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Baitul Ilm Notes for Classical Arabic Class 2011-12Reference Book: An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic by W. M. Thackston
Lesson: 05 (Pg 62 - 13)
© 2011 Baitul Ilm Page 1 of 4
The adjective agrees with its modified noun in state, case, gender and number *. Of
gender/number agreement there are two types, (1) strict and (2) deflected.
#Gender of
Noun Number
Refer to
PeopleAgreement Comments
A AnySingular
Does Not
MatterStrict
Dual
B Masculine Plural Yes StrictBroken Plural
Preferred
C FemininePlural –
Sound/BrokenYes Strict
D Feminine Plural - Sound NoStrict Quran
Deflected Post Qur'an
E AnyPlural -Broken
No
Deflected
Mostly(exceptions
exist)
See Notes Below
(A) The adjective is always in strict agreement with all singular and dual nounsirrespective of gender. There is no exception to this rule.
i. A masculine singular noun is modified by a masculine singular adjective.
مظ يى س
س (11:78)
س ج
ا رز
سيغ (25:8)
ب
ا
ب يآرب يع ع
ا
ج (4:153)
ii. A feminine singular noun is modified by a feminine singular adjective.
جيش
ه جذ غب يخا
حا ي (33:50)
ش خا شج ححا (9:121)
iii. A masculine dual noun is modified by a masculine dual adjective. E.g.
سه يهس يهب
* See notes for lesson 02.
Baitul Ilm Notes for Classical Arabic Class 2011-12Reference Book: An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic by W. M. Thackston
Lesson: 05 (Pg 62 - 13)
© 2011 Baitul Ilm Page 2 of 4
iv. A feminine dual noun is modified by a feminine dual adjective. E.g.
زهزيشأرب يهي يشأر
(B) The adjective is in strict agreement with a masculine plural noun, if the noun refers
to people.
i. A broken adjective is used with a broken noun if one exists. For example:
جبس
ii. A broken adjective is used with a sound noun. For example: يي جبس
iii. A sound adjective is used with a broken noun if broken adjective does not
exists. E.g.
س
ش
ب
ن جب ب (21:105)
نش
ر ـ قب
جب ثم بعج اش
ي
ي (21:26)
iv. A sound adjective is used with a sound noun when neither noun nor adjective
has a broken plural. For example:بن يي
(C) The adjective is in strict agreement with a feminine plural noun, if the noun refers
to people. The noun can be sound or broken.
بزب بد ب
فبنـ
ب ن ت ث
بفبد
د (4:34)
ب شغ سا
ص ج
بدي
بد ي يغ
يثبس جبد
بدد عبئبث زبد ربئجبدقب (66:5)
(D) For sound feminine plural inanimate objectsi. In the Qur’an, all nouns tend to take strict adjectival agreement. This is rare
outside of Qur’anic Arabic.
ii. In post Qur’anic Arabic, plurals tend to take deferred agreement. For example:
بد جشح
(E) If the plural broken noun refers to things (and not people), irrespective of gender ,
the adjective is mostly in deflected agreement.
ش
بد ي
ؤ
ش بديشب (6:141)
ك آبد ث ب ض بد (2:99)
Baitul Ilm Notes for Classical Arabic Class 2011-12Reference Book: An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic by W. M. Thackston
Lesson: 05 (Pg 62 - 13)
© 2011 Baitul Ilm Page 3 of 4
The adjective will usually be feminine singular. It may also be feminine plural, but
this is rare. In rare cases, the adjective can be masculine broken plural as well for
masculine nouns. Examples:
ب
ا
حش ب بي (79:11)
بس
ن بغ ر بقب
ا
بي
ي
ا
ح (2:80)
ى سفؤس ب ب شعا
شب
ف غبد (41:16)
(زت ش)=زت بس
Pronouns (
نبئ ) : There are two sets of pronouns in Arabic, independent ( ه
)
and attached ( زهن ). The Independent pronouns are:
Plural
( )
Dual
( ي)
Singular
(شي)
ى
They (all)
ب
They (two)
He, itش)
ن (نبئت
3rd
Person Masculine
They (all)
ب
They (two)
She, it(
ن (نبئت
3rd
Person Feminine
زى
You (all)
ب ز
You (two)
ذ
You( بن
ن )
2nd
Person Masculine
ز
You (all)
ب ز
You (two)
ذ
You
( بن
ن )
2nd
Person Feminine
-ب
( زن
ن ش
ن ى )
1st Person Masculine &
Feminine
3rd
person and 2nd
person masculine plural will take a خ
when the pronoun is followed
by a word beginning with .*ن ضح
* See lesson 02 notes for more information about نم
ضح
.
Baitul Ilm Notes for Classical Arabic Class 2011-12Reference Book: An Introduction to Koranic and Classical Arabic by W. M. Thackston
Lesson: 05 (Pg 62 - 13)
© 2011 Baitul Ilm Page 4 of 4
1. These pronouns are used as independent subjects of non-verbal sentences. Few
examples:
وقم
ـه
ن
(112:1)
و
ه
ثم (2:29)
ه
بس في ـ
ن رض جب ل (9:40)
شش بس
ن ي يب
ىثبسه
ي ة ى بي (5:37)
برب نب يبهيقب
جحن ث (6:29)
ن
ى ه
مجبط
جبط (2:187)
ك
ت
ة و
(5:109)
ب ث اب فب ب ع بربم
ج ب ب ج
ي ر (28:35)
ى ـ
من
ر (2:216)
سفبل ى (79:24)
حن
ي (2:139)
2. These pronouns are used to divide subject from predicate in non-verbal sentences
when the predicate has the definite article “ل”.
جن ي
ـ
ن (2:120)
ثزش كب (108:3)
If the pronoun is removed in above sentences, the predicates would be confused with a
. and the sentences would appear incompleteخ