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Radio network planning fundamentals
1 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
3GRPESS – Module 2
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Module 2 – Radio propagation fundamentals
Objectives
• After this module the participant shall be able to:-
• Understand basic radio propagation mechanisms• Understand fading phenomena
• Calculate free space loss
2 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Understand basic concepts related to base stationend mobile station performance
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Module Contents
• Propagation mechanisms
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
3 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• ase stat on con gurat on an per ormance
• Base station antenna line configuration
• Mobile station performance
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Module Contents
• Propagation mechanisms
– Basics: deciBel (dB)
– Radio channel
– Reflections
– Diffractions
– Scattering
4 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
• Base station configuration and performance
• Base station antenna line configuration
• Mobile station performance
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deciBel (dB) – Definition
Power
Voltages
dBP
P
Plin
P dB
=
=10 100
10log [ ].
( )
E E dB ( )
5 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
E lin= =0og .
P lin.
=E lin.² / 2
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deciBel (dB) – Conversion
Calculations in dB (deciBel)• Logarithmic scale
Always with respect to a reference• dBW = dB above Watt
• dBm = dB above mWatt
• dBi = dB above isotropic
• dBd = dB above dipole
-30 dBm = 1 µW
-20 dBm = 10 µW
-10 dBm = 100 µW
-7 dBm = 200 µW
-3 dBm = 500 µW
0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
6 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• dBµV/m = dB above µV/mRule-of-thumb:• +3dB = factor 2
• +7 dB = factor 5
• +10 dB = factor 10• -3dB = factor 1/2
• -7 dB = factor 1/5
• -10 dB = factor 1/10
+7 m = 5 m
+10 dBm = 10 mW
+13 dBm = 20 mW
+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W
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Radio Channel – Main Characteristics
• Linear
– In field strength
• Reciprocal – UL & DL channel same (if in same frequency)
• Dispersive
– In time echo multi ath ro a ation
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– In spectrum (wideband channel)
a m pl i t u d e
delay time
direct path
echoes
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Free-space propagation
• Signal strength decreases exponentially withdistance
Reflection
Specular reflection
D
Propagation Mechanisms – (1/2)
8 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
amplitude A⇒
a*A (a < 1)phase f ⇒ - f
polarisation ⇒ material dependant
phase shift
Diffuse reflection
amplitude A ⇒ a *A (a < 1)
phase f ⇒ random phase
polarisation ⇒ random
specular reflection
diffuse reflection
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Propagation Mechanisms – (2/2)
Absorption
• Heavy amplitude attenuation
• Material dependant phase shifts• Depolarisation
A A - 5..30 dB
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Diffraction• Wedge - model
• Knife edge
• Multiple knife edges
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Scattering – Macrocell
• Scattering local to mobile
– Causes fading
– Small delay and large anglespreads
– Doppler spread causes timevarying effects
• Scattering local to base station
Scattering localto base station
10 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– o a ona opp er sprea
– Small delay and angle spread
• Remote scattering
– Independent path fading
– No additional Doppler spread – Large delay spread
– Large angle spread
Scattering localto mobile
Remote scattering
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Scattering – Microcell
• Many local scatterers: Large angle spread
• Low delay spread
• Medium or high Doppler spread
11 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
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Module Contents
• Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
• Multipath and Fading
– Delay – Time dispersion
– Angle – Angular Spread
– Frequency – Doppler Spread
– –
12 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
• Base station configuration and performance
• Base station antenna line configuration
• Mobile station performance
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Multipath propagation
• Radio signal propagates from A to B over multiple paths usingdifferent propagation mechanisms
– Multipath Propagation
– Received signal is a sum of multipath signals
• Different radio aths have different ro erties
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– Distance Delay/Time – Direction Angle
– Direction & Receiver/Transmitter Movement Frequency
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Delay – Time dispersion
• Multipath delays due to multipath propagation
– 1 µs ≅ 300 m path difference
• WCDMA Rake receiver to combine multipath components
– Components with delay separation more than 1 chip (0.26 µs = 78 m) can beseparated and combined
14 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Standardized delay profiles in 3GPP specs:▪ TU3 typical urban at 3 km/h (pedestrians)
▪ TU50 typical urban at 50 km/h (cars)
▪ HT100 hilly terrain (road vehicles, 100 km/h)
▪
RA250 rural area (highways, up to 250 km/h)
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P
4.3.2.
