TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU Capital: Chennai Cradle Have: South Indian Temple Architecture Official State Language: Tamil Best Time To Visit: December To February Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh bound Tamil Nadu in the north and Kerala in the west. The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the northern extreme is Pulicat lake and the southernmost tip is Kanyakumari, the land's end. The Cauvery, originating in Coorg in neighbouring Karnataka, principally washes Tamil Nadu. Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu is known for its beautiful beach resorts. A Temple State: Tamil Nadu, the cradle of south Indian temple architecture, is a living museum of styles that originated in the 7th century and matured in the huge temple complexes studded with towering gateways-"Gopurams"-that soar above the markets of almost every town. Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Rameswaram, Palani, Srirangam, Tiruttani and Kanyakumari are some of the famous pilgrim centers in the state. The famous Meenakshi temple of Madurai is a must see. The Nilgiri Panorama: In the west of the state, where the hill stations of Kodaikanal and Ooty are the premier attractions, sylvan hills offer mountain views and a network of trails winds through forests and tea and coffee plantations. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, a vast spread of deciduous forest dominated by teak, offers a good chance of spotting elephants and dholes, wild pack-hunting Dogs, Tigers and Leopards. Annamalai Sanctuary, closer to Kodaikanal in the Palani hills, is better known for its Lion-tailed Macaques (black-maned Monkeys). The wetlands of the coast provide perfect resting places for migratory birds, whose numbers soar during the winter monsoon at Vedathangal, near Chennai, and Point Calimere. History: three major dynasties-the Cholas in the east, the Pandyas in the central area and Cheras in the west ruled Tamil Nadu. This was during the Sangam Age-the classical period of Tamil literature-that continued for some 300 years after the birth of Christ. The Pallava dynasty was influential particularly 1
Transcript
TAMIL NADUTAMIL NADU
Capital: ChennaiCradle Have: South Indian Temple ArchitectureOfficial State Language: TamilBest Time To Visit: December To FebruaryKarnataka and Andhra Pradesh bound Tamil Nadu in the north and Kerala in the west. The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the northern extreme is Pulicat lake and the southernmost tip is Kanyakumari, the land's end. The Cauvery, originating in Coorg in neighbouring Karnataka, principally washes Tamil Nadu. Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu is known for its beautiful beach resorts. A Temple State: Tamil Nadu, the cradle of south Indian temple architecture, is a living museum of styles that originated in the 7th century and matured in the huge temple complexes studded with towering gateways-"Gopurams"-that soar above the markets of almost every town. Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam, Rameswaram, Palani, Srirangam, Tiruttani and Kanyakumari are some of the famous pilgrim centers in the state. The famous Meenakshi temple of Madurai is a must see. The Nilgiri Panorama: In the west of the state, where the hill stations of Kodaikanal and Ooty are the premier attractions, sylvan hills offer mountain views and a network of trails winds through forests and tea and coffee plantations. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, a vast spread of deciduous forest dominated by teak, offers a good chance of spotting elephants and dholes, wild pack-hunting Dogs, Tigers and Leopards. Annamalai Sanctuary, closer to Kodaikanal in the Palani hills, is better known for its Lion-tailed Macaques (black-maned Monkeys). The wetlands of the coast provide perfect resting places for migratory birds, whose numbers soar during the winter monsoon at Vedathangal, near Chennai, and Point Calimere. History: three major dynasties-the Cholas in the east, the Pandyas in the central area and Cheras in the west ruled Tamil Nadu. This was during the Sangam Age-the classical period of Tamil literature-that continued for some 300 years after the birth of Christ. The Pallava dynasty was influential particularly in the 7th and 8th centuries, the testimonies to which are the monuments at Mamallapuram. In the 13th century, with threats of Muslim invasions from the north, the southern Hindu dynasties combined and the empire of Vijaynagar (also spelt as Vijayanagar), which covered all of South India, became firmly established. However, by the 17th century, due to the disintegration of the Vijaynagar Empire, various small rulers like the Nayaks ruled southern India. By the middle of the 18th century, there were frequent conflicts between the British, French, Danes, and Dutch due to their interest in these areas. The British were finally victorious, while small pocketed areas including Pondicherry and Karaikal remained under French control. Under the British rule, most of south India was integrated into the region called the Madras Presidency. In 1956, the Madras Presidency was disbanded and Tamil Nadu was established. An Agro-Based Land: Although Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized states of India, it is still a rural land; agriculture is the mainstay of life for about three-quarters of the rural population. The principal food crops are rice, maize, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, and pulses. The cash crops include cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, coffee, tea rubber, and chillies.
1
The major industries include cotton textiles, chemicals, fertilizers, paper and paper products, printing and allied industries, diesel engines, automobiles and parts, cement, sugar, iron and steel, and railway wagon and coaches. The state is the largest textiles producer in India and an important exporter of leather and leather products, cotton piece goods, tea, coffee, spices, tobacco, etc. There are a number of hydel power stations in Tamil Nadu. The atomic power plant is located at Kalpakkam, in the Chengalpattu MGR district. Tamil Nadu is rich in handicrafts; notable among them are hand loomed silk, metal icons, leather work, Kalamkari (hand-painted fabric, using natural dyes), brass, bronze, and copper wares, and carved wood, palm leaf, and cane articles. For the best Chola bronzes and a glimpse of the magnificent paintings that flourished under Maratha rajas in the 18th century, travelers should head for Thanjavur. Capital: Chennai (formerly, Madras), the largest city in South India and the fourth largest city in the country, is located on the Coromandel Coast. The city's British lineage is evident in the various cathedrals, buildings in Indo-Saracenic style of architecture, wide tree lined avenues but there is no denying its traditional Tamil Hindu culture either. This is not surprising because this region had remained a center of Pallavan culture long before the British came here. The varied aspects of traditional South Indian culture existing alongside the lifestyle of a modern city complete with its plush hotels, restaurants offering a range of continental to typical South Indian cuisine, long and uncrowned stretches of beaches, modern shopping malls, cinema halls, etc. The People: Tamil, the official state language, is spoken by most of the people. The main religions in the state are Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Jainism. There is an established caste system, and the traditional differentiation’s here are a lot more pronounced than in many other parts of the country. The Brahmin community here is very pious and people normally have a white mark on the forehead to signify caste. The Performing Arts: Tamil Nadu is synonymous with the Indian musical maestro of the 18th century, Thyagaraja. The land of Carnatic music, Tamil Nadu, is the birthplace of many other music legends as well. The main instruments used are the Violin, Wooden flute, 'Veena', 'Gottuvadayam', 'Mridangam' (also spelt as Mridanga), 'Nadaswaram' and 'Ghatam'. Bharatanatyam: one of India's major classical dance forms, and Carnatic music are both widely practiced. Painting and sculpture, however, are less developed, although there are schools that teach the art of sculpture in stone and bronze. Tamil literature rapidly adapted to the Western literary forms of the novel and the short story. Since the 1940s, cinema has become the most popular form of mass entertainment. There are both touring and permanent cinema theatres; and sentimental and spectacular films, often featuring light music and dancing, are produced by the film studios situated largely around Chennai. Festivities: The main festival of the state is Pongal, which is a harvest festival celebrated in the month of January. Feasting, music and dance mark this festival. "Karthigai Deepam" and "Varushapirapu" (Tamil New Year's Day) are also celebrated on a grand scale. Several temple festivals are held throughout the state, of which The Mahamagam festival celebrated once in 12 years at Kumbakonam, Meenakshi Kalyanam festival at Madurai, Natyanjali Dance Festival at Chidambaram are the famous ones. Climate: The climate of Tamil Nadu is essentially tropical. The temperature in summer seldom 43º C and in winter seldom falls below 18º C. The lowest temperatures are recorded during December and January, and the highest in April to June. The average
2
annual rainfall, falling mainly between October and December, ranges between 25 and 75 inches. The most precipitation falls in the Nilgiris and other hill areas. Population: 55,638,318.
