05 CTR ch12 7/9/04 3:34 PM Page 289 THE ARITHMETIC OF EQUATIONS...

Chapter 12 Stoichiometry 289

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THE ARITHMETIC OF EQUATIONS12.1

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Section ReviewObjectives• Calculate the amount of reactants required or product formed in a nonchemical

process

• Interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of interacting moles,representative particles, masses, and gas volume at STP

Vocabulary• stoichiometry

Part A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number.

The coefficients of a balanced chemical equation indicate 1.

the relative number of of reactants and products. All 2.

stoichiometric calculations begin with a . Only 3.

and are conserved in every reaction; moles, volumes, 4.

and representative particles may not be. 5.

In solving stoichiometric problems, conversion factors 6.

relating moles of reactants to of products are used.

If you assume , the balanced equation also tells you

about the volumes of gases.

Part B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.

________ 7. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation can be used to formmole ratios relating reactants to products.

________ 8. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation tell the relativevolumes of reactants and products, expressed in any suitable unit ofvolume.

________ 9. To calculate the mass of a molecule in grams, you can use the molarmass and Avogadro’s number.

6

5

4

32

1

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290 Core Teaching Resources

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________ 10. Because the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products of areaction, the number of moles will be conserved.

________ 11. If the ratio of molecules in the reaction 2A2 � B2y 2A2B is 2:1:2, we canpredict that 4 molecules of A2 react with 2 molecules B2 to produce 4molecules of A2B.

________ 12. One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.

Part D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following in the space provided. Show your work.

18. Interpret the following equation using moles, molecules, and volumes (assumeSTP). Compare the mass of the reactants to the mass of the product.

2N2(g) � 3O2(g)y 2N2O3(g)

19. How many moles of chlorine gas will be required to react with sufficient iron toproduce 14 moles of iron(III) chloride?

2Fe(s) � 3Cl2(g) y 2FeCl3(g)

Column B

a. Avogadro’s number

b. the calculations of quantities in chemical reactions

c. STP

d. a substance formed in a chemical reaction

e. gives the relative number of molecules involved in areaction

Column A

stoichiometry

product

coefficient

6.02 � 1023

0°C, 101.3 kPa

________ 13.

________ 14.

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

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CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS12.2

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Section Review

Objectives• Construct mole ratios from balanced chemical equations and apply these ratios in

mole-mole stoichiometric calculations

• Calculate stoichiometric quantities from balanced chemical equations, usingunits of moles, mass, representative particles, and volumes of gases at STP

Key Equations• mole-mole relationship used in every stoichiometric calculation:

aGuy bW(given quantity) (wanted quantity)

• x mol G � �ba

mm

oo

llWG

� � �xab� mol W

Given Mole Ratio Calculated


Mole ratios from balanced equations may be used to solve 1.

problems with other units such as numbers of and 2.

of gases at STP. The from the balanced equation are used 3.

to write conversion factors called . These conversion factors 4.

are used to calculate the numbers of moles of from a given 5.

number of moles of . In mass-mass calculations, the molar 6.

mass is used to convert mass to . 7.


________ 8. In mass-mass calculations, the molar mass is used to convert mass to moles.

________ 9. The mole ratio 2 mol HF/1 mol SnF2 can be used to determine themass of SnF2 produced according to the equation:Sn(s) � 2HF(g) y SnF2(s) � H2(g)

7

6

5

4

3

21

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________ 10. In a volume-volume problem, the 22.4 L/mol factors always cancel out.

________ 11. In stoichiometric problems, volume is expressed in terms of liters.

________ 12. For a mass-mole problem, the first conversion from mass to moles is skipped.

________ 13. For a mass-mass problem, the first conversion is from moles to mass.

________ 14. Because mole ratios from balanced equations are exact numbers, theydo not enter into the determination of significant figures.

Part C MatchingMatch each conversion problem in Column A to the correct solution in Column B.

