03 Urban Space English

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UnitURBAN SPACE

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Prof. Dr. Josu Llull Pealba

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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)


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CONTENTS

1. Urban landscape

2. The historical process of urbanization

3. Urban planning



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1. URBAN LANDSCAPE



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Nowadays talking about Urban Revolution

51% urban population vs. 49% rural population all over the world

expanding growth in LEDCs

many regions with megacities, conurbations and other urban processes

social, economic and environmental problems

30% of the urban population living in marginalized slumsor shanty towns

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Evolution of the urban and therural population in the world

INTRODUCTION



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Source: http://www.grida.no/publications/other/geo3/?src=/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htm

Comparative evolution of the urban population (percentages by region)

http://www.grida.no/publications/other/geo3/?src=/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htmhttp://www.grida.no/publications/other/geo3/?src=/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htmhttp://www.grida.no/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htm


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CITY it is an expression of the urban society where we are living it is a geographical fact very important

it is an essential feature to understand the present time

Descriptive analysis: describing the elements of the urban landscape

Functional analysis: analyzing the functions of each area or element (a square)

analyzing the role of the city in its geographical area(considering the city as a high order services supplier)

Internal perspective: studying the inner space of the city

External perspective: studying the city in relation to its geographical area(How is the city organizing its surrounding area or even itsregion? How is the city connected to other cities and villages?)

URBAN GEOGRAPHY



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It deals with theanalysis of thefollowing aspects:

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CITY

HISTORY

LAYOUT

STRUCTURE

FUNCTIONS

ARCHITECTURE

PROBLEMS

POPULATION

LOCATION


URBAN GEOGRAPHY


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Access to an Urban Geography glossary in:http://www.profes.net/rep_documentos/Propuestas_Bachillerato/BA%20Geograf%C3%ADa_urbana.PDF

City: it is a kind of human settlement with some specific features such as thefollowing: high population density, artificial characteristics, multiculturalism and

economic activities mostly linked to industry and the tertiary sector. Urban: it is an adjectivethat refers to every phenomenon concerned to the city as

a particular socio-cultural system with a number of implications.

Urban layout: it is also known as town planningor morphology. It is the shapeof the city as a result of its architectural design and its implementation in thephysical space. The urban layout is the consequence of how the buildings areconstructed and how the open spaces (streets, squares, parks) are organizedaccording to different patterns.

Urban structure: it is the division of the city into different parts or sectors taking

into account an internal system and a series of functions and land uses.

ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS

http://www.profes.net/rep_documentos/Propuestas_Bachillerato/BA%20Geograf%C3%ADa_urbana.PDFhttp://www.profes.net/rep_documentos/Propuestas_Bachillerato/BA%20Geograf%C3%ADa_urbana.PDF


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It is very difficult to define what a city is.

Are some settlements largevillagesor ruraltowns?

There are some cities in LEDCs with a subsistence farming economy.There are small places far away from the conurbations but very well connectedto them thanks to efficient means of transport (commuting).

According to Davis, a city is a community with a considerable size and a highpopulation density that houses a variety of specialized non-farming workers plus acultural and intellectual elite.

Tomelloso, Castilla-La Mancha (Source: IGN)

Malabo, the capitalof Equatorial Guinea(Source:Jessica Weinberg)

CONCEPT OF CITY



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URBANSPACE

RURALSPACE

Food & raw materials

Industrial products &high order services

Source:Edelvives

FROM RURAL TO URBAN



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It is difficult to characterize a city according to statistics. There are other criteria:

RURALSettlement

URBANSettlement

versus

Contrasting criteria:

1. Population density2. Centrality3. Artificial morphology4. Economic activities5. Social heterogeneity6. Multiculturalism

7. Urban way of life8. Relationship with the environment9. Capacity for innovation

CONCEPT OF URBAN



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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE

1. Population density- A city is a nucleated settlement with a lot of inhabitants living together- Minimum population for a city: France > 2,000 people; Spain > 10,000 people

- Minimum population density: India > 390 inhab./ km

2. Centrality- A city brings together a number of services and activities- It has a hierarchic position in the space arrival flows

3. Artificial morphology

- There are only a few of natural elements- There are high buildings and large infrastructures

4. Economic activities- Mostly related to industry and the tertiary sector

5. Social heterogeneity- Population diversity- Lack of social control, superficial relationships,

situations of marginalization



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6. Multiculturalism- Cultural dynamism multiple services and activities (museums, theatres, etc.)- Social and ethnic diversity immigration

- Ghettos where each group of people lives isolated; lack of social integration

WASP Afroamerican Chinese Indian

Irish Italian Russian Hispanos

Arabs Subsaharians Gypsies Etc.

