 81 891000 95 1051200 109 1211400 123 1371600 137 1531800 151 1692000 165 1852200 179 201

0 50 100 150 200 2500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

70 80

Temperatur (oC)

Ke

da

lam

an

(m

)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

POKOK BAHASAN

1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan

kandungan fluida4. Sistim hidrothermal5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di

Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

TYPE OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR

Jenis Reservoir (Type of Reservoir):1. Reservoir hidrothermal (hydrothermal reservoir), 2. Reservoir bertekanan tinggi (geopressured

reservoir)3. Reservoir batuan panas kering (hot dry rock

reservoir) 4. Reservoir magma (magma reservoir)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Hydrothermal Reservoirs: consists of heated water and/or steam stored in permeable rock at depths reachable by commercial drilling , typically less than 4 km (Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)

All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal system

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Type of Reservoir Description Utlization

Geo-pressured reservoirs

• Consist of heated water stored in permeable rocks under pressure regime greater than hydrostatic;

• Found in several deep sedimentary basins, often at great distances from plate boundaries.

• Often containing large quantities of dissolved methane

There is no present or planned commercial utilization of these reservoirs

Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Type of Reservoir Description Utlization

Hot dry rock reservoirs

Rocks of very low permeability (Batuan tidak mengandung fluida)

Is still considered experimental

Magma reservoirs

Bodies of molten rock at relatively shallow depth

This resources has not been investigated significantly

Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

POKOK BAHASAN

1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan

kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di

Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

SISTEM HIDROTERMAL

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

MANIFESTASI PANAS BUMI DI PERMUKAAN – SURFACE FEATURES OF HYDROTHERMAL

SYSTEM

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Manifestasi Panas Bumi di Lapangan Kamojang

Nenny Saptadji/ITB

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

POKOK BAHASAN

1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistem Hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan

kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di

Indonesia6. Model konseptual7. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Muffer & Cataldi (!

978)

Benderiter & Cormy (1990)

Haenel, Rybach & Stegna (1988)

Hochestein (1990)

Sistim panasbumi entalphi rendah

<90oC <100oC <150oC <125oC

Sistim panasbumi entalphi sedang

90-150oC 100-200oC - 125-225oC

Sistim panasbumi entalphi tinggi

>150oC >200oC >150oC >225oC

KLASIFIKASI SISTIM PANAS BUMI BERDASARKAN SUHU

(Classification of Geothermal System)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

TEMPERATUR RESERVOIRRESERVOIR TEMPERATURE IN A NUMBER OF GEOTHERMAL FIELDS

Lapangan Negara Temp. (oC)

Krafla Iceland 300-350

Laugarnes Iceland 130

Laugaland Iceland 80-100

Nesjavellir Iceland 300-400

Svartsengi Iceland 240

Larderello Italy 240

Olkari Kenya 300

Cerro Prieto Mexico 280-340

Broadlands NZ 270

Wairakei NZ 270

BacMan Phillipines 300-320

Tongonan Phillipines 300-350

The Geyser USA 240

Baca USA 270

(Source: Bodvarsson)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDAJENIS RESERVOIR ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

JENIS FLUIDA RESERVOIR

• Air (water)• Uap (steam)• Campuran uap air (water and steam)

Figures captured from CalEnergy’s video

Tergantung Tekanan dan Temperatur

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

HUBUNGAN TEMPERATUR SATURASI TERHADAP TEKANAN

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Tabel Uap dari Rogers dan Mayhew (1980),

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?

Jenis fluida bila T < Ts ?

Satu fasa - air

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Jenis fluida bila P = Ps atau T = Ts ?

Saturated Liquid Two Phase Fluid Saturated Vapor

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Jenis fluida bila T > Ts ?

Superheated Steam

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?Jenis Reservoir ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

BOILING POINT WITH DEPTH (BPD)UNTUK MEMPERKIRAKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDA

Fluida yang terkandung dibawah permukaan dapat ditentukan dari landaian tekanan dan temperatur hasil pengukuran di dalam sumur.

Dari data tekanan dan dengan menggunakan Tabel Uap, dapat ditentukan temperatur saturasi atau temperatur titik didih.

Temperatur saturasi kemudian diplot terhadap kedalaman. Kurva biasa disebut sebagai “Kurva BPD”, dimana BPD adalah singkatan dari Boiling Point with Depth.