1.
1.
2.
=>
Delay Spread
Multipath propagation Channel impulse response
15 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
f1
f1
f1
f1
BTS
1st floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
4th floor
Delayed components in DAS
(Distributed antenna systems)
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Delay Spread
• Typical values
Environment Delay Spread (µs)
Macrocellular, urban 0.5-3
Macrocellular, suburban 0.5
16 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Macrocellular, rural 0.1-0.2
Macrocellular, HT 3-10
Microcellular < 0.1
Indoor 0.01...0.1
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Angle – Angular Spread
• Angular spread arises due to multipath, both from local scatterersnear the mobile and near the base station and remote scatterers
• Angular spread is a function of base station location, distance andenvironment
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• Angular Spread has an effect mainly on the performance ofdiversity reception and adaptive antennas
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Macrocellular Environment
= Macrocell Coverage Area
Microcell Antenna
Macrocell Antenna
Angular Spread
18 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
= Microcell Coverage Area
α αα α
• 5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment
• >> 10 degrees in microcellular environment
• < 360 degrees in indoor environment
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Frequency – Doppler Spread
• With a moving transmitter or receiver, the frequency observed bythe receiver will change (Doppler effect)
– Rise if the distance on the radio path is decreasing
– Fall if the distance in the radio path is increasing
• The difference between the highest and the lowest frequency shiftis called Doppler spread
19 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
f c
vv f d ==
λ
v : Speed of receiver (m/s)
c : Speed of light (3*10^8 m/s)
f : Frequency (Hz)
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Fading
• Fading describes the variation of the total pathloss ( signal level)when receiver/transmitter moves in the cell coverage area
• Fading is commonly categorised to two categories based on thephenomena causing it
– Slow fading: Caused by shadowing because of obstacles
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– Fast fading: Caused by multipath propagation
• Time-selective fading: Short delay + Doppler
• Frequency-selective fading: Long delay• Space-selective fading: Large angle
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power
+20 dB
lognormalfading
Rayleighfading
Fading – Slow & Fast
21 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
time2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
mean
value
- 20 dB
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Slow Fading – Gaussian Distribution
• Measurement campaigns have shown that slow fading followsGaussian distribution
– Received signal strength in dB scale (e.g. dBm, dBW)
• Gaussian distribution is described by mean value m, standarddeviation σ – 68% of values are within m ±σ
22 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– 95% of values are within m ±2σ• Gaussian distribution used in planning margin calculations
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Slow Fading – Gaussian Distribution
Normal / Gaussian Distribution
Standard Deviation, σσσσ = 7 dB
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
Normal / Gaussian Distribution
22
1
πσ
23 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
•d
0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
µ+σµ+σµ+σµ+σµ−σµ−σµ−σµ−σ
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Fast Fading
• Different signal paths interfere and affect the received signal – Rice Fading – the dominant (usually LOS) path exist
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– Rayleigh Fading – no dominant path exist
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Fast Fading – Rayleigh Distribution
• It can be theretically shown that fast fading follows RayleighDistribution when there is no single dominant multipath component
– Applicable to fast fading in obstructed paths
– Valid for signal level in linear scale (e.g. mW, W)
level (dB)
25 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
+
0
-10
-20
-300 1 2 3 4 5 m
920 MHzv = 20 km/h
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Fast Fading – Rician Distribution
• Fast fading follows Rician distribution when there is a dominantmultipath component, for example line-of-sight componentcombined with in-direct components
– Sliding transition between Gaussian and Rayleigh
– “Rice-factor” K = r/A: direct / indirect signal energyK = 0 ⇒ RayleighK >>1 ⇒ Gaussian
26 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
K = 0(Rayleigh)
K = 1
K = 5
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Module Contents
• Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
– Free Space Loss
27 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
–
– Propagation slope
• Base station configuration and performance
• Base station antenna line configuration• Mobile station performance
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Free Space Loss
• Free space loss proportional to 1/ d 2
– Simplified case: isotropic antenna
– Which part of total radiated power is found within surface A?
