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04/21/23 1
BACTERIA
Diplococcus (pneumonia)
Streptococcus
(sore throat)
Staphylococcus (boils)
(“Coccus” means “round”)Bacillus (T.B. Tetanus)
(Rod shaped)
Treponema (Syphilis)(Spiral Shaped)
04/21/23 2
VIRUSES
• Viruses can only reproduce inside living cells.• Viruses have specific targets e.g.
– Cold virus cells lining nose
• Viruses are specific to one host e.g. • Myxamatosis is fatal to rabbits but not harmful to humans.
04/21/23 3
FUNGI
• Fungi cause rapid deterioration of food leading to disease.
• Plants have thick wall that prevents entry.• Human Skin (Intact) prevents invasion.• Examples of fungal infections:-
– Tinia Pedis (athletes foot)– Candida (thrush in mouth or vagina)
04/21/23 4
Sources: Ross, J. and Wilson K (1981) Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone N.Y.
Immunity
Natural Artificial
Active
Contact with the disease
Passive
Placenta breast milk
Active
Vaccination toxoid
Passive
Immune serum
Active: causes individual to make own antibodies
Passive: antibodies acquired by other means, body is passive
Leucocytes (White Blood Cells).
Herd Immunity ?
04/21/23 9
Social Factors
Accidentsenvironment
Health expectations
Language
Family environment
Education
Pollution Noise
Life chances
(the “haves and “have nots”)
Accidents Peers
04/21/23 10
Economic Factors
Dependents
(under 16 years) Diet
Housing Social activities
Health care
Job Education
Gender Work environment
04/21/23 11
Factors that may affect the foetus
STIs
Caffeine
Folic acidLead poisoning
Diet Genetic disorders Drugs
Immunisation/vaccination
ExerciseSmoking
Health hazards
Rubella (German Measles)
HIV/AIDS
Alcohol
Brenn and et al (2001) Child Development
Hadder and Stoughton: London