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HISTORY OF HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYEDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Where Are We Going &
Where Have We Been
Prepared & Modified by
FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL
Lesson 1Lesson 1
History of History of
EducationEducational al
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Objectives: To identify events and devices of the
past that contributed to the technological revolution.
To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.
To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”(Paul Saettler, 1990)
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
In ancient Greece, the Elder Sophist used the term “techne” to refer the process of applying knowledge systematically to the practical art of instruction. They formulated cognitive rules, systematically analyzed subject matter designed instructional technologies and devised effective instructional materials.
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of instruction which was really a new method of structuring and presenting materials that helped set the style of scholastic education.
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educative process.
John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin & Sciences.
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated scientific theory of learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an organized process of learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a method of instruction in terms scientific method in broad terms
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The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.
Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
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By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.
In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning task.
Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
History of History of
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In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual movement of the time.
Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
History of History of
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During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the implementation of technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral objectives, computer assisted instruction and among others
Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
History of History of
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History of History of “Computers”“Computers”
Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC Calculators---1600s Punched Card Devices---1800s First Electronic Computers---1940s Mainframes---1950s Minicomputers---1960s Microcomputers---1970s Microcomputer Systems---1980s Internet---1990s
History of History of
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Ancient ComputingAncient ComputingHistoryHistory
The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.
Still in use
aroundthe
world.
Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.
History of History of
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Early Computing Early Computing HistoryHistory
Invented the first mechanical calculator.
The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.
Blaise Pascal
History of History of
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Mechanical Mechanical CalculatorsCalculators
Joseph Jacquard First “programmable”
machine. Used punched cards
(binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.
Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.
History of History of
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Electronic Computer Electronic Computer SystemsSystems
Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine language and assembly language.
Required a compiler.
First Generation:1943-1956
History of History of
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First Generation: First Generation: 1943-19561943-1956
World’s first electronic digital computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.
Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)
Check out the ENIAC exhibit.
History of History of
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1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Second Generation: Second Generation: 1957-19641957-1964
Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.
Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
Up to 32K of memory. Programming in
computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
History of History of
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Third Generation: Third Generation: 1965-19711965-1971
Used integrated circuits.
Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.
History of History of
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1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.
Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.
Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.
Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.
Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.
History of History of
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Personal computers or PCs. Usually cost about $2,000 or less. Process over 1 billion operations per
second. “Stand-alone” or connected
to other computers as a network system.
Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now
Microcomputers
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Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web
(WWW) was born.
1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World
History of History of
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Marc Andreessen
An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape Communications.
1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World
History of History of
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Technologies of the Future Advanced robotics
commonplace Smart houses Wearable computers Holodeck virtual reality Truly individualized education
Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.
The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century
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The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century
Only recently focused on computers.
Internet current primary trend.
Communication with colleagues. Lesson plan preparation. Student resources. Access research and best practices for
teaching.
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History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Has technology changed how and what we teach?
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Two trends of today’s society:
Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.
Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).
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History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088 Memory: 64K Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive Display: 12 inch monochrome Price: $2880.00
IBM unveils first PC in 1981.
Read about
IBM Through the Years in Resources.
History of History of
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills
No longer just three R’s “Learning to learn” skills essential Lifelong learning
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)
International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)
International Technology Education Association (ITEA)
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Audiovisual Media Communications. Begun in 1923. Initially centered on radio. Quickly extended focus to include instructional
film strips and educational television. Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting,
two-way audio, and visual communications.
AECT
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
Publications: TechTrends Handbook of Research for Educational
Communications and Technology
Visit the AECT web site from Resources.
AECT
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISPI Instructional systems approach
based on Behaviorist theories “Systematic approach to
designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Publications: Performance Improvement Journal Performance Improvement Quarterly
Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.
ISPI
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ITEA Industry trainers and vocational
teachers. Schools should prepare
students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ITEA Includes robotics, manufacturing
systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).
Publications: The Technology Teacher Technology and Children The Journal of Technology Education
Find out more at the ITEA web site.
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISTE Primary focus encompassed both
instructional and support applications of computers.
Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.
Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.
History of History of
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISTE National Educational
Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)
Publications: Learning and Leading with Technology
(formerly The Computing Teacher) Journal of Research on Computing in
Education
ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.
History of History of
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Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.
Mainframe Computer Systems
History of History of
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First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)
BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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Designed to support personalizedmastery learning Individually Prescribed Instruction
(IPI) - University of Pittsburgh Program for Learning in Accordance
with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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National Education Computing Conference (NECC)
Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.
First conference held in1979. Today is the largest educational
technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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Introduced in late 1970’s. Adopted by public school systems
during 1980’s. Apple II Commodore PET Radio Shack TRS - 80
Microcomputers in Education
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
History of History of
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Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by: Large hardware manufacturers Software systems companies University development projects
New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.
Software
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) Initially largest provider of educational
software. Funded by National Science Foundation.
MicroSift, EPIE Provided courseware evaluations.
Software
Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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Authoring systems Response to educators quest for
input into design of educational software.
Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.
Software
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Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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Authoring systems Required extensive expertise. Extended time commitment. Expanded work investment.
Software
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Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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Computer Literacy Originally defined as programming
skills and tools such as word processing.
Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.
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Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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Seymour Papert Educational theorist mentored by
Jean Piaget. Developed programming language
for young children based on constructivist theory of education.
Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.
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Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History
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The Internet and the WWW
Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.
Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.
More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.
Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do!
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Educators must keep pace with technological advances.
But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.
Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Teachers will always be necessary! Definition of learning environments
are changing. Identity of classrooms must
change.
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Our models of effective instruction must change too!
Educators must be more than: Sage on the Stage Guide on the Side
What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Vet in the Net
Today’s teacher must be willing to be: A participating learner in the classroom. One who will take the same risks and
not always have the right answer. A veteran learner in a network of
learners called the classroom.
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ReferenceReference“EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY”
by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr.
Milagros L. Borabo
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Web LinkWeb Linkhttp://www.tcet.unt.edu/weblibrary2/overview/?id=33&PHPSESSID=1f41402407f2621f9827509fa7a8d6e8