CHENNAILocation: Along The Coast Of Bay Of Bengal, Tamil NaduRegarded As: The Gateway To The SouthHub Have: South India's Film IndustryFormerly Called: MadrasChennai: The Gateway To The South: Popularly regarded as "The Gateway to the South", Chennai is the fourth largest city in India and the capital of Tamil Nadu state. With a vast population of about six million people, Chennai is a city that is growing, expanding and changing vigorously. It's Location: Chennai has the Bay of Bengal bordering its east, while the state of Andhra Pradesh is on its northwest. It has the Kanchipuram on its south and the states of Kerala and Karnataka on its western side. The City Of Chennai: Chennai, previously called Madras, is comparatively a new city, about 350 years old. The erstwhile villages of Mylapore, Triplicane, Ezhambur (Egmore), etc., all now a part of Chennai, have a recorded historical past centuries older than Chennai. Chennai is a gracious city that has a clear skyline, long sandy beaches, parks, historic landmarks and tourist infrastructure facilities which make it a convenient entry point or base to start a tour of Tamil Nadu and South India. Music, dance and all other art forms of South India are cherished and nurtured in this city. Although the city has long been an important center of textile manufacturing, a great deal of industrial expansion has taken place in recent years. The History Of The City: Modern Chennai grew out of a small village when in 1639 a fishing hamlet called "Madraspatnam" was selected by early English merchants of the East India Company as a site for the settlement. Chennai was the first British major settlement in India and it was here that many that went on to build the Empire first learnt their trade. As a consequence, the city is replete with much that is of significance in British Indian history. But the much older settlements have stories to tell too, and so the city is an amalgam of ancient and more modern history. Everywhere one goes in Chennai, one can find history written in every name. The Growth Of Chennai: For more than 2000 years the area has been popular with seafarers, spice traders and cloth merchants. The 16th century saw the arrival of the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch. In 1693, the British East India Company established a settlement in the fishing village of Madraspatnam. For St. George was constructed over a period of 15 years and finally completed in 1653. George town grew in the area of the fort and was granted its first municipal charter in 1688 by James II, making it the oldest municipality in India. During the 18th and 19th centuries, French and British traders competed for supremacy in India. In the 19th century, the city became the seat of the Madras presidency, one of the four divisions of British imperial India. After independence, it continued to grow into what is now a significant southern gateway. The Traditional And Modern Outlook Of Chennai: It presents a culture that is distinct from that of the northern part of India and is famous for its traditional yet modern outlook. Chennai is a city where the traditional and the modern blend in life everywhere. From traditional vegetarian fare to fast foods, from nine-yard saris to the latest in fashion, from ancient temple architecture to modern high-rise - with Indo-Saracenic and Victorian as stops along the way - from classical music and dance to discos throbbing to heady beats, Chennai has them all and many more vivid contrasts that are a pleasant surprise.
3
Chennai is the center of South India's film industry; its skyline is ablaze with bright movie billboards advertising the latest celluloid fantasies. There are many big film studios. Climate: Being situated at the tropical zone, Chennai normally has a very hot and humid climate. The best time to visit this city is the winter season. Winter and summer temperature does not vary much as it rains frequently through the year.
ChidambaramLocation: In Cuddalore District, Tamil NaduAssociated With: Lord Nataraja Or Shiva In His Ananda Tandava PoseSignificance: Akasha LingamFestivals Celebrated: Two Annual Bhramotsavams Celebrated During The Months Of Margazhi (December 15 - January 15) And Aani (June-July) And The Natyanjali Festival Celebrated In February-March. Chidambaram is one of the most ancient and most celebrated shrines in India located in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. It is of great religious as well as historic and cultural significance. Chidambaram is associated with Lord Nataraja or Shiva in his "Ananda Tandava" pose (the Cosmic Dance of bliss) in the cosmic golden hall and the hall of consciousness ('Chit Sabha'). Lord Shiva is worshipped here in the "formless form" of the Chidambara Rahasyam, and the temple is known for its "Akasha" Lingam (Sky Lingam), an embodiment of Shiva as the formless Space. This is one of the few temples where Shiva and Vishnu are enshrined under one roof. Antiquity Of The Temple: The origins of this vast temple are buried in antiquity. Literature talks of a tradition of Shiva (Nataraja) worship in existence even as early as the Sangam period (very earlier on in the Christian era), and the Tamil Saints have sung its fame when an established worship tradition was in place. The later Chola Kings (Aditya I and Parantaka I) adorned the roof of the shrine with gold, and the other Chola Kings treated Nataraja as their guardian deity and made several endowments to the temple as temple inscriptions testify. The Pandya Kings who followed them, and the later Vijayanagar rulers made several endowments to the temple. There is a stone image of Krishnadevaraya in the North Gopura, which he is said to have erected. In the wars of the 18th century, this temple was used as a fort, especially when the British General Sir Eyre Coote unsuccessfully tried to capture it from the Mysore Kings. During this period, the images of Nataraja and Shivakamasundari were housed in the Tiruvarur Tyagaraja temple for safety. The Dedicated Poems: Muthuswami Deekshitar, one of the foremost composers in the Carnatic Music tradition sings the glory of this temple in his Kriti 'Ananda Natana Prakasam'. The Alwar Poems of the Naalayira Divya Prabandam sing the glory of Lord Vishnu, whose image is also housed in this temple, and his shrine is referred to as 'Tiruchitrakootam'. Adi Shankara is said to have presented a Spatika Lingam, which is still under worship in this temple. Sekkizhaar's Periya Puranam, describing poetically the life of the Saivite Saints (63 in number) was composed in the 1,000-pillared hall, and was expounded by the author himself in the presence of the Chola emperor Kulottunga II, who had commissioned the work, amidst great festivity and fanfare. Each of the four most revered Saivite Saints (Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar and Manikkavacakar) has worshipped at Chidambaram, and the bulk of Manikkavacakar's work is in praise of Shiva at Chidambaram. Accordingly, their images are placed in the temple entrances corresponding to their points of entry into the temple (Sambandar - South, Appar - West, Sundarar - North and Manikkavacakar - East).