– Power density S = P/A = P / 4 πd 2
⇒ Received power within surface A´ : P´ = P/A * A´
28 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– ece ve power re uces w t square o stance
d
Surface A = 4π * d 2
assume surfaceA´= 1m2
2d4d
A´ = 4*AA´´ = 16*A
A
d
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Received power with antenna gain
• Power density at the receiving end
• Effective receiver antenna area
• Received power
Reff G A
π λ
4
2
=
ss Gd
PS
24π =
PP
G Gd
r
s
s r =
λ
π 4
2
=
29 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
P s
As
G s
P r
Ar
G r
d
er
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Propagation slope
• The received power equation can be formulated as
• Where 2
γ −
= d C GGPP r ssr
30 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– C is a constant – γ is the slope factor
▪ Free space γ = 2
▪
Practical propagation γ = 2.5 ... 5
4 = π C
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Module Contents
• Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
• Base station configuration and performance
31 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Base station antenna line configuration
• Mobile station performance
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Base station tasks
• WCDMA base station is responsible of
– Common channel generation (Pilot, BCCH etc.)
– Physical layer processing
▪ RF reception
▪ RF transmission
▪ Signal reception, de-spreading (Rake-receiver)
32 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
,
▪ Error correction coding/de-coding▪ Data detection
– Fast closed loop power control
– Iub transmission
– Air interface load measurement, reporting to RNC
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Base station (RF) configuration options
• The main options for the base station configuration are
– Number of sectors/cells
– Number of carriers per sector – Number of Linear Power Amplifiers
▪ E.g. multiple carriers per Linear Power Amplifiers
33 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– near ower mp er transm t power
– Base band signal processing capacity
▪ Required signal processing capacity depends on maximum number ofconnections and connection type (bit rate)
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Base station performance
• Base station performance is related to its capability to transmit andreceive radio signals
• Transmit capability
– Total transmit power
– Transmit losses
• Rece tion ca abilit
34 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Minimum required signal level = Sensitivity▪ RF performance
▪ Baseband/algorithm performance
• HW Capacity
– Signal processing capacity – Transmission capacity
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WCDMA base station transmit power
• In WCDMA base stations the transmit power is shared in cell level between
– All transmitted physical channels (Common channels, Users)
– Carriers, if multiple carriers are used
– Sectors• WCDMA signal requires linear power amplifier (PA)
– Linear modulation (QAM/16-QAM)
– Transmitted si nal sum of multi le si nals
35 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
High peak to average ratio• Typical maximum PA output power levels are between 10 and 50 W
• In base station configuration large part of output power can be lost to externalantenna line losses (e.g. 2 – 6 dB) To be minimised
• Physical channel (user) specific maximum power is limited by – Total base station transmit power and amount of DL traffic (DL load)
– Channel specific power limitations defined by the system (In NSN RNC/AC)
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WCDMA base station transmit power – HSDPA
• Available DL power can be allocated to HSDPA transmission
– Depends on DL load conditions
– Maximum HSDPA power can be limited by RNC parameters
• Base station transmit power can be fully utilised HSDPA
– No ower control headroom re uired for HSDPA
36 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪Same power for all users
Maximise DL capacity
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WCDMA base station sensitivity
• Base station sensitivity depends on base station reception RF andbase band performance
• Base station reception RF performance is measured by receiver
chain noise figure (NF ) – Base station NF is typically measured at the base station input
– NF describes how much the signal quality (C / I ) is degraded in the receiverchain
37 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– NF is affected by all noise figures, gains and losses in the receiver chain
• Base station reception base band performance in measured byrequired signal quality (E b / N 0 ) for a given connection quality (BER,BLER) – Theoretical limit defined by channel conditions and signal configuration (e.g.