Column A Column B

________ 15. moles O2y grams O2 a. molecules � � �1m8.0

olg

�

________ 16. liters SO2y grams SO2 at STP b. liters � �2m2.4

olL

� � �6m4.1

olg

�

________ 17. molecules He y liters He(g) at STP c. mol � �3m2.0

olg

�

________ 18. grams Sn ymolecules Sn d. molecules � � �2m2.4

olL

�

________ 19. molecules H2O y grams H2O e. grams � �1m19

olg

� �

Part D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following questions in the space provided.

20. How many liters of carbon monoxide (at STP) are needed to react with 4.8 g ofoxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide?

2CO(g) � O2(g) y 2CO2(g)

21. What mass of ammonia, NH3, is necessary to react with 2.1 � 1024 molecules ofoxygen in the following reaction?

4NH3(g) � 7O2(g) y 6H2O(g) � 4NO2(g)

6.02 � 1023 molecules��

mol

mol��6.02 � 1023molecules

mol��6.02 � 1023 molecules

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LIMITING REAGENT AND PERCENT YIELD12.3

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Section ReviewObjectives• Identify and use the limiting reagent in a reaction to calculate the maximum

amount of product(s) produced and the amount of excess reagent

• Calculate theoretical yield, actual yield, or percent yield given the appropriateinformation

Vocabulary

Key Equations• percent yield ��

theaoc

rtuet

ailc

ya

ileylideld

�� 100


Whenever quantities of two or more reactants are given in a 1.

stoichiometric problem, you must identify the . This is the 2.

reagent that is completely in the reaction. The amount of 3.

limiting reagent determines the amount of that is formed. 4.

When an equation is used to calculate the amount of product 5.

that will form during a reaction, the value obtained is the . 6.

This is the amount of product that could be formed from a

given amount of reactant. The amount of product that forms when

the reaction is carried out in the laboratory is called the .


________ 7. Normally, the actual yield in a chemical reaction will be equal to orless than the theoretical yield.

________ 8. The actual yield of a chemical reaction can be calculated using moleratios.

6

5

4

3

2

1

• limiting reagent

• excess reagent

• theoretical yield

• actual yield

• percent yield

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________ 9. The amount of product can be determined from the amount of excessreagent.

________ 10. The percent yield of a product is 100 percent.

________ 11. If you had 100 steering wheels, 360 tires, and enough of every other partneeded to assemble a car, the limiting reagent would be tires.

________ 12. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that could be formed in a chemical reaction.

Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.

Part D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following in the space provided.

18. a. What is the limiting reagent when 3.1 mol of SO2 react with 2.7 mol of O2

according to the equation:

2SO2(g) � O2(g) y 2SO3(g)

b. Calculate the maximum amount of product that can be formed and theamount of unreacted excess reagent.

Column B

a. the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield � 100

b. the amount of product actually formed when a reaction iscarried out in the laboratory

c. the reactant that determines the amount of product that canbe formed in a reaction

d. the reactant that is not completely used up in a chemicalreaction

e. the maximum amount of product that can be formed duringa reaction

Column A

actual yield

limiting reagent

theoretical yield

percent yield

excess reagent

________ 13.

________ 14.

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

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STOICHIOMETRY12

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Practice ProblemsIn your notebook, solve the following problems.

SECTION 12.1 THE ARITHMETIC OF EQUATIONSUse the 3-step problem-solving approach you learned in Chapter 1.

1. An apple pie needs 10 large apples, 2 crusts (top and bottom), and 1 tablespoonof cinnamon. Write a balanced equation that fits this situation. How manyapples are needed to make 25 pies?

2. Two moles of potassium chloride and three moles of oxygen are produced fromthe decomposition of two moles of potassium chlorate, KClO3(s). Write thebalanced equation. How many moles of oxygen are produced from 12 moles ofpotassium chlorate?

3. Using the equation from problem 2, how many moles of oxygen are producedfrom 14 moles of potassium chlorate?

4. Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to produce twomolecules of water. How many molecules of water are produced from 2.0 � 1023

molecules of oxygen? How many moles of water are produced from 22.5 molesof oxygen?

SECTION 12.2 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS1. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen chloride produced from 10 moles of

hydrogen.