4
Legends Associated With The Temple: Aadi Sesha, the serpent (couch) of Vishnu, heard from Vishnu the grandeur of Shiva's cosmic dance. Filled with irrepressible desire to witness this dance in person at Chidambaram, Seshan descended to the earth as Patanjali (the one who descended). Vyagrapaadar, another devotee of Shiva prayed to obtain the tiger's claws so that he could obtain with ease the sacred Vilva leaves meant for Shiva's worship at Chidambaram. At the appointed hour, Shiva (with Shivakami) granted to Patanjali and Vyagrapaadar, a visual treat in the form of his Cosmic Dance of Bliss, to the accompaniments of music played by several divine personalities in the Hindu pantheon. This Dance of Bliss is said to have been witnessed by Vishnu, and there is a Govindaraja shrine in the Nataraja temple commemorating this. The dance of bliss of Shiva is also said to have been enacted upon Shiva's (Bhikshatana) victory over the married ascetics of Daruka Vanam. The Legendary Dance Duel of Lord Shiva And Goddess Kali: Yet another legend, commemorating the dance duel between the doyens of dances Shiva and Kali is associated with Chidambaram. Shiva is said to have lifted his left foot towards the sky in the Urdhuva Tandava posture, a definite male gesture, which out of adherence to protocol, Kali could not reciprocate, thereby causing Shiva to emerge victorious, delegating Kali to the status of a primary deity in another temple in the outskirts of Chidambaram. This legend is portrayed in the Nritta Sabha, one of the halls within the Chidambaram temple. There is another recent legend associated with this temple. The sacred Tamil works of the Nayanmaars had been missing for several years, and it was during the period of Rajaraja Chola (the builder of the Grand temple at Thanjavur) that formal research was initiated to trace these fine works of devotional literature. These works of the Saivite Saints - rich in musical content were recovered in a dilapidated state in one of the chambers in this vast temple, after the monarch brought images of the Saint trinity in procession to the temple. Ananda Tandavam - Dance of Lord Shiva: The dance of bliss, or the Ananda Tandavam of Shiva is said to symbolize the five divine acts ("Pancha Krityas") - creation, sustenance, dissolution, concealment and bestowment of grace. The dance of Shiva has been frozen in metal and held in worship in Nataraja Sabhas, in virtually all of the Saivite temples in Tamil Nadu. Five of the foremost Sabhas (Pancha Sabhas) are at Chidmbaram (Kanaka Sabha-the hall of gold), Madurai (Rajata Sabha-the hall of Silver), Tiruvalangadu near Chennai (Ratnasabha - the hall of rubies), Tirunelveli (Tamrasabha - the hall of copper) and Kutralam near Tirunelveli (Chitrasabha-the hall of pictures). Other dance halls of significance are "Adri Sabha" (the Himalayas), "Aadi Chitsabha" (Tiruvenkaadu near Chidambaram) and "Perur Kanakasabha" (Patteeswarar temple at Perur near Coimbatore). Architecture Of The Temple: The original temple was built during the 6th-8th centuries. There are four tall Gopurams and on the eastern tower, rising to 40.8 meters, are carved the 108 dance poses of Bharatanatyam. The whole temple spreads to around 40 acres. The temple is built based on the strict "Kundalini Chakra" orientation and according to the "Shiva Siddhanta" philosophy. The Chidambaram Nataraja temple is a specimen of the assimilation of several architectural styles. The Nataraja Temple has five halls - the Nritta Sabha, Deva Sabha, Kanaka Sabha, Chit Sabha and Raja Sabha The Innermost Prakaram: The innermost sanctum of the temple, houses the grand images of Shiva (Nataraja) and Parvati (Shivakami) in the Chit Sabha or the hall of consciousness, adjoining which is the KanakaSabha or the Golden Hall, both these
5
structures resting on a raised platform. The innermost Prakaram surrounds the Chit Sabha, and to the South West of Nataraja, is the shrine of Govindaraja Perumal facing east. Chit Sabha - The Holiest Place Of The Temple: The Chit Sabha, the holiest shrine in the temple, is a wooden structure supported with wooden pillars, with a hut shaped roof. It is in this hall, that the images of Nataraja and Shivakami are housed, in front of a set of two curtains, the inner (invisible) one being red in color, the outer one being black in color. To the right of Shiva, is the revered Chidambara rahasyam - or a representation of emptiness garlanded with golden vilva leaves. The curtain in front of the Chidambara Rahasyam, representing Lord Shiva (and Goddess Parvati) in the formless form ("Aroopam") is lifted ceremoniously during worship services, with offerings of lamps. Worshipping the five eternal elements, the temple at Tiruvannamalai has a fire lingam, Kanchipuram has the earth lingam, Kalahasthi, the wind lingam, and Jambhukeshvar (also spelt as Jambhukeshva) is water and Chidambaram, the sky lingam. So when the priest draws back the curtain from the inner shrine of the presiding deity in the Chit Sabha, there is no lingam or dancing Nataraja to be seen. Only space. This is the charming mystery of Chidambaram - 'Rahasyam'. The other meanings of this Rahasyam (secret) are passed on from disciple-Guru (teacher) basis, but can be found in books like 'Chidambaram Mahatmyam' written in Sanskrit. Also in the Chitsabha are images of Ratnasabhapati (Nataraja of Ruby), the 'Spatika Lingam' of Chandramauleeswara, Swarnakarshana Bhairavar, and Mukhalingam, etc. Kanaka Sabha Or The Golden Hall: The Golden Hall, or Kanaka Sabha is immediately in front of the Chit Sabha, both being on an elevated platform as mentioned before, with silver panelled doors in front. The Chit Sabha itself is a meter or so higher than the Kanaka Sabha and is reached by a flight of 5 silver plated steps, marking the five 'Aksharas' (syllables) of the "Panchakshara Mantram" (the five syllabled NamaShivaya). Nritta Sabha Or The Hall Of Dance: Across from the Nataraja shrine in the second Prakaram is the Nritta Sabha or the hall of dance with some fine pillars, housing an image of Shiva in the 'Urdhva Tandava' posture, winning over Kali in a dance duel, and an image of Sarabheswara, another form of Shiva. The Nritta Sabha with fine pillars is in the form of a chariot drawn by horses. Deva Sabha Or The House Of Gods: The Deva Sabha or the house of Gods is also in the second Prakaram, housing festival images of the Pancha Murtis (Somaskandar, Parvati, Vinayaka, Subramanya and Chandikeshwara) and other deities. Mulanathar, or the representation of Shiva as a Lingam is housed in the second Prakaram. The Outermost Prakaram: The outermost Prakaram is home to the grand Shivakami Amman temple, the Shivaganga tank and the 1000-pillared hall or the Raja Sabha, where Nataraja is brought during two annual festivals. Raja Sabha: The 1,000-pillared hall (ayiram-kal- Mandapam) of Raja Sabha, measuring 103m long and 58m wide witnessed the victory celebrations of the Chola and Pandya kings. It is a great place for meditation Shivaganga Tank: The sacred water of the Shivaganga Tank, thronged by bathing pilgrims, has healing powers and has cured a king's leprosy. Shivakami Ammam Shrine: The vast Shivakami Amman shrine is a temple in its own right. Ceilings on the Mukhamandapam of this temple have paintings from the Nayaka period. There are friezes of dancers, drummers and musicians all along the enclosing walls of this temple. The thousand-pillared hall has witnessed several grand events in history. This hall is also designed in the form of a chariot. Its entrance features two elephants, and on the basement there is a frieze of dancing figures.
6
The 1000 pillared hall, also in the outermost Prakaram is also of artistic value, as is the shrine of Subramanya, which dates back to the Pandya period. The Subramanya shrine is also in the form of a chariot, and is referred to as the 'Pandya Nayakam'. The Towers In The Temple: Perhaps the most magnificent structures in the temple are the four lofty Gopurams or towers in the four cardinal directions, piercing the walls of the outermost Prakaram. Each is a gigantic masterpiece in itself - about 250 feet in height, with seven tiers. The Western tower is the oldest one. In the towers, on either side of the gateways there are representations of the 108 poses of the classical Bharatanatyam Tradition as enunciated in the Classic Natya Shastra. The towers are embellished with images from Hindu mythology. From the second tier onward, on each of the Gopuram, are seen images of various manifestations of Shiva such as "Bhikshatana", "Kankala" (both being ascetic forms), "Kalyanasundara", "Somaskanda", etc. (bestowers of prosperity). There are no representations of Nataraja on the temple towers, as this image is reserved for the innermost shrine alone. Services Offered To The Lord: Six worship services are offered in this temple each day at the shrine of Nataraja - the last of which is the "ArdhaJaama Puja" (the most special one), where the padukas (footwear) of Nataraja are ceremoniously taken to the "Palliarai" (night chamber) of Shiva and Parvati after elaborate rituals. It is believed that the entire pantheon of divine figures in the Hindu system of beliefs is present during this occasion. The first puja in the morning involves the waking up of Shiva, and a transport of the padukas back to the main shrine, followed by fire rituals and ablutions to the crystal Shivalingam. The worship services that follow at about 9:30 am, and then at noon, and at 5.00 PM in the evening and at 7.00 PM involve a combination of rituals involving ablutions to the Crystal Lingam and the ceremonial show of lamps to Nataraja and Shivakami amidst the chanting of Vedic and Tamil hymns. The "Shiva Agama" system of temple rituals followed in almost all of the Shaivite temples in Tamil Nadu is not followed at Chidambaram. It is a unique worship protocol said to have been prescribed by Patanjali that is followed at this temple.