7. Urban way of life- Speed, stress, rapid changes and experiences, multiplicity, etc.

8. Relationship with the environment- Distance from nature- City / countryside interchanges based on consumption activities

- Communication network with other settlements

9. Capacity for innovation- A city generates and spread out scientific, technological and social advances


CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE


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The UNESCO defines urban heritage as follows:

A human settlement showing a particular relationship with its naturalenvironment.

Everything together is valuable because it is an important testimony of humancivilization and their evolution all along history.

A group of buildings made up by man with a singular town planning andstructure.

A collection of monuments, representative buildings and artistic works with

meaningful values (historic, aesthetic, socio-cultural, etc.).

Some buildings containing cultural properties to be conservated or exhibited.

A number of immaterial elements, deep meanings and sensorial experiences thatprovide a special identity to the city.

URBAN HERITAGE



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The Jemaa el Fnaa square in Marrakesh was promoted as a World Heritage site in 1997 due to its

immaterial elements. Folk expressions, tales, dances, smells, spices, sounds and voices aregenerated by the merchants and the people that is passing though the square everyday. TheUNESCO declaration is intended to value the most sensorial aspects of Marrakesh city with theaim of keeping them safe and avoiding the threaten of industrial civilization.



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Can you identify which cities these images belong to?What kind of social and cultural values are related to them?



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According to Geography of Perception and thehumanist Geography

The geographic landscape is the sum of the physicalqualities and the subjective image that its inhabitantshave, based on their opinions and feelings. Thisconditions the social behaviors that are developed ineach place. Thus, the city is also a perceived space,which grants new dimensions.

We can analyze it in an objective way, adjusting to its data and formal aspects: itsorigin and historical evolution, its situation and location, its hierarchical position, itsurban structure, its architecture, its functions, its economic potential, its culturaland leisure resources, etc. Or we can also analyze it in a cross-curricular way, takinginto account the set of perceptions that configure the poetic image of the city. For

instance, its perceived levels of lifequality,its zoning criteria, its social problems,the personality of its inhabitants, its touristic attractiveness and the image thatthe city sells to the exterior.


THE IMAGE OF A CITY


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PsycologicalFactors

CulturalFactors

Objectivereality of

a city

Simplified orsuperficial

image of a city

INFORMATION Socialhabits

EDUCATION

Personalmotivations,

assumption of roles

Social &

economicproblems

Citizenship

policies

Mass-mediapreassure

POETIC IMAGE OF A CITY BEHAVIORS IN A CITY

THE IMAGE OF A CITY



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The city functions determine its morphology,structure, and hierarchy, but overall they are crucialfor land uses, social activities and land prices. Somecity functions are the following (in brackets there areexamples of cities concerning each function):

Industrial production (i.e. Birmingham, Aviles)

Trade, commerce (i.e. London, Badajoz)

Seaport (i.e. Rotterdam, Marseille)

Defense (i.e. vila, Cartagena de Indias)

Government (i.e. Brasilia, Canberra)

Culture (i.e. Oxford, Florence, Salamanca)

Tourism (i.e. Paris, Venice)

Religion (i.e. La Mecca, Jerusalem, Rome)

TYPES OF CITIES ACCORDING THEIR FUNCTIONS



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2. THE HISTORICAL PROCESSOF URBANIZATION



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PERIOD YEARWORLDPOPULATION

MAIN CITIES PEOPLE

NeolithicAncient Times

8000 BC 5 million Jericho 500

4000 BC 50 million Eridu, Erech, Uruk 15,000

2000 BC 100 million Menphis, Tebas 100,000

RomeIslam

0 200 million Rome 350,000

1000 300 millionConstantinople,Baghdad, Cordoba

250,000

Early Modern1500 400 million Florence, Milan, Venice 100,000

1650 500 million Paris 300,000

From theIndustrial

Revolution on

1800 900 million London 1 million

1900 1.500 million 22 cities in the world 1 million

1965 3.300 million New York 15 million

2000 6.000 million

Mexico, Sao Paulo, Rio de

Janeiro, Tokyo, Mumbay,Calcutta, Delhi, Shanghai,Seoul, El Cairo, etc.