H2(g) � Cl2(g) y 2HCl(g)

2. Calculate the number of moles of chlorine needed to form 14 moles of iron(III)chloride.

2Fe(s) � 3Cl2(g) y 2FeCl3(s)

3. Calculate the number of grams of nitrogen dioxide that are produced from 4 moles of nitric oxide.

2NO(g) � O2(g) y 2NO2(g)

4. Calculate the mass of oxygen produced from the decomposition of 75.0 g ofpotassium chlorate.

2KClO3(s) y 2KCl(s) � 3O2(g)

5. Calculate the mass of silver needed to react with chlorine to produce 84 g ofsilver chloride. (Hint: Write a balanced equation first.)

6. How many liters of carbon monoxide at STP are needed to react with 4.80 g ofoxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide?

2CO(g) � O2(g) y 2CO2(g)

7. Calculate the number of liters of oxygen gas needed to produce 15.0 liters ofdinitrogen trioxide. Assume all gases are at the same conditions of temperatureand pressure.

2N2(g) � 3O2(g) y 2N2O3(g)

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8. A volume of 7.5 L of hydrogen gas at STP was produced from the single-replacementreaction of zinc with nitric acid. Calculate the mass of zinc needed for this reaction.

SECTION 12.3 LIMITING REAGENT AND PERCENT YIELD1. How many moles of water can be made from 4 moles of oxygen gas and

16 moles of hydrogen gas? What is the limiting reagent?

2. Calculate the mass of water produced from the reaction of 24.0 g of H2 and160.0 g of O2. What is the limiting reagent?

3. The burning of 18.0 g of carbon produces 55.0 g of carbon dioxide. What is thetheoretical yield of CO2? Calculate the percent yield of CO2.

4. Calculate the percent yield of Cl2(g) in the electrolytic decomposition ofhydrogen chloride if 25.8 g of HCl produces 13.6 g of chlorine gas.

5. One method for reclaiming silver metal from silver chloride results in a 94.6%yield. Calculate the actual mass of silver that can be produced in this reaction if 100.0 g of silver chloride is converted to silver metal.

2AgCl(s) y 2Ag(s) � Cl2(g)

6. What is the actual amount of magnesium oxide produced when excess carbondioxide reacts with 42.8 g of magnesium metal? The percent yield of MgO(s)forthis reaction is 81.7%.

2Mg(s) � CO2(g) y 2MgO(s) � C(s)

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INTERPRETING GRAPHICSUse with Section 12.3

12

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Preparation of Salicylic AcidStudent #1

Student #2

Two students prepared aspirin according to the following reaction in which aceticanhydride, C4H6O3, reacts with salicylic acid, C7H6O3, to form aspirin, C9H8O4, andacetic acid, C2H4O2.

C7H6O3 � C4H6O3y C9H8O4 � C2H4O2

The procedure involved heating the reaction mixture in a water bath for 15 minutes at75�C, not to exceed 80°C. The mixture was removed from the water bath, and distilledwater was added to decompose any unreacted acetic anhydride. The mixture was thenplaced in an ice bath for 5 minutes to facilitate the formation of aspirin crystals. Theaspirin crystals were collected using filtration. The aspirin crystals were dried andthen transferred to a watch glass and massed.

Because their grades were partially based on accuracy, both students used their verybest lab technique. Which student got the better grade and why?

1. Determine the molar masses of the following:

a. acetic anhydride, C4H6O3

b. salicylic acid, C7H6O3

c. aspirin, C9H8O4

mass of flask 37.979 g

flask � C7H6O3 40.010 g

volume of C4H6O3 5.0 mL

mass of watch glass 21.688 g

watch glass � C9H8O4 24.197 g

mass of flask 37.820 g

flask � C7H6O3 39.961 g

volume of C4H6O3 5.0 mL

mass of watch glass 22.744 g

watch glass � C9H8O4 24.489 g

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2. How many moles of salicylic acid were added to the reaction mixture?