FESTIVALS CELEBRATEDTwo annual Bhramotsavams at Chidambaram is of great significance, as they involve colorful processions of festival deities in the car streets. The grandest of these occurs in the month of 'Margazhi' (December 15 - January 15), concluding on the full moon day corresponding to the Arudra Darisanam festival (Arudra Darisanam is celebrated in Shaivite temples all over Tamil Nadu). This ten day festival at Chidambaram involves a grand scheme of traditional observances commencing with the hoisting of the temple flag on the first day, followed by colorful processions of the five deities ("Pancha Murtis") on the first eight days on various mounts. The fifth day features Mount Kailasam, while the sixth day features the Elephant mount. It is only on the ninth day that Nataraja leaves his sanctum, and is taken in a procession through the car streets, in the grand temple car. This is a special occasion and crowds throng to see it. Local fishermen communities traditionally offer gifts to Nataraja during this procession. Nataraja then returns to the Raja Sabha of the temple, where in the pre-dawn hours of the next day, while the moon is full, special Abhishekams are performed to Nataraja, in the presence of thousands of devotees, and the royal audiences of Nataraja in the Raja Sabha follow this ritual. In the afternoon, Nataraja returns to the shrine ceremoniously from the Raja Sabha, amidst an enactment of the Ananda Tandavam (also spelt as Tandava) or the Dance of Bliss.
7
The second of the Bhramotsavams happens in the month of Aani (June-July), and it concludes with Aani Tirumanjanam on the tenth day, in a manner similar to Arudra Darisanam in Margazhi. It is interesting that these annual Bhramotsavams or festivals happen in the months immediately preceding the summer and winter solstices (i.e. Gemini and Sagittarius). The Natyanjali Festival: Live dance performances have been introduced to the temple recently, in the form of annual dance festivals. The Natyanjali festival dedicated to the Cosmic Dancer (Lord Shiva) is celebrated every year during February-March. Natyanjali festival opens on the auspicious occasion of the Maha Shivaratri day and of course in the right kind of venue - the 'Prakara' of the Chidambaram temple. The magnificent temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built a thousand years ago, provides a beautiful backdrop for the event. This is an opportunity for all dancers, from all over India, to perform and to pay their tribute to Lord Nataraja. The Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu, and The Ministry Of Tourism, Government of India and The Natyanjali Trust, Chidambaram jointly organize Natyanjali festival. The festival lasts for 5 days.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy (168-km). Rail: Chidambaram is on the Chennai Tiruchirappalli main line, between Villuppuram and Thanjavur and is well connected by rail with Trichy, Madurai, Chennai, etc. Road: Bus routes connect Chidambaram to various places in Tamil Nadu like Trichy, Madurai, Chennai, Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, and Nagappattinam etc. Taxis, auto-rickshaws and city bus service are available for local transportation.
COIMBATORELocation: In Coimbatore District, Tamil NaduKnown As: The Textile Capital of South India or The Manchester of the South One Have the: Most Industrialized City in the StateServes As: The Entry and Exit Point to Neighboring Kerala and OotyCoimbatore: "The Textile Capital of South India" Or " The Manchester of the South": Coimbatore is one of the most industrialized cities in the state. Popularly known as "The Textile Capital of South India" or "The Manchester of the South", the city is situated on the banks of the river Noyyal. Located in the shadow of the Western Ghats, Coimbatore enjoys a very pleasant climate the year round, aided by the fresh breeze that flows in through the 25-km long Palakkad gap. The Textile Industry Of Coimbatore: The rich black soil of the region has contributed to Coimbatore's flourishing agriculture industry and, it is in fact that the successful growth of cotton that served as a foundation for the establishment of its famous textile industry. The first textile mills came up as far back as 1888 but there are now over a hundred mills. The result has been a strong economy and a reputation as one of the greatest industrial cities in South India. Coimbatore serves as an entry and exit point to neighboring Kerala and the ever-popular hill station of Udagamandalam (Ooty). It is the disembarking point for those who want to take the Mountain train that runs from Mettupalayam, just 35 km from Coimbatore.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSAnamalai Wildlife Sanctuary: Anamalai wildlife sanctuary is about 90-km from Coimbatore and is situated at an altitude of 1,400 meters in the Western Ghats near Pollachi. The area of the sanctuary is 958-sq-kms. An ecological paradise, this sanctuary encompasses a National Park. It has just recently been renamed Indira Gandhi wildlife sanctuary. Black Thunder Amusement Park: Black Thunder, water sports and amusement park is situated about 40-km from Coimbatore on the Ooty main Road. When you need time off
8
from the rest of the world, time to be with your family, time to share moments of adventure and fun with friends, time for children to experience fun and joy, time to take a break- Black Thunder is your destination. Topslip: It is a picturesque locale in the Anamalai Hills. It is about 37-km. from Pollachi. This small town is an ideal picnic spot. Thiruppur: An important textile center in Coimbatore district, it is also famous for hosiery products. Thiruppur is also closely associated with ' Thiruppur Kumaran ' one of the valiant freedom fighters. It is 50-km from Coimbatore. Parambikulam-Aliyar Multipurpose Project: Parambikulam-Aliyar Multipurpose Project consists of a series of dams interconnected by tunnels and canals for harnessing waters of the Parambikulam, Aliyar, Nirar, Sholiyar, Thunakadavu, Thekkadi and Palar rivers, lying at various elevations, for irrigation and power generation. The scheme is an outstanding example of engineering skill. It is located in the Anamalai range. V O C Park: Named after the freedom fighter V.O.Chidambaram, the VOC Park is the most appropriate place to go with children. The Coimbatore Corporation maintains the park. The Park houses a mini Zoo, models of prehistoric dinosaurs, Children' Train, Swing, Slider, Seesaw and other play equipment and are more like an amusement park for the children. The park has a stretch of grass patch conveniently mowed to sit on.
PLACES OF WORSHIPThirumoorthy Temple: Thirumoorthy Temple is situated at the foot of Thirumoorthy Hills adjoining the Thirumoorthy Dam. This is about 20 km from Udumalpet on the Highway from Palani to Coimbatore. A perennial stream flows by the side of the Sri Amalingeswarar temple and nearby there is a waterfall. The Crocodile Farm at Amaravati Dam is just 25-km from here. This place is being developed as a District Excursion Center. Regular buses are available from Udumalpet. Perur Patteeswaraswamy Temple: Perur Patteeswaraswamy temple built by Karikala Cholan is located 7-km west of Coimbatore near river Noyyal. Coimbatore has many temples out of which the Perur Patteeswara Swami temple is the most popular one. The temple upholds huge statues. The significance of Perur temple in earlier days is unfolded in the poetic creations of Arunagiri Nather and Kachiappa Munivar. Marudamalai Temple: About 12-km away from Coimbatore railway station is the Marudhamalai temple of Lord Muruga. The temple is situated on the Marudamalai (Marudai is the colloquial form of Marunthu, which means medicine and Malai means mountain) mountain and is one of the most visited temples in the region, the reason being that the presiding deity, known as "Dandayuthapani" is believed to have performed several miracles here. Khadi Gandhi Gallery: The Government set the Khadi Gandhi gallery up in Coimbatore on 15th of July 1970. The gallery displays pictures of Gandhi right from his birth to his death. Separate cubicles are arranged for each phase in Gandhi' life, which pictures all major events that occurred in his life. There are interesting collections of rare photographs titled 'Journey through Harijan Life', 'Family', 'Friends', 'Independence Struggle', 'Jail Life' and "Peace Talks'. Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated with grandeur in this gallery and the collector visits the gallery during 'Gandhi Jayanti' and participates in the function followed by bhajans. Forest College Museum: The Forest College is one of the oldest of its kind in the country. The Forest College is situated 3.5 km north of the railway station of Coimbatore. The college museum is worth a visit. The museum preserves the fossils of plants and animals. The museum also has dead specimen of plants and animals of rare variety. The museum also has a special advisory counter offering service to promote businesses related to plant husbandry.