15-25 million

Source: New York Regional Planing Office



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STAGES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

Urbanization rate = percentage of urban population in a country in comparison withthe total population living in that country

Progressive increase from the Neolithic to present time

Boom of the cities while the industrialization (in MEDCs before than in LEDCs)

Process of urbanization = it is the historical consequence of multiple factors (social,demographic, political, economic, cultural). As a result, cities has extended all overthe geographic space. Every country follow three main phasesalthough each onehas its regional peculiarities.

THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY

Up to the 19thcentury

THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

From the 19thcentury to 1975

THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY

Form 1975 to present time


19th Century ensanche


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Historical evolution of Barcelona city (Source: Beaujeu-Garnier & Chabot, 1970)

19th Century ensanche

Roman cityMedieval cityFrom 15th to 18th C



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It appeared in the Neolithic = isolated dwellings with some urban features

Economic activities concerned to farming and trade

It was enclosed by a strong city wall for defense and taxes

Slow evolutionboth in the physical and the demographic aspects

Irregular layout in Ancient Times, in the Muslim world and during the Middle Ages

Orthogonal (regular) town planning in the Classical Greece and Rome

Weak network except a few cases (Rome) not many external influences

More dynamic development in the medieval boroughs pre-modern cities The preindustrial city turned into the historic center of our contemporary cities

THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY

Favorable factors for the preindustrial urbanization (Buzo & CNICE):

Strategic:i.e. Mrida (military control of the bridges over the Guadiana river)

Political:i.e. Madrid (designed as the capital of Spain in 1561) Economic: i.e. Seville (location for the Casa de Contratacin)

Religious:i.e. Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages)


A i i i


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Celtic castro of Santa Tecla,

Pontevedra (1900 BC)

Ancient cities

Working class houses in Tebas,

Egypt (2500 BC)


A i t iti Cl i l G d R
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/IMGP1211.JPG


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Ancient cities: Classical Greece and Rome

Source: Vicens Vives


R iti E it A t (M id )


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Roman cities: Emerita Augusta (Mrida)

It was built up in an strategic site, originally as a military camp with a city wall It was the capital of the Lusitania province = more than 50,000 inhabitants Orthogonal layout organized around two long perpendicular streets (cardo - decumano) There were important public works = forum, theatre, amphitheatre, aqueduct, bridge, roads


Muslim cities: Toledo


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It was built at the top of a hill surrounded by city walls and the Tajo river = defense facilities Irregular layout, as a labyrinth with narrow alleys and cul-de-sacs There were some representative buildings: alcazar, mosque (former cathedral), zoco (square)

Muslim cities: Toledo


Medieval cities: Avila


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Irregular layout typically medieval = disordered growing, social inequalities The city wall was very important = built up over the boundaries of an antique Roman camp Defensive & economic purposes = it was compulsory to pay taxes to get stuff into the city

Medieval cities: Avila


The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning


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Ronda.Muslim city wall vila. Romanesque city wall

Ciudad Rodrigo. City wall withbastions for artillery (18thC)Palma. Renaissance city wall

The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning


Urban interventions in Early Modern


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Plaza Mayor of Madrid (1580-1619)

The Prado Promenade, Madrid (18thC)

Aranjuez Palace (16th- 18thC)

La Carolina (18thC)



The Neoclassical urban planning: the London reconstruction
http://www.turismoactual.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Plaza-Mayor-Madrid.jpghttp://www.turismoactual.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Plaza-Mayor-Madrid.jpg


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The Neoclassical urban planning: the London reconstruction

The Great Fire of 1666 devastated most of London city. The architect Christopher Wren wascommissioned for designing a new urban layout in order to reconstruct the destroyed area. Hisproject followed an orthogonal plan inspired in Greek and Roman cities with squared apples andstraight streets oriented to the Thames river. He also introduced some dominant axis very dynamicfor the whole composition. These axis were long diagonal avenuesto make the distances shorter andpromote long perspectives to a series of representative buildings: the new St PaulsCathedral (1) in

the angle formed by two avenues, and the Stock Exchange (2) in the middle of a wide polygonalsquare. Furthermore there were some radial and ring streets around some roundabouts or circularspaces. This urban pattern was imitated during the Neoclassicism in some new cities built up in theUSA all along the 18th century, such as New York and Washington.