Student 1 Student 2

3. Given the density of acetic anhydride to be 1.05 g/mL, what was the mass of theacetic anhydride added to the reaction? How many moles of acetic acid wereadded?

Student 1 Student 2

4. According to the mole ratios in the given reaction, what is the limiting reagentin this reaction?

5. What is the theoretical yield, in grams, of aspirin in each reaction?

Student 1 Student 2

6. What was the actual yield, in grams, of aspirin in each reaction?

Student 1 Student 2

7. What was the percent yield in each reaction?

Student 1 Student 2

8. Evaluate your answers. Which student got the better grade and why?

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Vocabulary ReviewMatch the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of thecorrect term on the line.

Column B

a. mole

b. stoichiometry

c. mass-mass calculation

d. reactants

e. excess reagent

f. theoretical yield

g. limiting reagent

h. quantity

i. actual yield

j. percent yield

Column A

the starting materials in a chemical reaction

a conversion factor derived from the coefficients of abalanced chemical equation interpreted in terms ofmoles

the maximum amount of product that could beformed in a reaction

the amount of a substance that contains 6.02 � 1023

representative particles of that substance

the substance completely used up in a chemicalreaction

the ratio of how much product is producedcompared to how much is expected, expressed as apercentage

the calculations of quantities in a chemical reaction

the actual amount of product in a chemical reaction

the substance left over after a reaction takes place

a stoichiometric computation in which the mass ofproducts is determined from the given mass ofreactants

________ 1.

________ 2.

________ 3.

________ 4.

________ 5.

________ 6.

________ 7.

________ 8.

________ 9.

________ 10.

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STOICHIOMETRY12

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Chapter QuizFill in the word(s) that will make each statement true.

1. The in a balanced chemical equation also reveal the 1.mole ratios of the substances involved.

2. The number of moles of a product can be calculated from a 2.given number of moles of .

3. In mass-mass calculations, the molar mass is used to 3.convert mass to .

4. In addition to mass, the only quantity conserved in every 4.chemical reaction is .

5. According to the equation: 5.

2NO(g) � O2(g) y 2NO2(g),

22.4 L of O2 will react with L of NO at STP.

Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.

________ 6. The excess reagent determines the amount of product formed in a 12.3reaction.

________ 7. In the reaction 2CO(g) � O2(g) y 2CO2(g), using 4 moles of CO to 12.3react with 1 mole of O2 will result in the production of 4 moles of CO2.

________ 8. To calculate the percent yield of a reaction, you use the following relationship: 12.3

�the

aoc

rtuet

ailc

ya

ileylideld

�� 100

________ 9. The total mass of the excess reagent and the limiting reagent is equal 12.3to the total mass of the products.

________ 10. The actual yield is equal to the theoretical yield. 12.3

5

12.2

412.2

312.2

212.1

12.11

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Chapter Test A

A. MatchingMatch each description in Column B with the correct term in Column A. Write theletter of the correct description on the line.

B. Multiple ChoiceChoose the best answer and write its letter on the line.

________ 7. Which of these expressions is an incorrect interpretation of thebalanced equation?

2S(s) � 3O2(g) y 2SO3(g)

a. 2 atoms S � 3 molecules O2y 2 molecules SO3

b. 2 g S � 3 g O2y 2 g SO3

c. 2 mol S � 3 mol O2y 2 mol SO3

d. none of the above

________ 8. In a chemical reaction, the mass of the productsa. is less than the mass of the reactants.b. is greater than the mass of the reactants.c. is equal to the mass of the reactants.d. has no relationship to the mass of the reactants.

________ 9. How many liters of oxygen are required to react completely with 1.2 liters of hydrogen to form water?

2H2(g) � O2(g) y 2H2(g)

a. 1.2 L c. 2.4 Lb. 0.6 L d. 4.8 L

Column B

a. the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield,expressed as a percentage

b. the amount of product formed when a reaction iscarried out in the laboratory

c. the reactant that determines the amount of productthat can be formed in a reaction

d. the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction

e. the calculated amount of product that might be formedduring a reaction

f. the calculation of quantities in chemical equations

Column A

actual yield

limiting reagent

theoretical yield

stoichiometry

percent yield

excess reagent

________ 1.

________ 2.

________ 3.

________ 4.

________ 5.

________ 6.

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________ 10. How many molecules of NO2 are produced when 2.0 � 1020 moleculesof N2O4 are decomposed according to the following equation?