9
Government Museum: The government initiated the museum in 1989. The museum is situated in VOC Park Road, which bears the remnants of various tribes of the place. The museum is compartmentalized into 5 sections. The museum bears fossil remains and age-old tools. The megalithic burial materials, treasure trove materials, ancient coins and decorative artifacts are few among the rare items that are displayed. There is a separate section for old rocks, minerals and wood fossils and tribal medicinal plants. The Siruvani Waterfalls and Dam: The Siruvani waterfalls and the dam are located at a distance of 37-km west of Coimbatore. The water of Siruvani is known for its minerals and taste. The panoramic view of the dam and the falls are of enchanting beauty. Sengupathi waterfalls: Sengupathi waterfalls are situated 35-km from Coimbatore on the Coimbatore - Siruvani main Road. Monkey Falls: 65-km from Coimbatore and 27-km from Pollachi on Coimbatore-Pollachi-Valparai Highways are the Monkey Falls, a famous picnic spot. Vaideki waterfalls: Located 30-km from Coimbatore via. Narasipuram village is the Vaideki Falls. It is a fine picnic spot for trekkers.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Peelamedu airport is 10-km from the city, which operates regular flights to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi and Madurai. Rail: Coimbatore is a major railway junction on the Southern Railways and has trains to Chennai, Rameswaram, Madurai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kanyakumari, Kozhikode, Mettupalayam, Kochi and Delhi. Road: Coimbatore is connected by road with all major places in South India. For local transportation, city buses, taxis and auto rickshaws are available. State Transport Corporation plies mini luxury coaches between various points in the city and airport.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 23.5-sq-kmPopulation: 7,04,514 (1991 Census) Latitude N: 10° 10' and 11° 30'Longitude: E 76° 40' and 77° 30'Altitude: 43.2 mClothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, English, Telugu and MalayalamClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer: Max 39.4ºC, Min 23.3ºC Winter: Max 32.8ºC, Min 20.7ºC Rainfall: 92.2 mm
COONOORLocation: 19-km Away From Ooty, Tamil NaduAttraction: Sim's Park, Pasteur Institute, Pomological Station, Lamb's Rock, and Law Falls Best Season: November to February Famous Show: Fruit and Vegetable ShowCOONOOR - A SMALL TEA GARDEN TOWN: Coonoor is situated on the eastern side of the southern extremity of the Doddabetta range, at an altitude of 1,858 meters above the sea level. It is the second largest hill station in the Nilgiris. Coonoor is located 19-km away from Ooty, a famous hill station of India. Coonoor was home to the Coon hill tribe.
10
Coonoor is the first of the three hill stations in the Nilgiris- Ooty, Kotagiri and Coonoor - that one comes across when leaving behind the southern plains. Grassy meadows, tea bushes and profusion of Sunflowers, Marigolds and Rhododendrons, all growing wilds cover it. Coonoor is essentially a small tea garden town where the weather remains pleasantly cool throughout the year. The town is physically divided into upper and lower Coonoor.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSim's Park: Sim's Park is a carefully planned and artistically laid park cum botanical garden, named after the Honorable J.D.Sim, a member of the governor-general's council (1870-75). Sim's park was inaugurated in 1874 and is situated in a deep ravine at an elevation of 1,768 to 1,798 Mts. The park consists of 1,000 plant species, which includes magnolia, tree ferns, pines and camellia, planted in a scattered fashion all over the place, that lend a special charm to the park specially when they bloom in different seasons throughout the year. The rose garden at the bottom of the slope is equally remarkable. Many species of trees and shrubs, which do not thrive, well in Ooty are found to flourish here. The winding footpath spread all over the park is the most distinctive and lovable feature of this park. A newer attraction is a map of the World made by plants sent by various countries, just like Ooty's. A Fruit and Vegetable show is held in the park during the month of May, which attracts thousands of visitors. Pasteur Institute: Pasteur Institute established in 1907 is located just opposite to the Sim's Park. This institute is famous for research on Rabies and giving effective treatment to persons bitten by rabid animals. It also manufactures Polio vaccine. There is an interesting history behind the idea of setting up an Institute for the production of anti-rabbis vaccine. Mrs. Lily Packenham Walsh, wife of a senior British officer, died of a dog bite in 1902 in Chennai. During those days, the vaccine was available only in the Pasteur Institute at Kasauli (North India) and patients had to be taken all the way to Kasauli for treatment. Therefore, the Pasteur Institute at Coonoor came to be donated by wealthy American philanthropist to Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India. Lt. Col. Cornwallis was its first director. The main building of the Institute stands on the spacious grounds, which are well laid out. It is an oblong two-storied structure, with turrets at each corner and presents a solid and rather imposing appearance. Since Independence many new buildings have come up. Pomological Station: Pomological Station is one of the three experimental fruit gardens in the Nilgiris maintained by the Horticultural Department where the states Agricultural Department researches on fruits including Plums, Apples, Peach, Persimmons, Apricot, Lemons, Pomegranates etc This garden was established in 1920 with a view to demonstrate and propagate scientific methods of raising nursery plants and of growing fruit-bearing trees. Jams and other fruit preservatives are prepared for sale to the public. Laws Falls: Laws falls are a beautiful picnic spot, named after Lt. Colonel Law, who traced and mainly constructed the Coonoor Ghat. They are about 5 km below Coonoor on Mettupalayam road. The height of the falls is about 180 feet. There are vast stretches of undisturbed sholas and it is a paradise for naturalists. Lamb's Rock: Visitors can have a breathtaking view of the Coimbatore planes from Lamb's Rock, 8 Km from Coonoor on the way to Dolphin's Nose. It's a sheer precipice, which drops down several hundred meters into the heart of dense jungle. Lady Caninng's Seat: A small house that commands panoramic view of the tea estates and the plains marks Lady Caninng's Seat, 9-km from Coonoor.
11
Dolphin's Nose: Dolphin's Nose is about 12 km from Coonoor. The Nose is unique rock of tremendous proportions, jutting out of the face of the hillside in formation in which its name suggests. It exposes a vast panorama, which encompasses Catherine falls. The Droog: The Droog located 15-km away from Coonoor is also a famous picnic spot, standing at 6,000 feet high overlooking the plains, which was used by Tippu Sultan as an outpost. Three km of trekking has to be done to reach the point. Kattery Falls: Kattery falls are one of the highest falls in the Nilgiris situated about 5-km from Coonoor on the Kendala road. At the beginning of the century a Hydro power station was build, the first ever-Hydro power plant to harness the fall to generate electricity for Cordite factory.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is Coimbatore, which has daily flights to and from Chennai, Bangalore, Cochin and Trivandrum. Rail: Coonoor is on the toy-train line between Mettupalayam (28 km) and Ooty. The toy train leaves Mettupalayam for Ooty early morning and arrives at Ooty by noon. The total time taken on the return trip back to Mettupalayam is about 3½ hours. However, this train service is often disrupted during the heavy monsoon season. Road: Coonoor is well connected by road with the major cities and towns of the state.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea 14-sq-kms Population 48,000 (1991 Census) Altitude 1,858 m Temperature Range (deg C) Summer - Max 27ºC, Min 12ºC Winter- Max: 22ºC, Min: 7ºC Clothing Light woolen in summer and heavy woolen in winter. Best Season November-February Languages Spoken Tamil and English
COURTALLAMLocation: In Tirunelveli District, Tamil NaduFamous For: Its Season and The WaterfallsPopular Festival: Saral Festival Best Time To Visit: June to SeptemberCOURTALLAM - THE SPA IN THE SOUTH: In the far south, in Tirunelveli district, in A deep recess of the Western Ghats lays Courtallam (also spelt Kutralam, Kurtalam), The Spa in the South. When the train enters this area, the landscape becomes alluring, with rivulets, fields, groves and mountains with mist peaks from Kalladai malai, Sivagiri and Kottaimalai rise up to pierce the sky to an elevation of about 6,000 ft. The Western Ghats beds, towers, undulates, folds and soars like a man of whimsical moods, lowering itself in the Aryankavu Pass in the west, only to rise in the south at Five Falls to a height of 5000 ft., crosses the Courtallam and blends with Podigai where sage Agastya lived in the past. The tallest peak here is called "Panchanthangi". The mountain abounds with forests of precious trees like teak and exotic fruit plants like Mangustan which are not only sweet but also of great medicinal value. Wild beasts roam at will. Sambhars, elephants and boars are in plenty. It's Season: Courtallam is famous for its season, which lasts from June to September, the hottest period of the plains. Thick clouds gather and streaks of lighting flash across the sky. It is a rare and pleasant experience to stroll in the 'Charal' (meaning drizzle, also spelt as Saral) becoming neither wet nor dry. Thousands for the several falls, which clot the town, visit Courtallam annually.