THE INDUSTRIAL CITY


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It began while the Industrial Revolutionin the 19th century

New economic activities were developed in factories

Location based on economic criteria: next to mines, market places, harbors, rivers,main roads, communication nodes

Demographic expansion massive urbanization in MEDCs

Strong contrast between the industrial cities and the countryside rural exodus

Transports development facilities for raw materials and food supply

Urban way of life linked to specific behaviors and land uses

New functions contrasting with the medieval layout and the old housing

New ways of organizing town planning and structure urban utopias

Industrialization + urbanization = heritage degradation (city walls demolished)

Additional factor government regulations for urban planning

THE INDUSTRIAL CITY


THE INDUSTRIAL CITY


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35HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)


THE INDUSTRIAL CITY


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First stage of disorganizedgrowth with no town planning(working class neighborhoods

with unhealthy conditions)

dense and piled up housingpollution, lack of health regulations

TWO OPTIONS

1. UTOPIC URBAN PLANNINGProposals by Owen, Fourier, Ledoux

2. PRACTICAL SOLUTIONSInfrastructures improvement

Renovation of the inner cityEnsanchesGarden City & Linear City


Utopist urban planning Ville idale de Chaux, by Ledoux (1775)


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Factory & administrative pavilion in the center plus four measurement towers in the interiorand a surrounding area with gardened houses for the workers = radio centric plan Public buildings in the periphery (temples, farms, leisure areas) Sustainable project regarding its size, its activities and its relationship with the environment


p p g , y ( )

Utopist urban planning in the 19thcentury not successful


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Working classsettlement of NewHarmony, Indiana (USA),planned by the utopistsocialist Robert Owen:

ideal urban site factory + residences self-organized &

cooperative society

Very close to nature

Phalanstreor Social Palacedesigned by Charles Fourier:

rural community based on

a self-sufficient productionand consumption system capacity: 400 families Collective services


Practical solutions urban interventions in the 19thcentury


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Infraestructures improvement

Sewage system

Conductions for water supply

Waste management

Removal of the cemeteries out of the city

Streetlights (first gas lamps, later on electricity)

Streets paving

Renovation of the inner city Restoration policies for houses and monuments

Construction of new public buildings with a symbolic purpose (City Hall)

New solutions for the town planning: streets alignment and regularization

Adornment of the city promenades, boulevards, tree-covering

Demolition of the medieval city walls, construction of ring-roads (rondas) Increase of the government control census, local laws, city maps, etc.


Renovation of the interior of Paris(O A )


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Modification of the urban layout of Paris, byHaussmann(1852) new morphology over the previous one based on

large boulevards and avenues, straight streets and open spaces

(Opera Avenue)



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The city of Vienna beforeand after its expansion inthe 19thcentury.In the top plan it is possibleto appreciate the city wallsand bastions from the 17th

century.In the bottom plan the citywalls have been substitutedby a circular ring-road.


Regularization of the urban


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Project for the renovation of the interior of Madrid:enlargement of the Calle Preciados and connection betweenthe Plaza del Callao and the Gran Via (1904-1929).

Regularization of the urbanlayout by replacing old

houses for new buildings.


Practical solutions renovation of the interior of Alcal de Henares (19thC)


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Boulevard in the Calle Libreros

Circular promenade in the Plaza de Cervantes

Alignment of the Paseo de la Estacin

Music kiosk and monument to Cervantes


Practical solutions ensanches


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Ensanche = residential neighborhood for the bourgeoisie in the periphery, apart of thehistoric center, as in this project for Barcelona designed by Ildefonso Cerd (1854)

Orthogonal planning with open spaces (parks, squares) and long diagonal avenues

BARCELONA

Regular city blocksfollowing a gridsystem

Rationalism Healthy conditions


I iti l j t b C d


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Initial project by Cerd

Increasing clustering of the cityblocks due to speculation anddemographic necessities (muchmore population than expected)


Practical solutions the Garden City


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Garden City pattern by Howard Importance of the idea of living next to the natural environment (garden) Residential neighborhoods with single family houses = 32,000 inhabitants Urban layout based on concentric rings (400 ha) surrounded by a farming area (2.000 ha)

Characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon urbanism = horizontal extension not vertical


Practical solutions the Linear City


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Plan for the Ciudad Lineal designed by the architect Arturo Soria y Mata(Madrid, end of the 19thcentury - beginning of the 20thcentury)

GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)

Practical solutions the Linear City


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To facilitate the expansion of Madrid, Arturo Soria suggested in the North-Eastern area of the city thecreation of a great communication axis parallel to the Paseo de la Castellana, around which the blockof houses were laid out longitudinally. This axis was a street 50 km long and 40 km wide, in themiddle of which the tramline went by. The blocks located at both sides had a rectangular shape andwere separated by transversal streets 20 meters wide. The idea had a strong social dimension,

because three different types of buildings were proposed for the three different social classes, thatonly differed in volume, keeping the same decorations, materials and localization. The perimeter,finally, was enclosed by a fringe of woods and insulating gardens 100 meters deep, that facilitated arespectful and progressive transition towards nature.

GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)

THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY


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About 1975 industrial cities reached their maximum size

Deceleration of the growing rates after the rural exodus

Economic activities more linked to the tertiary sector= industrial recession Rational distribution of the land uses (Le Corbusier)

City expansion beyond the urban fringe = sprawling city

Intense use of cars and other means of transport (commuting, centrifuging)

New urban patterns

Limits to vertical construction

Single family housing = horizontal urbanization

Middle and little towns (even rural) are growing more than large cities

Suburban residences (detached, semi-detached, terraced)

Open cities less clustered

High speculation rates = planes de ordenacin urbana


The sprawling city


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Metropolitan area urban agglomerationaround a large city that is considered a

Conurbation urban network formed by anumber of cities that looks like a continuous


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Metropolitan area of Madrid

dominant political or industrial nucleus.Thus, there is a clear hierarchy.

Conurbation of Randstad (Netherlands) formedby the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The

Hague, Utrecht and other intermediate towns.

with no hierarchical relationship. Thus, thereis no dominant nucleus.


New urban patterns


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United States of America

El Ruedo, M-30 Madrid (1980)Livia Corona, Mexico (2008)

Sao Paulo (2005)

Houston (2012)

Nevada, USA (2010)


New urban patterns Brasilia The environmental sustainability presided theconstruction of the capital of Brazil designed


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construction of the capital of Brazil, designedby Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer in 1959. Itwas placed in a region of the interior of thecountry, scarcely populated but with good

climate. It is organized in an open way,without boundaries, allowing its naturalextension towards its surroundings althoughits population is less than 1.5 millions. Thestructure is based on the differentiation offunctions by sectors, and the connection

between them by quick communications:one sector of governmental buildings, onesector for the embassies, gardens, auniversity campus and a residential zone, thatfollows the morphology of the lineal cities.The avant-garde architecture of many of thebuildings, and its spacious and open

perspectives turns Brasilia into a model of amonumental city, and at the same timesustainable, very spectacular.


Vertical clustering unsustainability


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Kowloon district(Hong Kong)


Li it d il bilit d hi h i f h

CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION


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Limited availability and high prices of houses

Changes in the moral values and in the human behaviors

Increase of public services and infrastructures for leisure and cultural activities

But also social problems, crime, lack of safety LEDCs: high urbanization rates, expansion of the cities, rural exodus, unbalanced

urban network with metropolitan areas very nucleated, marginalization problems,differences among neighborhoods.

Pollution and other environmental problems



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3. URBAN PLANNING


Streets: arteries for communication connection and transportation

ELEMENTS OF THE URBAN SPACE


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Streets: arteries for communication, connection and transportation

Open spaces: squares, parks, gardens, sports complex, etc. for social activities,trade and exchange, leisure and sports, public demonstrations, etc.

Buildings: houses built up in vertical or in horizontal but also representativeconstructions due to their artistic values (cathedral), governmental functions (cityhall), or economic purposes (mall, shopping center).

These elements are combined theoretically in thetown planning which is the graphic design of the

city. They provide an urban layout which is themorphology or the physical shape of the city.

FACTORS

Types of urban street plans (Benevolo)

Buildings and land uses (Conzen)

Topographic conditions (Ricard)

Phases of the city growth (Dickinson)

Functions and economic activities too


MORPHOLOGY: TYPES OF URBAN STREET PLANS


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Irregular(London in the 16th century)

Radio-centric(Sforzinda,ideal city

designed inthe 16thcentury)

Grid plan (La Habana, Cuba, 17thcentury)

Linear(Santo Domingo de la Calzada, avillage built along the Way of St Jameswhich is its High Street in present time)


MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS


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City map of Cuzco, Peru, that was the capital of the Inca Empire Symbolic morphology following the shape of a puma, a sacred animal for the Incas Royal fortress of Saqsaywamn in the head; Viracocha temple in the center of the world


MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS


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Aerial view of the communal city of Auroville, India (designed in 1968) Urban layout around a circular central square with a big spherical monument Morphology similar to a galaxy as it is explained by the religious sect that lives in there


The structure of a city has to do with the land uses and with the functions of each urban

URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern


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yelement. As a result of the historical evolution that the European cities have experienced,their structure is usually heterogeneous and we can distinguish the following areas:

Historical Center: Roman or Medieval origin, in process of aging or abandon ofpopulation, set aside for cultural or touristic functions.

