Phase Change Materials used for thermal

control of systems - Applications, technology,

developments

Nicolas Nutal

TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

30th January 2013

2TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� What’s a Phase Change Material (PCM)?

� Applications of PCM

� Conclusions

Slideshow organisation

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� What’s a Phase Change Material (PCM)?

� Applications of PCM

� Conclusions

Slideshow organisation

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Thermal energy storage?

Definition (1/3)

Specific heat

Latent heat

Liquid state

Solid state

Solid/liquid

Solid/solid

Gazeous state

Liquid/gazeous

Solid/gazeous

Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

5TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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n.

� Storage mechanism

Definition (2/3)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)?

Specific heat Specific heatLatent heat

Energy content

Tem

pera

ture

Solid state Liquid state

Solidification (heat release)

Melting(heat storage)

Phase change (constant temperature)

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� PCM are compounds that store/release large amounts of heat while undergoing a phase change at a constant temperature

� Water

� Melting temperature : ~0˚C => latent heat : 333kJ/kg

� Heating water from 1 to 80˚C => specific heat : 332kJ/kg

Definition (3/3)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)?

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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n.

Lat

ent

heat

den

sity

[kJ

/L]

Paraffin

Organic PCM compounds (1/3)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)? � Paraffin : CH3(CH2)nCH3

� Ex : n-hexadecane, n-eicosane…

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Lat

ent

heat

den

sity

[kJ

/L]

Fatty acids

Organic PCM compounds (2/3)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)? � Fatty acids : CH3(CH2)nCOOH

� Ex : Caprylic acid, Capric acid…

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Lat

ent

heat

den

sity

[kJ

/L]

Paraffines

Sugar alcohols

Organic PCM compounds (3/3)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)? � Sugar alcohol : HOCH2(CH(OH))nCH2OH

� Ex : Xylitol, Galactitol…

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Lat

ent

heat

den

sity

[kJ

/L]

Salt hydrates

Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

Inorganic PCM compounds (1/2)

AB·nH2O AB·mH2O +(n-m)H2O AB·nH2O AB + nH2O

� Hydrated salt (dehydration) :

� Ex : CaCl2.6H2O, LiNO3.2H2O

11TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Lat

ent

heat

den

sity

[kJ

/L]

Nitrates

Hydroxides

Carbonates

Fluorides

Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

Inorganic PCM compounds (2/2)

Chlorides

� Pure salts

� Ex : KNO3, KOH, NaCl…

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Eutectic PCM compoundsW

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)?

� Eutectics : mixtures of two or more constituents, which solidify simultaneously out of the liquid at a minimum freezing point

� Ex :

� Salt and water : NaCl + H2O (22.4/77.6) (-21°C)

� Salt and hydrated salt : CaCl2 + MgCl2.6H2O (50/50) (25°C)

� Salts : KNO3 + NaNO3 (54/46) (222°C)

� Organics : Miristic acid + Capric acid (34/66) (24°C)

� Metals : CuZnSi (74/19/7) (765°C)

Huge number of mixtures => wide temperature and energy storage ranges

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� But…

� Phase separation (hydrated salts (ex: CaCl2.6H2O))

⇒ Macroscopic separation => no reversibility => limited effectiveness

� Solutions : Gelling additive (prevent separation), increase PCM viscosity, mixing, other composition (more water)…

CaCl2 poor (solution)

Typical PCM problems (1/4)W

hat’s

a P

hase

Cha

nge

Mat

eria

l (P

CM

)?

Expected behaviour (quick transformation)

CaCl2.4H2O (solid)

CaCl2+ 6 H2O

(solution)

Real behaviour (slow transformation)

CaCl2.6H2O (solid)

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

� But…

� Sub-cooling

⇒ Temperature not constant, lower temperature required to regenerate PCM

� Solutions : Nucleators (compounds which have the similar melting temperatures and crystal structures) or cold-finger

Typical PCM problems (2/4)

Ideal behaviourReal behaviour

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Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

� But…

� Poor thermal conductivity

⇒ Heat transfer problems + low transformation rate

� Solution : Adding metallic fins or foams

� Compatibility with other materials

⇒ Corrosion of metals (inorganic PCM), loss of stability of plastics (organic PCM)...

� Solutions : Adequate containment after compatibility tests

Typical PCM problems (3/4)

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Wha

t’s a

Pha

se C

hang

e M

ater

ial (

PC

M)?