channel coding) – Improvement can be achieved by efficient algorithms, e.g. Rake receiver
performance, and implementation
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WCDMA base station sensitivity
• The required received signal power can be calculated when theexternal noise and interference power I EXT is known
NF I E
I C
P EXT b
TOT RX ⋅⋅⋅=⋅=1min
38 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
0
)(0
mindB NF I PG I P EXT N
E
TOT I C
RX b ++−=+=
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Base station reception performance – E b /N 0
• In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average bit-energy divided by total noise+interference spectral density (E b / N 0 ) is needed
– E b / N 0 is defined at bit detection in the receiver baseband
• E b / N 0 depends on – Service and bearer
▪ Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
– Radio channel
39 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪ Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
▪ Multipath, delay spread
– Receiver/connection configuration
▪ Handover situation
▪ Diversity configuration
▪Fast power control usage
– Typically given E b / N 0 includes also overhead due to physical layer control signalling
▪ Higher bit rates Less overhead Lower E b / N 0
R i d E /N
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Required E b /N 0
PG
I
C
R
W
I
C
N
E b ⋅=⋅=0
−
Energyper chip
Total powerspectral density
40 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
N othown DL N othownUL
Where:C = received powerR = bit rate (typically service bit rate)W = bandwidth
PG = processing gainIown = total power received from the serving cell (excluding own signal)Ioth = total power received from other cellsPN = noise powerα = orthogonality factor
R i d UL E /N S ifi ti d NSN
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Required UL E b /N 0 – Specifications and NSN
• Specification requirements for UL for different
– Speeds
– Services
– Channel conditions▪ 3GPP models
• With 2-port UL antenna
41 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
v y
• Fast closed loop powercontrol used
• Include some NSN
corrections forimplementation margin,effect of speed, power controletc.
REF: Dimensioning and Configuring WCDMA RAN, dn0450427x4x0xen
R i d UL E /N HSUPA
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Required UL E b /N 0 - HSUPA
• New set of Eb/No figures generated fromlink level simulations
– Include the E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH andDPCCH
• Eb/No values are included for
– Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps
– Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 %
Eb/No look-up tables
42 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Propagation channels Pedestrian A 3
km/h and Vehicular A 30 km/h
• Target BLER figures are applicable toeach MAC-e transmission
– 10 % Target BLER corresponds to aBLER of 0.01 % after 4 transmissions
Required E /I
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Required Ec /I0
• Required E c /I 0 is the required RF C/I needed in order to meet thebaseband E b / N 0 criteria
– E c /N 0 used often instead of E c /I 0 in same context
– NOTE: Pilot E c /N 0 different measure
• E c / I 0 depends on the bit rate and E b / N 0
Ener
43 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
I
C
W
R
N
E
I
E bc =⋅=00
per chip
Total powerspectral density
Base station performance in different frequency bands
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Base station performance in different frequency bands
• The specification requirements for base station sensitivity and transmit power issame in all frequency bands
OperatingBand
UL FrequenciesUE transmit, Node B receive
DL frequenciesUE receive, Node B transmit
I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz
II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHzIII 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz
IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz
V 824 – 849 MHz 869-894 MHz
VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHzVII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
44 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• In reality we will have some changes on our overall performance via frequencychange: – Node B noise figure (e.g. Flexi ~2 GHz ≈ 2 dB, ~900 MHz ≈ 2.3 dB),
– Node B antenna gain, same size (e.g. ~2 GHz =17.5 dBi, ~900MHz = 14.5 dBi),
– Cable loss (e.g. ~2 GHz = 5.9 dB/100 m, ~900MHz = 3.7 dB/100 m),
– User equipment noise figure, specification (e.g.~2 GHz ≈ 8 dB, ~900 MHz ≈ 11 dB) – Propagation, lower frequency has better propagation performance. Thus carrier
frequency is affecting a lot on cell range calculations.