N2O4(g) y 2NO2(g)

a. 4 c. 2.0 � 1020

b. 1.0 � 1020 d. 4.0 � 1020

________ 11. How many liters of CO(g) at STP are produced when 68.0 g of CaCO3(s)is heated according to the following equation?

CaCO3(s) �y CaO(s) � CO2(g)

a. 0.679 L c. 68.0 Lb. 15.2 L d. 30.4 L

________ 12. A reaction that has been calculated to produce 60.0 g of CuCl2 actuallyproduces 50.0 g of CuCl2. What is the percent yield?a. 0.833% c. 83.3%b. 96.1% d. 120%

________ 13. When 0.2 mol of calcium is mixed with 880 g of water, 4.48 L ofhydrogen gas forms (at STP). How would the amount of hydrogenproduced change if the mass of water were decreased to 220 g?a. Only one half of the volume of hydrogen would be produced.b. The volume of hydrogen produced would be the same.c. The volume of hydrogen produced would double.d. No hydrogen would be produced.

________ 14. The equation for the complete combustion of methane is

CH4(g) � 2O2(g) y CO2(g) � 2H2O(l)

To calculate the number of grams of CO2 produced by the reaction of29.5 g of CH4 with O2, the first conversion factor to use is

a. �11

6m.0

ogl C

CHH

4

4� c. �

11

6m.0

ogl C

CHH

4

4�

b. �12mm

oollCOO

2

2� d. �

22

9m.5

ogl C

COH

2

4�

________ 15. In any chemical reaction, the quantities that are conserved area. the number of moles and the volumes.b. the number of molecules and the volumes.c. mass and number of atoms.d. mass and moles.

Questions 16, 17, and 18 refer to the following equation:

3Cu(s) � 8HNO3(aq) y 3Cu(NO3)2(s) � 2NO(g) � 4H2O(l)

________ 16. Calculate the number of moles of water produced when 3.3 mol ofCu(NO3)2 are formed in the reaction.a. 4.4 mol c. 4.9 molb. 6.6 mol d. 8.8 mol

________ 17. How many grams of Cu would be needed to react with 2.0 mol HNO3?a. 95.3 g c. 47.6 gb. 63.5 g d. 1.50 g

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________ 18. If you could drop 12 atoms of copper into a beaker containing nitricacid, how many molecules of NO would be produced?a. 2 c. 8b. 4 d. 12

C. ProblemsSolve the following problems in the space provided. Show your work.

19. What is the limiting reagent when 49.84 g of nitrogen react with 10.7 g ofhydrogen according to this balanced equation?

N2(g) � 3H2(g) y 2NH3(g)

20. How many grams of CO are needed to react with an excess of Fe2O3 to produce558 g Fe? The equation for the reaction is:

Fe2O3(s) � 3CO(g) y 3CO2(g) � 2Fe(s)

21. How many grams of butane (C4H10) must be burned in an excess of O2 toproduce 15.0 g of CO2?

2C4H10(g) � 13O2(g) y 8CO2(g) � 10H2O(g)

22. a. If 4.0 g of H2 are made to react with excess CO, how many grams of CH3OHcan theoretically be produced according to the following equation?

CO(g) � 2H2(g) y CH3OH(l)

b. If 28.0 g of CH3OH are actually produced, what is the percent yield?

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D. EssayWrite a short essay for the following.

23. What is the importance of the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

E. Additional ProblemsSolve the following problems in the space provided. Show your work.

24. A 5.00 � 102 g sample of Al2(SO4)3 is made to react with 450 g of Ca(OH)2. A totalof 596 g of CaSO4 is produced. The balanced equation is:

Al2(SO4)3(aq) � 3Ca(OH)2(aq) y 2Al(OH)3(s) � 3CaSO4(s)

a. What is the limiting reagent in this reaction?

b. How many moles of excess reagent are unreacted?