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Tipikal Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur di Reservoir

Dominasi Uap [Grant, 1982)

Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur di Lapangan Dominasi Uap Kamojang (Saptadji, 1987)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Pengaruh kandungan non condensible gas dan kandungan garam terhadap temperatur saturasi

Adanya kandungan non-condensible gas didalam air akan menyebabkan temperatur saturasi atau temperatur titik didih menjadi lebih rendah

Adanya kandungan garam akan menaikan temperatur saturasi.

Tidak hanya jenis fluida, tetapi sifat fluida juga sangat ditentukan oleh besarnya tekanan dan temperatur didalam sistim.

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Handbook of Geothermal Energy,Editors: Edwards, L.M., Chilingar, G.V. et al., Gulf Publishing Company, 1982, Chapter 9

Type of Geothermal System Resource Availability

Hidrothermal Systems

Vapor-dominated Limited

Liquid-dominatedLimited but significant in

some areas

Dry (hot-rock) formations Potentially large

Geopressured (hot) accumulations Limited but significant in some areas

Subir K. Sanyal: (2005): All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal reservoir

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Fluida yang tepat untuk pembangkit listrik?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

POKOK BAHASAN

1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan

kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di

Indonesia 6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Characteristics of identified geothermal reservoirs in Indonesia: Reservoir fluid has high temperatures; in many cases varied from

225-350oC. Geothermal reservoirs containing fluids is highly fractured and

mostly of volcanic type. Most of geothermal areas are located in mountainous remote

places, many of them overlapping National Park or conservation forest or protected forest.

There are definite differences between geothermal and petroleum reservoirs, requiring some differences in approach,

methodologies and analysis.

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Model Konseptual Kamojang: Sistem Dominasi Uap (Model dari Hochstein, 1987)

Temperatur Reservoir : 235 - 245oC, Tekanan Reservoir : 34 - 35 bar

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Sistim Panas Bumi di Darajat and Wayang Windu

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Sistim Panas Bumi di lapangan Darajat

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Sistim Panas Bumi Wayang Windu ?

Landaian P & T di sebuah sumur di WW mengindikasikan adanya steam zone diatas boiling zone dan zona air

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

MODEL KONSEPTUAL

Sistem Panas Bumi Dominasi Air Awibengkok – Gn Salak(Model tahun 1997-an, Sumber: Buku yang disebarkan kepada publik)

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

MODEL KONSEPTUAL

Model konseptual Sistim panas bumi di Awibengkok Gn Salak (Gambar diambil dari presentasi Chevron Geothermal Indonesia pada kuliah tamu di ITB, Mei 2012 )

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC IN A NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS IN INDONESIA

(Rekap dari beberapa makalah)

Field Province Type of Reservoir Temp. (oC)

Kamojang West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC

Darajat West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC

Lahendong North Sulawesi Water Dominated 260 - 330oC

Salak West Java Water Dominated 240 - 310oC

Sibayak Morth Sumaters Water Dominated 240- 275oC

Dieng Centra java Water Dominated 280- 330oC

Sarulla North Sumatera Water Dominated 250- 270oC

Karaha Bodas West Java Water Dominated 230 - 245oC

Ulubelu Lampung (Sumatera) Water Dominated 280oC

Lumut Balai South Sumatera Water Dominated 260oC

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

POKOK BAHASAN

1. Sumber energi panas 2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi3. Sistim hidrothermal4. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan

kandungan fluida5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di

Indonesia6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui

Jenis Reservoir?Kedalaman Reservoir ?Zona Produksi?Ketebalan Reservoir?Batas Reservoir?Luas Reservoir?Tekanan dan Temperatur

Reservoir?Sifat Batuan dan Fluida ?Model Konseptual ?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui

Energi panas yang terkandung dalam reservoir? Energi panas yang dapat diproduksikan? Energi panas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembangkit listrik? Potensi Listrik?

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui

Perubahan Kinerja Selama Reservoir Diproduksikan Perubahan tekanan dan temperatur Perubahan laju alir masa Perubahan kandungan air dalam fluida panas bumi

Training for Chevron Geothermal Indonesia by Nenny ITB/2-6 July 2012

SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS

Grant, M.A., Donaldson I.G., Bixley P.F (1982): Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Academic Press, Chapter-1

• The primary permeability is usually fractures rock.• The reservoirs is of great vertical extent.• Many reservoirs are uncapped and hence allow free flow to the

ground surface.• The vertical and lateral extent of the reservoir may be unknown, and

the hot fluid core may be in direct connection with cooler surrounding fluid.

• Heat transport as well as mass transport is important. In the geothermal reservoir we are, in fact, mining the heat rather than the fluid.


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