� But…

� Leakage and volume change

⇒ Containment destruction

� Solutions :

Typical PCM problems (4/4)

Macro-encapsulation Micro-encapsulation

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� What’s a Phase Change Material (PCM)?

� Applications of PCM (at CRM)

� Thermal comfort in buildings

� Satellite

� Satellites launcher

� Wood stove

� Others...

� Conclusions

Slideshow organisation

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Frame :

� Context : In low thermal inertia buildings, daily walls temperature fluctuations are high

⇒ Thermal comfort is poor

⇒ Heating/cooling devices are used to compensate (€€€)

Thermal comfort - Low inertia buildings (1/3)A

pplic

atio

ns o

f PC

M's

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� Objective : develop metallic structures with PCM to increase thermal inertia (thermal comfort) in low thermal inertia buildings

� Test configuration :

Thermal comfort - Low inertia buildings (2/3)A

pplic

atio

ns o

f PC

M's

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Detailed analysis of a specific configuration (~200kg of PCM) :

� More comfortable temperatures reached in PCM building

� Temperature fluctuations inside the PCM building (~6˚C) are lower than in the ref building (~13˚C)

� Estimated return : 5 to 9 years

Thermal comfort - Low inertia buildings (3/3)A

pplic

atio

ns o

f PC

M's

PCM allows to increase thermal comfort ☺

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n.

Satellite (1/3)

� Frame :

� Context : Small satellites (<100kg) need constant temperature (electronic parts) but have low thermal inertia (low weight)

⇒ When electronic is on/off, satellite’s temperature fluctuate

⇒ Radiators and resistances are used to compensate : Heavy systems (€€€)

⇒ Objective : develop a PCM heat storage device to increase thermal inertia but with limited weight increase

App

licat

ions

of P

CM

's

22TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Heat storage device

�PCM selected : n-octadecane (~28˚C), volume : 210ml

Satellite (2/3)A

pplic

atio

ns o

f PC

M's

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Without PCM

� Heating/cooling cycles

With PCM

Satellite (3/3)A

pplic

atio

ns o

f PC

M's

PCM allows to increase thermal inertia ☺

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Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Launcher

� Frame :

� Context : VEB is the brain of the launcher, has low thermal inertia and needs almost constant temperature (electronic parts)

⇒ Thermal control is passive => extra mass (+€€€) (1)

⇒ Due to the temperature increase, it is not feasible to place satellites in different orbits (2)

⇒ Objective : develop a PCM heat storage device to solve both problems by increasing thermal inertia with limited weight increase

App

licat

ions

of P

CM

's

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� Frame :

� Objective : develop modules with PCM to store heat in high temperature range and to improve efficiency of wood stoves

Wood stoveA

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Metallic alloy (Al75-Si25).

Tf: 579.5oC heating

Tf: 569.7oC cooling

Hf: 711.4 kJ/kg

26TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Heat losses in steel industry :

� Steel making converter (1600˚C), High temperature slags (1200-1600˚C), Coke (1050˚C)…

Other applications at CRMA

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Only 17% of heat losses is recovered => much work to do!

27TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� Solar thermal power plants

� Clothing

� Trucks

� Blood transfer

� PCM cup

� Pocket heaters

� Medical pouches

� ....

A lot more applications...A

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28TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� What’s a Phase Change Material (PCM)?

� Applications of PCM

� Conclusions

Slideshow organisation

29TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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� PCM are a cheap, dense and easy way to store energy/heat

� PCM compounds are divided in a few families, each of them has its particular applications

� Almost all the problems met with PCM (low thermal conductivity, high volume change...) can be solved with simple solutions

� With a few developments, PCM can find a lot of applications, from the buildings, through industries and even to space!

What’s to be remembered?C

oncl

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30TTC conference: Smart Materials for Smart Products

Phase Change Materials used for thermal control of systems - Applications, technology, developments

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Special thanks to :

- Jean-Paul Collette (Walopt)

- Romain Peyrou-Lauga (ESA)

- Boris Defays (ARCADIS)

- Mary-Hélène Delvaux (CORI)

- Jean Lagneau (CRIBC)

- Anthony Massin (Bodart et Gonay)

- Jean Crahay, Maïwenn Larnicol and Yves Hardy (CRM Group)

Thank you for your attention!