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Construction Materials CE 1010 Introduction to Civil Engineering Prof. Ravindra Gettu IIT Madras
Construction Materials
CE 1010 Introduction to Civil EngineeringProf. Ravindra Gettu
IIT Madras
Engineering Materials
• There are thousands of materials availableto the engineer !
• Basic construction materials: concrete,steel, clay products, stone & wood.
Tiger Cave, 8th
century, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
Options in ConstructionBridges: Wood
www.quns.cam.ac.uk/Queens/Images/WinBridg.html
Wooden bridge, Queen’s College, Cambridge, UK.Built originally in 1749 (oak), repaired in 1866 & rebuilt in 1905 (teak).
Covered wooden bridge, Lucerne, SwitzerlandBuilt originally in the 1300s, burned down in 1993, was rebuilt.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Masonry
Stone arch bridge, Mérida, Spain.1st century
Brick masonry bridge, Kuldiga, Latvia.Originally completed in 1874, destroyed in 1915, rebuilt in 1926.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel
Luis I bridge, Porto, Portugal.Completed in 1886.
Howrah bridge, Kolkata.Completed in 1943, replaced a floating bridge of 1874.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel
Golden Gate bridge, San Francisco, USA.Completed in 1937.
Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney, Australia.Completed in 1932.
Options in ConstructionHowrah bridge, Kolkata.Completed in 1943, replaced a floating bridge of 1874.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Glenfinnan Viaduct, Scotland.1897.380 m long & has 21 spans.
Multnomah Falls Footbridge, Oregon, USA.1914.14 m span arch.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Jadukata bridge, Meghalaya.Completed in 1997.
Confederation bridge, Canada.Completed in 1997.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Great Belt Link bridge, Denmark/Sweden.Completed in 1998.
Millau viaduct, France.Completed in 2004.
Options in ConstructionBridges: Composites
Kings Stormwater Channel bridge, California, USA.Completed in 2001.
Glass fibre reinforced polymer deck
Carbon shells to be filled with lightweight concrete and used as girder
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood
Norway
Padmanabhapuram Palace, Kerala/Tamilnadu.17th century.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Brick Masonry
USA20th century.
University of Madras, Senate House, ChennaiCompleted 1869.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Stone Masonry
Qutab Minar, Delhi.Completed in 1230.
Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany1248-1880, damaged during WW II, repaired.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood and Masonry
Bourges, France.15th century.
Liuheta pagoda, Hangzhou, ChinaPresent form dates to 1152.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood and Stone
Vashista, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Reinforced Concrete, Clay Blocks and Wood
Leh, Ladakh, India.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Concrete
Marina City, Chicago, USA.1959
Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCompleted in 1998.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Steel Framed
Sears Tower, Chicago, USA.1973
Taipei 101, Taipei, TaiwanCompleted in 2004.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Glass and Steel
GLA Building, London, UK.2002
Apple Computer Store, Soho, New York, USA.Completed in 2002.
Options in ConstructionBuildings: Titanium-clad Steel and LimestoneGuggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.1997
Concrete Tunnels
The Channel Tunnel (1994)• 50.5 km undersea tunnel linking
England with northern France. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep.
• Two rail tunnels and a service tunnel.
• The Channel Tunnel was completed at a cost of $21 billion.
• In the first five years of operation, trains carried 28 million passengers and 12 million tons of freight through the tunnel.
Wikipedia
Tunnels
Underground Metro Rail Corridor,New Delhi, under constructionPartly with cut and cover methodPartly with tunnel boring machineresulting in a lining of precastsegments
Lining with precast segments
Cut and cover section
Novel MaterialsLight transmitting concrete(LiTraCon)Thousands of glass optical fibres are placed within the precast LiTraCon blocks to transmit light.
Novel MaterialsElectrochromic GlassElectronic control of the degree of transparency of glass.
Works by passing low-voltage electrical charges across a microscopically-thin coating on the glass surface, activating a electrochromic/electrochromatic layer, which changes colour from clear to dark. The electric current can be activated manually or by sensors which react to light intensity.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Material
• Type of application • Cost-effectiveness• Availability (geographical location)• Climate• Performance requirements• Aesthetics• Environmental concerns (energy content, raw
materials, emissions)