12
Courtallam is not only a tourist spot but also a health resort. Courtallam is a well-known bathing place and bathing in these waterfalls is considered good for both mind and body as these waters are said to possess medicinal properties.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSMain Falls: The most popular and frequented waterfalls are the Main falls. Not only during the season, but also during the period November to January, the crest receives the northeastern monsoon emptying itself on the slopes to swell the falls and the Chittar River. From a height of 300 ft., the Chittar River makes its last descent to the plains. Chittaruvi or Small Falls: Adjacent to the Main falls is a small cascade called "Chittaruvi". Women and timid persons resort these falls. Shenbagadevi Falls: A mile away from the Main falls is the Shenbagadevi falls, so called because of its location near to the temple of Shenbagadevi. During full moon days large crowds visit this temple. Honey fall: About 3 miles from the Main falls on the upper crusts of the rocks is the Honey falls. It is so called because of beehives on the promontory. It is a romantic place of solitude and those who seek seclusion come here to meditate on reality. Five Falls: Connected by a good road about 3 miles from the Main falls are the Five falls, so named as the cascade spreads in five heads like a hooded cobra. This spot is venerated highly as it presents an image of Adisesha with several hoods. Tiger Falls: About 6 furlongs from the Main falls is the Tiger falls with a temple for Sastha nearby. Bathing Ghats have been provided for pilgrims. New Falls: Perched at an elevation of 1000 ft, and one and half miles from the Main falls is the New falls amidst a sylvan landscape of wild forest. The panoramic view from this ledge is beautiful affording a sight of the entire town below. Old Falls: About 4 miles from the Main falls are the Old falls, rarely frequented. Apart from all these falls Courtallam is also famous for Thirukootachalanathar Temple, meaning- Lord of three peaks. Thirukootachalanathar Temple: The temple is dedicated to Lord Thirukootachalanathar (Shiva). This temple contains many inscriptions about Chola and Pandya Kings. Less than a furlong from here is a small temple called "Chitra Sabha" (Hall of Pictures) dedicated to Lord Nataraja and decorated with paintings of rural deities and devotees, puranic stories and religious events. The Sabha is one of the five Sabhas where Lord Nataraja performed the cosmic dance. Another interesting place is Thirumalai - 15-km from Courtallam, where there is a beautiful temple dedicated to Lord Muruga on the ranges of the Western Ghats.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, at a distance of 150-km. Rail: Tenkasi and Sengottai are the nearby railway stations. Several trains from Chennai pull into Tirunelveli daily including the Bombay-Nagercoil Express. It is also possible to reach Courtallam from Quilon/Madurai via Sengottai. Sengottai, from where it is possible to get fast buses to the falls, is on the Quilon-Madurai train line. The Quilon Mail and the Quilon-Nagore Express stop at Sengottai. Road: The Courtallam falls is just 1 1/2 hours away from Tirunelveli. By road, Courtallam is also easily accessible from Trivandrum (approximately 185-km away). Saral Festival: Courtallam is famous for its season, which lasts from June to September, the hottest period of the plains. The monsoon brings happiness and at Courtallam water falls on rocks and tiny droplets that are sprinkled into the air, thus, giving a 'fog-like' appearance. The breeze carries this 'fog' far. The phenomenon is called ' Saral ' in Tamil.
CUDDALORELocation: In Cuddalore District, Tamil NaduAlso known As: KuttalurHosts: An Ancient Seaport Main Attractions: Cuddalore Port, Kattu Mannargudi, and TiruppapuliyurTHE CITY OF CUDDALORE: Cuddalore also known, as "Kuttalur" is the headquarters of Cuddalore district. It lies in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu State, on the Bay of Bengal coast. Its name is derived from Kuttal-ur ("junction town") and refers to its location near the junction of the Ponnaiyar River with its tributary, the Gadilam. These rivers flood frequently, causing damage to the city. An ancient seaport was developed rapidly after the British East India Company obtained trading rights in 1682, but it later declined with the expansion of Madras (now Chennai). It now handles only a small percentage of Tamil Nadu's foreign trade, dealing almost exclusively with Malaysia and Singapore. Its fishing and shipbuilding industries are slowly growing. It is an important river port and a commercial center.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSThe Cuddalore Port is situated at the confluence of the rivers Gadilam and Paravanar discharging as combined river into the sea. The hinterland of Cuddalore Port consists of the district of Cuddalore and ports of Salem and Tiruchirappalli. The area is rich in minerals, having lignites at Neyveli, about 40-km from the port and iron ore deposits in Salem district. Tiruppapuliyur: Tiruppatiripuliyur also known, as Tiruppapuliyur is located in Cuddalore New Town. The sacredness of the place is due to the divine effulgence by which spiritual attainment becomes easier. In Tiruppapuliyur, there is an old Shiva temple dedicated to Lord Pataleswarar. Kattu Mannargudi: Mannargudi is a place of religious antiquity and legendary importance. The famous Vishnu temple at Mannargudi dedicated to Sri Rajagopalaswami was built by the Chola King Kulottunga I (1070-1120 AD). The temple is situated over an area of 6 acres of land that commands an imposing view and provides accommodation for thousands of devotees. Thiruvahindrapuram: Thiruvahindrapuram, a calm village of the historical coastal town of Cuddalore, falls in the group of Nadu Nattu Tirupati among 108 Divya Desams. The temple of Lord Devanatha is flanked by the inspiring "Oushadagiri" an herbal drop from the hands of speeding Anjaneya to the battlefield of Lanka and the serpentine holy river Garuda Nadhi. Its importance has found place in three puranas, viz. Brahmandam, Brahannardiyam and Skandam. The major festivals celebrated in this temple are Brahmotsavam in Tamil month Chitrai, Desikar festival in Puratasi and Masi makam (sea bath) at Devanampattinam, Vaikunta Ekadasi festival in Markazhi / Thai months Pataleeswarar Temple: This temple dedicated to Pataleeswarar (Lord Shiva), has been in existence since the 7th century AD. The existing structure is largely a result of renovations from the 19th century. It has artistically carved pillars, which has been glorified by the poems of the Saivite Saints. Chidambaram: Chidambaram is one of the most ancient and celebrated shrines in India located at a distance of 44-km from the Cuddalore city. It is of great religious as well as historic and cultural significance. Chidambaram is associated with Lord Nataraja or Shiva in his Ananda Tandava pose (the Cosmic Dance of bliss) in the cosmic golden hall and the hall of consciousness (Chit Sabha).
