04 Japanese Civ

8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ

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JAPANESEHISTORY


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JAPANJapan transformed from a militaristic spirit bent

on invading other lands and terrorizing people,

into a peaceful and industrious nation of great

prosperity


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JAPANJapan is the only nation bombed with nuclearweapons, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945


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JAPAN Today, it is the factory of world for cars, ships,

electronics, cameras, gadgets, toys, games and

robots


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JAPAN The Japanese call their nation Nippon or Niho,

Land of the Rising Sun.


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JAPANJapan is an archipelago of 4,233 islands in EastAsia The four main islands are Honshu (the largest),

Hokkaido, Shikoku, and KyushuJapan has an area of 373,313 sq. km. it is larger

than the Philippines

Japan has a population of 127 million people,with the highest life expectancy in the world

(81.25 years of age)


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JAPAN


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JAPAN Only 17% of the land is arable. Most of theislands are mountainous and volcanic including

Mount Fuji, its highest peakJapan lies within the ring of fire of the Pacific,

and is shaken by 2,000 earthquakes a year.

Japan has about 60 active volcanoes


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JAPAN Nearly all Japanese are mixed Shinto-Zen-Buddhist Nippongo is the national language Tokyo, the capital has a population of 30

million and is the largest city in the world

Kyoto, the old capital, is the center of classicJapanese culture


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Japanese Culture Japan adopted and did not invent its culture From China, it got its religion, alphabet,

architecture, art, dress diet and music

Chinese influences entered Japan throughKorea


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Japanese Culture In 656-650 AD PrinceShotoku, the Father of

Japanese civilization,laid the foundations of

political and social life

He wrote the first laws in Japan which was based

on Confucian and Buddhist teachings


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Japanese CultureDifferences against the Chinese Culture: The emperor could not be ousted because he

was a living god

Buddhism was integrated with Shintoism

Japanese ideograms have different structures

and style from Chinese writings


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HISTORYClassical Japanese history is composed of thefollowing:

Nara Period (8th century AD) Heian era (795-1185 BC) Feudal Era

Ashikaga Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate


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Nara period (8 AD) Nara was the capital Fujiwara family dominated the emperors during

the Nara period

The Japanese enjoyed friendly relations with theTang dynasty and their lifestyle followedChinese culture


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Heian Era (795-1185) Flourishing of Japans classical civilization In the 11th century, Lady Murasakiwrote the

Tales of Genji, which is believed to be theworlds oldest novel

The first classical Japanese poetry was also

written


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Feudal EraAfter a period of civil wars, emerged a militaryclique, the samurai class, under the political rule

of the shogun


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Feudal Era The Shogun (great general) was the mostpowerful warlord, and the samurai was subject to

him

The emperor was only a ceremonial figure, day-to-day matters were controlled by the shogun

The foundation of the militaristic spirit of Japanwas laid during the feudal era


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Feudal Era In 1192, the shogun Yorimoto establishedfeudalism in Japan.When Yorimoto defeated the Taira clan he was

appointed by the emperor as a shogun

Yorimoto divided Japan into districts and gave

them to his retainers called daimyos (local lord) Each daimyo had a fighting force of warriors

called samurai (knights), whose duty was to fight

and, if necessary, die for his lord


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Feudal Era The code of ethics of the samurai is calledBushido (Way of the Warrior) which contained

the rules of Japanes chivalry

To the samurai, death in the battlefield for his

lord was glorious

If the samurai failed in his duty to fight or

disobeyed his daimyo, he could only redeem his

honor by committingharakiri


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Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)Was a period of feudal wars. Bandits roamed the countryside, and social and

economic life suffered.

During this period, the first Europeans thatcame to Japan the Portuguese introduced

the first firearms


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Tokugawa ShogunateAfter the Ashikaga Shogunate, three great feudalwarlords of Japan appeared Oda Nobunaga,

Hideyoshi, and Iyeyasu One after the other, these shoguns restored

order to a chaotic Japan

Reunification was a rice cake; Oda made it,Toyotomi shaped it; and Iyeyasu ate it.


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Tokugawa Shogunate Oda Nobunaga overthrew the warring factionsof the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1575 Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan and ruled

form 1582 to 1598

In 1603, Tokugawa Iyeyasu succeeded andfounded the Tokugawa Shogunate which ruled

Japan until 1867


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Classical Japan Contributions toCivilization

Bushido, a code of chivalry Shinto religion

Kana alphabet Literary forms such as

the kabuki (classical play);noh (lyrical play)

Dignified social customs,such as the tea ceremony

and the ikebana (flowerarrangement)


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Classical Japan Contributions toCivilization

Manly sports such as judo, kendo (fencing), andsumo (wretling)


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Opening of Japan (1853) On July 8, 1853 an American squadron of fourships under the command of Commodore

Matthew C. Perry entered Tokyo Bay

The Americans displayed the power of his ships

cannons and compelled the shogun to open

Japan to world trade

Unlike China, which was weakened by the

Western powers, Japan was strengthened whenit opened to the west


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Meiji Restoration Shogun power was abolished, the samuraiabsorbed into modern military, and the emperor

was restored back to power

Numerous Western institutions were adopted,

including a written constitution, a Western legal

system and a quasi-parliamentary government


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Meiji Restoration

In 1868 Mutsuhito (1852-1912) ascended to thethrone of emperor

He chose the name Meiji (Enlightened) as hisimperial name

Emperor Mutsuhito and

his advisers welcomed

Western learning and

technology


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Meiji Restoration The Gregorian calendar and the decimal system

were adopted

Western system of education was introduced.