25. How many liters of O2 are needed to react completely with 10.0 L of H2S at STPaccording to the following reaction?

2H2S(g) � 3O2(g) y 2SO2(g) � 2H2O(g)

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26. The decomposition of potassium chlorate gives oxygen gas according to thereaction:

2KClO3(s) y 2KCl(s) � 3O2(g)

How many grams KClO3 are needed to produce 5.00 L of O2 at STP?

27. Suppose that the reaction described in question 26 produces 4.80 L of O2 in thelaboratory. What is the percent yield?

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Chapter Test B

A. MatchingMatch each term in Column B with the correct description in Column A. Write the letter of the correctterm on the line.

B. Multiple ChoiceChoose the best answer and write its letter on the line.

________ 7. In a chemical reactiona. mass is conserved. c. moles are conserved.b. atoms are conserved. d. both mass and atoms are conserved.

________ 8. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this balanced equation?

2Al(s) � 3Pb(NO3)2(aq) y 2Al(NO3)3(aq) � 3Pb(s)

a. 2 atoms Al � 3 molecules Pb(NO3)2y 2 molecules Al(NO3)3 � 3 atoms of Pbb. 2 grams Al � 3 grams Pb(NO3)2y 2 grams Al(NO3)3 � 3 grams Pbc. 2 moles Al � 3 moles Pb(NO3)2y 2 moles Al(NO3)3 � 3 moles Pbd. both a and c

________ 9. If 3.0 moles of HCl are consumed in the reaction below, how manymoles of FeCl3 are produced?

6HCl � Fe2O3y 2FeCl3 � 3H2O

a. 0.50 mol c. 2.0 molb. 1.0 mol d. 4.0 mol

Column B

a. percent yield

b. limiting reagent

c. theoretical yield

d. stoichiometry

e. actual yield

f. excess reagent

Column A

the substance that determines the amount of product thatcan be formed in a reaction

the amount of product that forms when a reaction iscarried out in the laboratory

the calculation of quantities in chemical equations

the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yieldexpressed as a percent

the substance that is present in enough quantity to reactwith a limiting reagent

the maximum amount of products that could be formedfrom given amounts of reactants

________ 1.

________ 2.

________ 3.

________ 4.

________ 5.

________ 6.

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________ 10. Given the equation 2H2O y 2H2 � O2, how many moles of H2O wouldbe required to produce 2.5 moles of O2?a. 2.0 mol c. 4.0 molb. 2.5 mol d. 5.0 mol

________ 11. If 3.00 mol of CaCO3 undergo decomposition to form CaO and CO2,how many grams of CO2 are produced?a. 3.00 g c. 88.0 gb. 44.0 g d. 132 g

________ 12. If CuO � H2y Cu � H2O, how many moles of H2O are produced when240 grams of CuO react?a. 1.0 mol c. 18 molb. 3.0 mol d. 54 mol

________ 13. Given the balanced equation 16HCl � 2KMnO4y 2KCl � 2MnCl2 �

5Cl2 � 8H2O, if 1.0 mol of KMnO4 reacts, how many moles of H2O areproduced?a. 0.50 mol c. 4.0 molb. 2.0 mol d. 8.0 mol

________ 14. Based on the equation in question 13, how many grams of KCl areproduced when 1.0 mol of KMnO4 reacts?a. 1.0 g c. 150 gb. 75 g d. 158 g

________ 15. If 110 grams of HCl are used in the reaction 6HCl � Fe2O3y 2FeCl3 �

3H2O, how many moles of FeCl3 are produced?a. 1.0 mol c. 3.0 molb. 2.0 mol d. 6.0 mol

________ 16. In the reaction Zn � H2SO4y ZnSO4 � H2, how many grams of H2SO4

are required to produce 1.0 gram of H2?a. 1.0 g c. 49 gb. 2.0 g d. 98 g

________ 17. If 18 grams of carbon react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,how many molecules of oxygen would be required?a. 1.5 molecules c. 9.0 � 1023 moleculesb. 48 molecules d. 3.2 � 1024 molecules