14
Annamalai University: Annamalai University is situated in Annamalai Nagar, which is at a distance of 47-km from Cuddalore. It is one of the greatest centers of Tamil learning and Carnatic music. The late Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar founded it. Pichavaram: Pichavaram is located at a distance of 56-km from Cuddalore. It ranks among the most exquisite scenic spot with abundant and varied tourism resources. The backwaters, which are interconnected by the Vallar and Coleroon system, offer abundant scope for water sports -rowing, kayak and canoeing. The Pichavaram forest not only offer waterscape and backwater cruises but combines another very rare occurrence- the mangrove forest trees permanently rooted in a few feet of water. The Pichavaram mangroves are considered among the healthiest mangrove occurrence in the world. Porto-Novo (Parangipettai): Porto-Novo, also called "Parangipettai", in Chidambaram Taluk (also spelt as Taluka), is situated on the north bank of the mouth of Vellar at a distance of 30-km from Cuddalore. Portuguese were the first European settlers of this place from whom it passed into the possession of the Dutch and finally handed it over to the English in 1824. This town has a large Muslim population engaged mostly in sea-trade. Tombs of several Muslim saints are situated in this place, most important among them being the dargah to Saint Malumiyar, Araikasu Nachiyar, Hafiz Mir Sahib and Sayed Saheb. Tiruvakarai: Tiruvakarai village is situated at a distance of 50-km from Cuddalore. There are a number of petrified tree trunks, also called "fossil wood" in and around this village. There is also an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, dating back to the Chola period. Vridhachalam: Vridhachalam is situated on the banks of the river Manimukthar at a distance of 60-km from Cuddalore. It has an ancient Shiva temple dedicated to "Lord Vridhagirishwarar" and his consort "Vridhambigai". Masi Magam is the important festival in this place when a large number of pilgrims flock to this place to have bath in the scared Manimukthar River. Vadalur: Vadalur a major tourist attraction is situated at a distance of 34-km from Cuddalore. There is a Satayagnana Sabha popularly called as "Adigalar", an octagon shaped building, which was constructed by Ramalingaswamigal. The four great towers of Chidambaram temple are visible from this building. The sanctum of this temple is separated from the main hall by seven screens. Srimushnam: Srimushnam situated at a distance of 60-km from Cuddalore, has a temple that is one of the eight self-created "swayamvyaktamkshetras" in the South. The presiding deity is Sri Bhuvarahaswami. The Purushaskuta Mandapam here is shaped like a ratham (car) on which there are carvings of warriors mounted on horses and elephants.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest international and domestic airport is at Chennai, located at a distance of 192-km. The travel time by road takes about 4 to 5 hours. Rail: train directly from Chennai via Villupuram connects Cuddalore Thiruppapuliyur Railway Station. Road: Cuddalore is well connected by road with the neighboring places of tourist interest. Tourist taxis, auto-rickshaws and city bus services are available for local transportation. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: The major festivals celebrated at the temple in Thiruvahindrapuram are the Brahmotsavam in Tamil month Chitrai, Desikar festival in Puratasi and Masi Makam (sea bath) at Devanampattinam, and Vaikunta Ekadasi festival in Markazhi / Thai months
15
Masi Magam: Masi Magam is an annual festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Tamil month of Masi (February-March). Deities from in and around Cuddalore district are brought in ceremonial processions to the Ponnaiyar River for a symbolic immersion ceremony. Thousands of people go to the seashore to have a dip in the sea, which is said to wash away one's sins. Fire Walking Festival: Local temples conclude their annual festivals with hundreds of men, women and children walking on fire for fulfillment of their vows.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 27-sq-kmPopulation: 144561 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 11o 9' and 11o 49'Longitude: E 78o 52' and 79o 50' Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Malayalam and TeluguClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 43ºC, Min 33ºCWinter- Max 27ºC, Min 22ºCRainfall: 1164 mm
DHARMAPURILocation: Dharmapuri District, Tamil NaduFormed On: October 2nd, 1965Is an: Agricultural Trade Center and Contains Some Light IndustryMain Attractions: Hogenakkal Waterfalls, Athiyamankottai, and KrishnagiriThe Dharmapuri district is one of the new districts of Tamil Nadu, like the districts of Pudukkottai and Erode, and was organized on October 2nd, 1965. It constitutes the northern portion of the former composite district of Salem and was known as "North Salem". It's Boundaries: The district is situated in the interior of the southern Peninsula bounded on the east by the North Arcot and South Arcot districts, on the west by Bangalore and Mysore districts of Karnataka State, on the north by Karnataka State and the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, and on the south by Salem district. The town of Dharmapuri is the district headquarters of the district of Dharmapuri. History of Dharmapuri: Several dynasties- the Hoysalas, Pandyas, Vijayanagar kings, Muslim Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda, and the Nayak rulers ruled the area of Dharmapuri. Finally the British had control over this area since 1792 AD. During the British rule in the country and even till the year 1947 there was no separate district, except Dharmapuri as one of the Taluks (also spelt as Taluka) of Salem district. It actually became a separate district in the year 1965 as its headquarters at Dharmapuri itself. The City Of Dharmapuri: Dharmapuri is an agricultural trade center and contains some light industry. The area's main crops are millets, but rice is extensively grown under irrigation. Considerable deposits of saltpetre and salts of soda are mined in this region. Forest based industries constitute a major segment of the economic structure. About 48-km west are the Hogenakkal Falls of the Cauvery River, a famous pilgrimage site.
16
PRIME ATTRACTIONSHogenakkal Waterfalls: This is one of the wonderful waterfalls in Tamil Nadu. It is located at a distance of 48-km west of Dharmapuri. It is a part of the river Cauvery and is about 250 meters above sea level. The main attraction of the falls is its vertical drop from a height of 20 meters with a thundering sound. Surrounded by mountains, Hogenakkal offers a quite holiday in comfort. Krishnagiri: Krishnagiri is the second biggest town in Dharmapuri district and an historical place. An old fort called "Syed Padsha Hill Fort" is famous and attracts many tourists apart from the reservoir. The Dam site is a picnic spot. Athiyamankottai: Athiyamankottai is located 8-km from Dharmapuri on the Dharmapuri Salem Highway. The Central Archaeological Department has taken over the site and is being protected by them. At the center of the Fort site, is an old temple called "Chennakeswar temple" that is believed to have been constructed both by the King Krishnadevaraya and Hoysala Kings. Paintings depicting Ramayana and Mahabharata scenes are found inside the temple. All the paintings belong to the 13th century. The place acquires its name after the Tamil King "Athiyaman Neduman Anji" who ruled the Thagadur (the present Dharmapuri) area and Kottai meaning fort. The main villages of Athiyamankottai are located on the eastern side of the Salem-Bangalore Highway about one km from the Fort.
HOW TO GET THERERail: Dharmapuri has a railway station and is well connected by rail with the important towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: Dharmapuri is also well connected by road with the major towns and cities within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: Adi-Perukku is the biggest festival celebrated for 3 days in the month of August. Koothapadi village conducts this famous event. Angalamman festival, which lasts for two days, is celebrated in Kaveripatnam in the month of February.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 11-sq-kmsPopulation: 59,318 Latitude: N 11° 45' and 13°01'Longitude: E 77°13' and 78° 45'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and TeluguClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 39.2ºC, Min 29.7ºCWinter- Max 28.9ºC, Min 22.5ºCRainfall: 1,000 mm to 1,200 mm
DINDIGULLocation: In Dindigul District, Tamil NaduName Derived: From the Words "Tintu Kal" Meaning Pillow RockContains: large-scale Cotton Spinning And Weaving Mills, Handicraft Industries As Silk Weaving And Jewelry And Cigar Manufacturing Units
17
Places of Worship: Sri Kottai Mariamman Koil, Sri Kaalakatheeswarar Temple, St. Antony's Church, and St. Joseph ChurchSituated between the Palani and Sirumalai hills in Dindigul district, Dindigul is a road transport hub. Its name is derived from the words "Tintu Kal" meaning pillow rock, refers to the bare hill dominating the city. The fortress built on the hill during the Vijayanagar era (1336-1565) was used in Hindu, Muslim and British wars from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The contemporary city contains large-scale cotton spinning and weaving mills, handicraft industries as silk weaving and jewelry and cigar manufacturing units.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSri Kottai Mariamman Koil: Sri Kottai Mariamman Koil is more than 200 years old. The army men of Tipu Sultan at the fort of the mountain installed the Mariamman idol. Hence it is called "Kottai (Fort) Mariamman temple". The temple is square shaped and within the temple there is a temple for Vetri Vinayaka at the south and a temple for Lord Muruga at the north. There is a Mandapam (Hall) in the center of the ground in which there is a sculpture of a Lion facing the Sannidhi. The Sanctum Sanctorum is small and square shaped. The deity consecrated ("Moolavar") is seen here, embedded deeply under the floor. There are several sculptures on the sniper structure over the Sanctum Sanctorum, depicting various incarnations of the Goddess Mariamman. On all the four sides, various scenes showing the destroying of the monster by the Goddess are seen. On the eastern side over the Amman Sannidhi is a temple for Vinayaka and on the western side a temple for Madurai Veeran. On the front side of the Sannidhi the Navagraha idols are installed. On the backside of the temple, there is an idol of Kaalhi and another one for Goddess Durga. The golden shield adorns the deity every day between 5.00 p.m. to 9.00 p.m. A Board of Trustees runs the temple.