VIII 880 – 915 MHz 925 – 960 MHz
IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz
Base station HW capacity
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Base station HW capacity
• Base station HW capacity can be limited by signal processing andtransmission capacity
• Signal processing capacity is shared between all users and
common control channels under the same base stations – In NSN base stations the main signal processing capacity unit is a Channel
element
45 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– anne e emen correspon s s gna process ng power requ re or a speec
call (<16 kbit/s)▪ Includes both transmit and receive processing (DL & UL)
– Different connections/services require different number of Channel elements
▪ speech 1 channel element
▪ 64kbit/s service (RT or NRT) 4 channel elements▪ 128kbit/s service (RT or NRT) 4 channel elements
▪ 384kbit/s service (RT or NRT) 16 channel elements
▪ HSDPA (5 codes) 32 channel elements
Module Contents
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Module Contents
• Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
• Base station configuration and performance
46 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Base station antenna line configuration
• Mobile station performance
Antenna System
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Antenna System
• The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna Systemcontains the following components
– Antennas
– WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)
– Bias-T
– EMP Protector, lightning protection (onlyneeded if no Bias-T is used)
47 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– p exers
▪ combines/divides two bands such asWCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line)
– Triplexers
▪ combines/divides three bands such asWCDMA, GSM1800 and GSM900 to a
common feeder line) – Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits
Antenna types
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Antenna types
• Vertical polarised antennas and cross-polarised antennas
• Omni-directional and 33/65/88 degree antennas
• WCDMA/GSM dual-band antennas (e.g. GSM900 & WCDMA2100)
– Separate element for both bands, separate tilt possible – Separate or common antenna connectors (internal duplexer)
• WCDMA/GSM broadband antennas (e.g. GSM1800 & WCDMA2100)
–
48 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Single element and connector for multiple bands, same tilt• WCDMA/GSM triple-band antennas (e.g. GSM900&1800 & WCDMA2100)
• Smart Radio Concept (SRC) antennas
– Antennas with two wideband X-pol elements
• Electrically tilted antennas
Antenna structures – Dual/single band
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Antenna structures Dual/single band
• Two separate antenna arrays in dual-band antenna
– 900 MHz & 1800 MHz
– Different element sizes
Dual Single
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Antenna specification
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Antenna specification
• Gain
– Antenna gain is proportional to the physical size, signal frequency and antennavertical and horizontal beamwidth▪ Large size & High frequency Narrow beam High gain
– In WCDMA2100 typical gains are between 12 dBi 20 dBi• Horizontal beamwidth
– Selection of horizontal frequency depends mainly on number of sectors▪ Omni directional = 360 degrees
50 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
▪ 3-sectors = 60 – 90 degrees
▪ 6-sectors = 30 degrees
• Vertical beamwidth
– Vertical beamwidth depends on the vertical dimension of the antenna▪ 2 m 4.3 degrees 19.5 dBi, 1.3 m 6.7 degrees 18.5 dBi, 0.34 m 28 degrees
12.3 dBi
– Narrow beamwidth antennas have higher gain and also tilting has more effect
• Electrical downtilt
– Downtilt improves the dominance of the cell (more in coverage and capacityenhancement)
WCDMA Panels
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WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Antenna Type Dimensions[mm]
Weight[kg]
FrequencyRange [MHz]
Gain[dBi]
BeamWidth
Downtilt
CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°
CS72761.02 X ol F- anel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°
51 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°...8°
CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°...6°
CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°...8°
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°...10°
WCDMA Panels
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WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
WidthDowntilt
CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85°/85° 0..8°/0°..8°
CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65°/65° 0..8°/0°..8°
52 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Antenna Type
[mm]
[kg]
Range [MHz]
[dBi]
WidthDowntilt
CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30° 0°...8°
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weight
[kg]
Frequency
Range [MHz]
Gain
[dBi]
Beam
Width Downtilt
CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360° --
WCDMA panels in different frequency bands
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p q y
• BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900 than in WCDMA2100 ifthe antenna physical sizes are kept the same
– Vertical size limiting Vertical beam width increases when frequency
decreases
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Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
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pg
spacediversity
space+
polarization
diversity
1 3 0 0
mm
150 mm 150 mmUpgradeCurrent
54 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
polarizationdiversity
2 xpolarization
diversitywithin
one radome
260 mm
Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared to single radome.The gain of 2.5 dB assumes single radome.