City expansion:zone extended in the XIX and XX Centuries (ensanches), with a veryhigh land value, concentrates tertiary activities (commercial, administrative and ofrepresentation), and nowadays it constitutes the true neuralgic center of the city.

Residential periphery: added in the second half of the XX Century, it is formed by

groups of compact buildings, with homogeneous characteristics, economical level, andsocial behavior. They can be working class neighborhood built with little planificationduring the industrial development of 1960-1970, or new urbanizations of semi-detached houses, more modern and with a higher life quality.

Boundary: it is a physical barrier (river, hill) or a road, railways, etc. that mark the limitsof the spatial growing of the city.

Extra radio:outside the boundary, it includes the industrial park, area of substandardhousing, and other spontaneous settlements surrounding bypasses.


URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern


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Source:EditorialCCS (1993)


Urban structure of Madrid and its suburbsNot urbanizedareas


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Suburbs in the end of the 19thC

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City map ofMadrid in 1910,

by Nez Grans

Medieval town(historic center)

Madrid de losAustrias (17thC)

Paseo del Prado(noble promenadefor leisure, 18thC)

Ensanche (Barriode Salamanca,

19th- 20thC)

areas


URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern


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Source: GCSE (2012)



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URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern


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Source: Waugh (2009)

LAND PRICES



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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE) 67

URBAN STRUCTURE: the multiple-nuclei pattern


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LAND USES

1


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Different land uses and pricesdepending on each urban area inCalgary, Canada (1); London, UK (2);

Los Angeles, USA (3).


2

3


The urban network is the series of interconnections among cities and towns in aterritory The different urban nucleus in a network have varying levels of

URBAN NETWORK


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territory. The different urban nucleus in a network have varying levels ofimportance according to their economic and political power. Some factorsare:


Urban networks can be global, national or regional, and they can have different

features depending on their area. For instance, in Europe and Japan the urbannetwork is very dense but in the USA is medium. In LEDCs the urban network isweak because there are only a few and very isolated nucleus.

Geographical location, urbanization rate and commu-nication speed among cities.

Number of urban nucleus linked to the network bypolitical or economic issues.

Complementary functions and interchange of services

Hierarchy: how some cities dominate the others.

Consequences of the network for the regionaldevelopment.

Different patterns: radio-centric, hierarchical, cross-shaped, other systems.

URBAN NETWORK PATTERNS


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GLOBAL URBAN NETWORK


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Source: Nagle (2000)



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Aguilera Arilla, M. J. et al. (2010). Geografa General II: Geografa Humana. Madrid: UNED.

Albet A ; Benejam P et al (2012) Geografa Educacin Secundaria Barcelona: Vicens Vives

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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Albet, A.; Benejam, P. et al. (2012). Geografa. Educacin Secundaria. Barcelona: Vicens Vives.

Benvolo, L. (1994). Orgenes del urbanismo moderno. Madrid: Ed. Celeste.

Bonet Correa, A. (1989). Las claves del urbanismo. Barcelona: Ariel.Chueca Goitia, F. (1998). Breve historia del urbanismo. Madrid: Ed. Alianza.

Cano Forrat, J. (2003). Introduccin a la historia del urbanismo. Valencia: Universidad Politcnica.

Delfante, C. (2006). Gran historia de la ciudad: de Mesopotamia a Estados Unidos. Madrid: Abada.

Estbanez lvarez, J. (1989). Las ciudades. Morfologa y estructura. Madrid: Sntesis.

Esteve, G. (1999). Recorridos urbanos en el Tiempo Libre. Madrid: Editorial CCS.

Gmez Palacios, J. J. (1993). El latido de la ciudad. Madrid: Editorial CCS.

Nagle, G. (2000).Advanced Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pacione, M. (2001). Urban Geography: a global perspective. Oxford: Routledge

Varios Autores (1989-1991). Recorridos didcticos por Madrid. Madrid: Ediciones La Librera (6 vols.)

Varios Autores (2001). Vivir en las Ciudades Histricas. ber, n 27 (monogrfico).Waugh, D. (2009). Geography: An Integrated Approach. London: Nelson Thornes.


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03 Urban Space English

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