________ 18. Given the reaction 2NO(g) � O2(g) y 2NO2(g), if 6.5 L of O2 react atSTP, how many liters of NO2 are produced?a. 6.5 L c. 26 Lb. 3.2 L d. 13 L

________ 19. Given the reaction Zn � 2HCl y ZnCl2 � H2, if 2.0 mol Zn and 5.0 mol HClare allowed to reacta. Zn is the limiting reagent. c. 1.0 mol of ZnCl2 is produced.b. HCl is the limiting reagent. d. 5.0 mol of H2 is produced.

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________ 20. Once the reaction in question 19 is completed, how many moles ofexcess reactant remain?a. 3.0 mol c. 4.0 molb. 1.0 mol d. 2.0 mol

________ 21. Given the reaction CaCO3(s) y CaO(s) � CO2(g), if 50.0 g of CaCO3

react to produce 20.0 g of CO2, what is the percent yield of CO2?a. 66.7% c. 90.9%b. 40.0% d. 250%

C. ProblemsSolve the following problems in the space provided. Show your work.

22. Ammonia, NH3, is a typical ingredient in household cleaners. It is producedthrough a combination reaction involving N2(g) and H2(g). If 12.0 mol of H2(g)react with excess N2(g), how many moles of ammonia are produced?

23. The compound tin(II) fluoride, or stannous fluoride, once was a commoningredient in toothpaste. It is produced according to the following reaction:

Sn(s) � 2HF(g) y SnF2(s) � H2(g)

If 45.0 grams of HF react with Sn, how many grams of stannous fluoride areproduced?

24. The combustion of methane, CH4(g), can be described by the followingequation:

CH4(g) � 2O2(g) y CO2(g) � 2H2O(g)

If 150 moles of carbon dioxide are produced, what mass, in grams, of methaneis required?

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25. If aluminum reacts with oxygen according to the following equation:

4Al(s) � 3O2(g) y 2Al2O3(s)

what mass, in grams, of the product would be produced if 625 mL of oxygenreact at STP?

26. Given the following reaction:

CaCO3(s) y CaO(s) + CO2(g),

if 50.8 grams of CaCO3 react to produce 26.4 grams of CaO, what is the percentyield of CaO?

D. EssayWrite a short essay for the following.

27. Based on the following general reaction, if 1.0 mole of A is allowed to react with2.0 moles of B, which reactant is the limiting reactant and what amount of A2B3

can be produced?

2A � 3B y A2B3

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E. Additional ProblemsSolve the following problems in the space provided. Show your work.

28. In photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun in combination with carbondioxide and water to form glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen. If 4.50 moles of waterreact with carbon dioxide, what mass of glucose is produced?

29. Acetylene gas (C2H2) is used in welding and produces an extremely hot flameaccording to the reaction:

2C2H2(g) � 5O2(g) y 4CO2(g) � 2H2O(g)

If 5.00 � 104 g of acetylene burn completely, how many grams of carbon dioxideare produced?

30. Given the following reaction:

3H2SO4(aq) � Ca3(PO4)2(s) y 3CaSO4(s) � 2H3PO4(aq),

if 1.25 � 105 kg of H2S)4 react, how many kilograms of H3PO4 are produced?

31. Ammonia and copper(II) oxide react according to the following:

2NH3(g) � 3CuO(s) y N2(g) � 3Cu(s) � 3H2O(g)

If 57.0 g of ammonia are combined with 290.0 g of copper(II) oxide:

a. Identify the limiting reactant.

b. How much of the excess reactant remains, in moles?

c. What mass of nitrogen gas is produced, in grams?

32. If ammonia reacts according to the following equation, how many kilograms ofNO could be produced from 10.0 kg of NH3 if the percent yield of NO is 80.0%?

4NH3(g) � 5O2(g) y 4NO(g) � 6H2O(g)

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