Mast Head Amplifier
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-119 dBm / 200 kHz
Passive Intermodulation Products
PIM level in RX band
+/- 0.5 dB room
+/- 0.9 dB all tempsInsertion Loss 0.6 dB
Response, other freqs0 dB within 20 MHz of
passband
3rd-order intercept 10 dBm
MHA Input Dynamic Range
Nominal gain of 12 dB
Gain, RX band
Ripple
p
Improves base station system noise figure
Technical Data Sheet:
TX
RX
55 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
- m z
ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port avg 46 dBm in-band
peak 62 dBm in-band
65 dB
71 dB
65 dB
200 - 300 mA
100 msec
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting Conditions
Alarm current range
Switch time
Critical Input RX filter rejections
Critical TX filter rejections
UMTS TX, 2110-2170
GSM1800, 1805-1880
PIM level in TX band
Rated Power at Ports
1dB compression -5 dBm
Noise Figure 2 dB
RX band 16 dB
TX band 18 dB
Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current 190 mA
Max. current 350 mA
Insertion Loss 3 dB
Return Loss 12 dB
Voltage
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports
Bypass Mode
DC Power supplied
Bias-T
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• Function
– Provides DC power for MHA through feederline
– Lightning protection
• Features – Fault monitoring of MHA and Antenna line
– Fowards alarms to WAF
– Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)
Insertion loss 0.3 dB
Return loss 18 dB
Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
7 dB nominal+/- 2 dB tolerance
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max
alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
Response time 0.5 sec
RF Performance
Alarm Signal
VSWR alarmthreshold
Logic
56 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Can be installed on mast or in any WCDMA
UltraSite cabinet
Alarm indicates:no RF power, high VSWR (no
DC power implied)
Voltage drop 0.5 V
Rated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTS
Ins loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB
DC and Signal
Diplexers / Triplexers
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RF Performance
• Unit types – NSN Triplexer Unit
– NSN GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
– NSN GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
• Selectable DC pass function in each unit• Technical Data Sheet:
57 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
GSM 900 BTS
GSM 1800 BTS
WCDMA BTS
nsert on oss,
Port - Common
Isolation, port to
port
Return Loss, any
port
GSM RX band
GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peak
UMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak
-116 dBm
Rated Power at Ports
Passive Intermodulation
0.3 dB
50 dB
>18 dB
NSN Triplexer
Feeders
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• Feeders cause most of the losses in base station antenna system
• Higher diameter feeders are selected for antenna lines with long feeder lengths
Single Repeated
Attenuation@ 2170 MHZ
[dB/100m]
Min Bending Radius [mm]Feeder Type
Diameter
[inch]
Weight
[kg/m]
58 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Feeder losses decrease when frequency is lower
– 7/8” loss at 900 MHz is about 3.7 dB/100 m
CS72251 1/2 0.35 80 160 11.9
CS72252 7/8 0.55 120 250 6.52
CS72254 1 1/5 1.45 250 500 4.05
Antenna system performance – Summary
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• The base station antenna system has a significant effect on theperformance of the base station
• The main parameters affecting the base station antenna system
performance – Antenna gain and radiation pattern
Maximum gain to power budget
59 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Feeder and connector losses
Feeder loss to power budget
– Usage of antenna diversity
Effect on power budget E b / N 0
– Usage of MHA, effect to receiver system noise figure
Noise figure improvement to power budget (See Capacity and Coverageimprovement)
• Frequency band affects antenna line performance
Module Contents
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• Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
