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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Leadership
Northouse, 4th edition
Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Situational Approach Perspective Leadership Styles
Developmental Levels
How Does the Situational Approach Work?
Overview
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Situational Approach Description
(Hersey & Blanchard, 1969)
Focuses on leadership in situations
Emphasizes adapting style - different
situations demand different kinds ofleadership
Used extensively in organizationalleadership training and development
Perspective
Leaders match their style to the competence and
commitment of subordinates
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Situational Approach Description,
contd (Hersey & Blanchard, 1969)
Definition
Comprised of both aDirectivedimension& Supportivedimension:
Each dimension must be applied
appropriately in a given situation Leaders evaluate employees to assess
their competence and commitment toperform a given task
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Leadership style - the behavior pattern
of an individual who attempts to
influence others
It includes both:
Directive (task) behaviors
Supportive (relationship) behaviors
Definition
Leadership Styles
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Leadership Styles, contd.
Dimension Definitions
Direct ive behavio rs- Help group
members in goal achievement viaone-way commun icat ionthrough:
Giving directions
Establishing goals & how to achieve them
Methods of evaluation & time lines
Defining roles
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Leadership Styles, contd.
Dimension Definitions
Support ive behaviors- Assist group
members via two-waycommunica t ionin feelingcomfortable with themselves, co-workers, and situation
Asking for input
Problem solving
Praising; listening
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
S1 - Directing Style
Leader focuses
communication on goal
achievementSpends LESStime using
supportive behaviorsHighDirectiveLow Supportive
S 1
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
S2 - Coaching Style
Leader focuses
communication on BOTH
goal achievement and
supporting subordinatessocioemotional needs
Requires leader involvement
through encouragement and
soliciting subordinate input
High Directive
High Supportive
S 2
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
S3 - Supporting Style
Leader does NOTfocus
solely on goals; rather the
leader uses supportive
behaviors to bring outemployee skills in
accomplishing the task
Leader delegates day-to-day
decision-making control, butis available to facilitate
problem solving
High Supportive
Low Directive
S 3
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
S4 - Delegating Style
Leader offers LESStaskinput and social support;facilitates subordinates
confidence and motivationin relation to the task
Leader lessensinvolvement in planning,control of details, and goal
clarificationGives subordinates control
and refrains fromintervention and unneededsocial support
LowSupportiveLow Directive
S 4
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Development Levels
The degree to which
subordinates have
the competenceand
commi tmentnecessary to
accomplish a given
task or activity
Definition Dimension Definitions
D1LowCompetence
HighCommitment
D2
SomeCompetence
LowCommitment
D3Mod-HighCompetence
LowCommitment
D4
HighCompetence
HighCommitment
D4 D3 D2 D1
Developed Developing
High Moderate Low
Developm ental Level Of Fol lowers
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
How Does the
Situational Approach
Work?
Focus of Situational Approach
Strengths
Criticisms Application
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Situational Approach
Centered on the ideasubordinatesvaci l latealongthe developmental continuum
of competence andcommitment
Leader effectivenessdepends on -
assessingsubordinatesdevelopmental position, and
adaptinghis/her leadershipstyle to matchsubordinatedevelopmental level
Focus
The Situational
approach
requ ires leaders
to demonstrate
a strong degree
of f lexib i l ity .
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
1st Task 2nd Task
Diagnose the Situat ion
Identify the developmentallevel of employee
Ask quest ions l ike:
-What is the tasksubordinates are being
asked to perform?
- How complicated is it?
-What is their skill set?
- Do they have the desire
to complete the job?
Using the SLII model
In any given situation the Leader has 2 tasks:
Adapt their Style
To prescribed Leadershipstyle in the SLII model
Leadership sty le mu st
correspond to the
employees
development level
How Does The Situational Approach Work?
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Employees
Developmental level
D1 LowCompetence
HighCommitment
D2 SomeCompetence
LowCommitment
D3 Mod-HighCompetence
LowCommitment
D4 HighCompetence
HighCommitment
Leaders
Leadership style
How Does The Situational Approach Work?How Does The Situational Approach Work?
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Strengths
Marketp lace app roval. Situational leadership isperceived as providing a credible model for
training employees to become effective leaders.Practical i ty. Situational leadership is a
straightforward approach that is easily understoodand applied in a variety of settings.
Presc ript ive value. Situational leadership clearlyoutlines what you should and should not do invarious settings.
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Strengths, contd.
Leader f lexibi l i ty. Situational leadershipstresses that effective leaders are those who
can change their style based on taskrequirements and subordinate needs.
Differen tial treatment. Situational leadership isbased on the premise that leaders need to treat
each subordinate according to his/her uniqueneeds.
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Criticisms
Lack of an empir ical foundationraisestheoretical considerations regarding theval idi tyof the approach
Further research is required to determine howcommi tmentand competenceareconceptualized for each developmental level
Conceptual izat ionof commitment itself is veryunclear
Replication studies fai lto support basicprescr ipt ionsof situational leadership model
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Criticisms, contd.
Does notaccount for how particular
demographics inf luencethe leader-
subordinate prescriptions of the model
Fails toadequatelyaddress the issue of one-
to-one versusgroup leadership in an
organizational setting
Questionnaires are biased infavorof
situational leadership
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Chapter 5 - Situational Approach
Application
Often used in consultingbecause its easy toconceptualize and apply
Straightforward nature
makes it practical formanagers to apply
Breadth of situationalapproach facilitates itsapplicability in virtually alltypes of organizations andlevels of management inorganizations