Foreign teachers were imported to teach

Western science and foreign languages to the

Japanese


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Militaristic Japan The shogunate has ended, but the military spirit

lived on in the Japanese armed forces

Using modern weapons and Western military

tactics, went to war against China and Russia

consecutively

In the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japanwon the territories of Korea, Taiwan and

Manchuria from China


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Militaristic Japan In the Russo-Japanese War of 1905-05, the fleet

ofAdmiral Togo destroyed the entire Russianfleet in the Battle of Japan Sea

The war with China left Japan as the new, and

only, Asian power on the block, and the war

with Russia proved that an Asian power could

knock out a Western foe


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Militaristic Japan During World War I, Japans status of a new

power was confirmed when it gained Pacific

islands against Germany


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World War IIAfter World War II broke out in Europe in

1939, Japan sided with Germany and Italy in acommon cause against the Allied Powers

On September, 20, 1940, Japan signed the

Tripartite pactwith Germany and Italy, thus,becoming part of the Axis Powers


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World War II On December 7, 1941, Japan made a surprise

attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor and

destroyed much of the US Pacific Fleet

The following day, the US and Allied powers

declared war on Japan


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World War IIWith a war plan of amazing speed, Japanese

forces captured vital outposts in Asia as Hong

Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East

Indieas in a matter of weeks

It was only in the Philippines where they slowed

than down due to the gallant resistance of the

Fil-American troops at Bataan and Corregidor

For 6 months, Fil-Am resistance upset theJapanese timetable and war plan


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World War II But the Filipinos paid a heavy price, at the cost

of nearly 100,000 Fil-Am troops killed,

wounded or taken prisoner

The survivors were forced into a gruelling

Bataan death march from which only half

survived


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World War II The Japanese stripped its occupied territories of

valuable resources, massacred many, forced

natives into labor camps, turned women into

comfort slaves, and abused or killed prisoners

of war

The Japanese, however, blamed this events on

ignorance, the emergencies of war and Korean

army recruits


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Japans Surrender By the middle of 1945, US air attacks and naval

bombardment took the war to Japan itself

Thousands of Japanese were killed or wounded

in these attacks but still the military cliques

refused to surrender

They wanted to fight to the bitter end, even if it

meant total destruction of their nation


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Japans Surrender The US decided to use its secretatomic bomb

weapons to force the Japanese to surrender and

end the war

The first atomic bomb was used on Hiroshimaon August 6, 1945, and then on Nagasaki on

August 9, 1945

The total destruction of both cities and the loss

of hundreds of thousands of lives shocked theJapanese nation


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Japans Surrender On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito

overruled military leaders and, in an

unprecedented move, spoke directly to his

people and to the world by radio to announce

the unconditional surrender of Japan


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Allied Occupation of Japan General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme

Commander of Allied Powers in Japan, applied

the policy of benevolent assimilation to Japanthat had proven successful in the Philippines

However, the allied powers which helped Japan

to recover and rehabilitate from the war, exited

graciously


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Allied Occupation of Japan1. Democratization A new democratic constitution was written in

1947 by the occupation powers, in cooperation

with Japanese leaders

It provided for an elected parliament (Diet),

with a prime minister and a constitutionally

limited monarchy

The emperor lost his god status and consented

to being a mortal


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Allied Occupation of Japan2. Demilitarization Article 9 of the new constitution pledged the

Japanese people to renounce war as a national

policy forever

3. Freedom Values Equal opportunities, the pursuit of life, liberty

and happiness replaced the old aristocracy,feudalism, and rigid society


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Allied Occupation of Japan4. Economic Improvement The collusion between officials and economic

elites were ended which had monopolized

wealth and the economy

Land reform was instituted, and peasants now

owned their land


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Allied Occupation of Japan5. Punishment of War Criminals Tokyo trial trial of Japanese military and

civilian officials who were responsible for

Japans aggressive policy in the 1930s and

1940s

Of the 28 defendants, 6 were executed

including the Premier, Hideki Tojo In minor war crime trials in the Philippines,

Generals Tomoyuki Yamashita and MasaharuHomma were tried and convicted of warcrimes


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04 Japanese Civ

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