• Multipath And Fading
• Propagation Slope And Different Environments
• Base station configuration and performance
• Base station antenna line configuration
60 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• Mobile station performance
Mobile station performance
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• In network planning an average mobile station performance haveto be assumed due to random UE type population
• Mobile station performance is related to its transmission and
reception performance – Antenna TX/RX gain
▪ Typically assumed to be 0 – 2 dBi
61 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
– Transmission power classes
▪ Power Class 4 most common at the moment (note ± 2 dB tolerance)
Mobile station performance
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• Reception performance depends on UE noise figure and E b / N 0
requirement
– Typically noise figure is assumed to be
▪8 dB in Band I, 11 dB in Band VIII and so on
Operating Band Unit DPCH_Ec <REFSENS>
I dBm/3.84 MHz -117
62 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
II dBm/3.84 MHz -115
III dBm/3.84 MHz -114
IV dBm/3.84 MHz -117
V dBm/3.84 MHz -115
VI dBm/3.84 MHz -117
VII dBm/3.84 MHz -115VIII dBm/3.84 MHz -114
IX dBm/3.84 MHz -116
Mobile station performance – Required DL E b /N 0
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• DL sensitivity requirements from specifications (3GPP 25.101) fordifferent
– Speeds
– Services – Channel conditions
▪ 3GPP models
63 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• With fast closed loop power
control
• Include some NSNcorrections forimplementation margin,effect of speed, power controletc. REF: Dimensioning and Configuring WCDMA RAN, dn0450427x4x0xen
Mobile station performance – HSDPA
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• SINR is used instead of E b / N 0 in HSDPA performance evaluation
– Modulation and coding Bit rate can be changed every 10 ms
• Definition of HS-DSCH SINR:
– Narrowband signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio after despreading of the
HS-PDSCH
– SINR includes the SF16 rocessin ain for the HS-PDSCH and the effect
64 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
of using orthogonal codes
• Average HS-DSCH SINR:
– This is the experienced HS-DSCH SINR by a user average over fast fading.
– The average bit rate for a single HSDPA-user can be expressed as a
function of the average HS-DSCH SINR, for a given number of HS-PDSCHcodes
Required SINR
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PDSCH HS SF I
C
SINR −⋅=
65 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
N othown DL −=
Where:C = received powerIown = total power received from the serving cell (excluding own signal)Ioth = total power received from other cells
PN = noise powerα = orthogonality factorSFHS-PDSCH = Spreading factor on HSDPA (= 16)
Relation Between avg. SINR and HSDPA Throughput
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• The single-user HSDPAthroughput versus itsaverage HS-DSCH SINR
is plotted.• Notice that these results
include the effect of fast h r o u g h p u t [ M b p s ]
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
ACTIVITY FACTOR 100%
66 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
-DSCH link adaptation.
• An average HS-DSCHSINR of 23 dB is requiredto achieve the maximumdata rate of 3.6 Mbps with
5 HS-PDSCH codes. A v
e r a g e s i n g l e - u
s e r
Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 300
a e, e - , m
Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]
Module 2 – Radio Propagation Fundamentals
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Summary
• Radio signal propagates with multiple propagation mechanisms
• Radio signal strength varies between locations Fading
• Fading is caused by shadowing and multipath propagation• Received radio signal power attenuates with increasing distance Propagation slope
67 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
• ase s a on per ormance s measure y
– Transmit capability – Reception capability
– HW capacity