Sri Kaalakatheeswarar Temple: Even though the Kaalakatheeswarar (also spelt as Kaalakatheeshwar) temple is very old, it came into limelight during the period of Thirumalai Naicker, who renovated several temples in and around Madurai. God Kaalakatheeswarar and Goddess Gnanambika are the presiding deities here. It is a practice to bring the idols of Abhirama Devi and Padmagirinagar from the above mountain to this temple and celebrate the Festival of Brahmasaram in the month of Chithirai (April). The Mandapam used for this purpose has been later embellished and the deities Kaalakatheewarar and Gnanambikai were installed and consecrated during the 14th century. St. Antony's Church: Thomas Fernando constructed St. Antony's church during the period 1982-1989.An important ceremonies of this church is held annually, which starts on the last Friday of January and continues for 15 days. St. Joseph Church: The British constructed St. Joseph church 100 years ago. The construction of this church was started in 1866 and completed in the year 1872. This church is the head church for all other churches in Dindigul District.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy, located at a distance of 93-km. Rail: Dindigul has a railway station and is well connected by rail with Palani, Trichy, Kodaikanal and other towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: Dindigul is well connected by road with the important places within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: Festivals at Sri Kottai Mariamman KoilStarting on the 5th day after the New Moon day, the great festival of Masi is celebrated for 10 days every year. There are other festivals in all the 12 months of the year. The
18
devotees come here and worship to get cured of several diseases like Eye disease, Small Pox etc. The devotees perform several duties like taking Agni Chatti (Fire Pot), Milk Pot, Mulzaippari procession, Maavu Vilakku etc. Nearly 10 lakh people visit the temple during the festive days. Festival of Brahmasaram at Sri Kaalakatheeswarar Temple It is a practice to bring the idols of Abhirama Devi and Padmagirinagar from the above mountain to Sri Kaalakatheeswarar temple and celebrate the Festival of Brahmasaram in the month of Chithirai (April). This festival also draws huge crowds.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 14-sq- kms Population: 2,14,586 (1991 Census) Latitude: N10° 9 ' to 10o 48'Longitude: E 77o 16' to 78o 20'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 37.9ºC, Min 26.8ºCWinter- Max 31.5ºC, Min 20.8ºCRainfall: 899 mm
ERODELocation: Erode District, Tamil NaduRuled By: Cholas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Mysore Rulers, Vijayanagar Rulers and The British Erode Means: Wet SkullMain Attraction: Sangameshwarar Temple Erode is the district headquarters of the district of the same name. Temple inscriptions indicate the prominent role-played by the city as early as the tenth century AD. Its name is associated with a Chola temple (907-1279) and means "wet skull". Though the Martha, Mysore, Muslim and British armies successively destroyed Erode, the surrounding fertile soils assisted in the city's quick recovery as an agricultural trade center.Erode is a railway hub and is the junction for the Pykara and Mettur hydroelectric schemes. Industries include cotton ginning and the manufacture of transport equipment. It has industrial schools and several colleges affiliated with the University of Madras. It's Location And Boundaries: The Erode district, which had its origin as an independent district recently, lies in the extreme north of Tamil Nadu. In the north, mostly the State of Karnataka bound it. River Palar also constituted its northern boundary for quite some distance. To the east lie Salem, Namakkal and Karur districts. Dindigul district is its immediate neighbour to the south and on the west it has Coimbatore and Nilgiri districts as its boundaries. Thus, Erode is essentially a land locked area having no seacoast of its own. History of the City: Erode district which till recently formed part of Coimbatore has its history intertwined with that of Coimbatore. It is found that in the early day’s tribes, most prominent among them being the “Kosars” occupied this area.
19
The Rulers Who Ruled Erode: the Rashtrakutas from whom the region fell into the hands of the Cholas overpowered The Kosar tribes. On the decline of Cholas, the Kongunadu came to be occupied by the Chalukyas and later by the Pandyas and Hoysalas. This region was later wrested by Vijayanagar rule after over throwing the Madurai Sultanate. Because of the internal strife and intermittent of wars the Kongu region in which the present Erode district is situated, fell into the hands of the Mysore rulers from whom Hyder Ali took over the area. Later on the fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799, the Kongu region came to be ceded to the East India Company by the Maharaja of Mysore who was restored to power by the Company after defeating Tipu Sultan. From then, the area remained under British control till 1947. The entire area now constituting Erode district formed part of Coimbatore till recently from August 1979.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSangameshwarar Temple at Bhavani: Located 15-km northeast from Erode Railway Station is the famous pilgrimage center, Bhavani. It is popularly known as "Tiruveni of South India". The temple stands at the confluence of the rivers Bhavani and the Cauvery. The presiding deity is Lord Sangameshwarar along with his consort Vedanayaki.
HOW TO GET THEREErode being one of the prominent trading centers in the state is well connected with all modern means of transport and communication except for air service. Direct access by roads and rail from state capital and other district headquarters is available. Air: The nearest airport is at Coimbatore, which are only a few hours by road. Rail: Erode is an important railway junction on the west coastline. All passenger trains from Chennai to the West Coast halt here. Road: Erode is well connected by road with the important towns and cities within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis and auto rickshaws are available. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: The Annual Kundam festival at Chikkarasanpalayam in Gopichettipalayam Taluk (Taluka) is the biggest event celebrated in Erode district.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 8-sq-kmsPopulation: 1,59,232 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 10o 35' to 11o58'Longitude: E 76o 50' to 77o 55'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu and Urdu. Climate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 39.6ºC, Min 24.1ºCWinter- Max 32.8ºC, Min 20.5ºCRainfall: 700 mm
KanchipuramLocation: 75-Km From Chennai, Tamil NaduCalled: Religious Capital of South India
20
Famous Temples In Kanchipuram: Kamakshi Amman Temple, Varadaraja Temple, Kailashanathar Temple, Ekambareshwar Temple, Kumara Kottam, Ulahalanda Perumal Temple Important Festivals Celebrated: Brahmotsavam -Varadaraja Temple In May; Garuda Sevai- Varadaraja Temple In June; Float Festival -Varadaraja Temple In February And November; Kamakshi Ammam Festival - February; Mahashivaratri Festival - Kailashanatha Temple In February; Panguni Uthiram -Ekambareshwara Temple In March-April. Land Of Thousand Temples: Kanchipuram is a small, rural town about 75-km from Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu. With the Sankara Mutt acting as the hub of Hindu activities and the temples, Kanchipuram is one of the most highly visited pilgrimage spots in India, and can rightfully be called the " Pilgrimage In Tamil Nadu Buddhist PilgrimageReligious Capital of South India". Kanchipuram was under the Pallavas from the 6th to 8th century AD and later became the citadel of the Cholas, Vijayanagar Kings, the Muslim and the British. It has been a center of Tamil learning, cultural and religious background for centuries. Kanchipuram has magnificent temples of unique architectural beauty bearing eloquent testimony to its glorious Dravidian heritage. All the religious cities in India support one of the two sects in Hinduism - Vaishnavism and Shaivism, but Kanchipuram has blended itself equally to both the sects, dividing itself into Vishnu Kanchi, surrounding the Varadaraja Temple, and Shiva Kanchi, surrounding the Ekambareshwar (also spelt as Ekambareshwa) Temple, while the Kamakshi Amman Temple stands in between as a place of Shakti worship. Kamakshi Amman Temple: India has three main cities where the Goddess Shakti is worshipped. Kanchipuram holds the most important rank among the three. In the same order, the three places are Kanchipuram, where the Goddess Kamakshi is worshipped, Madurai, where the Goddess Meenakshi is worshipped, and Kashi, where the deity is 'Visaalakshi'. The Kamakshi Amman temple is the hub of all religious activities in Kanchipuram. The temple is also in closer control of the Shankara Mutt, unlike the other temples, which are governed either by the Department of Archeology, Government of India, or the Hindu Temples Department of the Tamil Nadu Government. The kings of the Chola Empire built the temple in 14th century AD. The main tower over the sanctum (Vimanam) of the temple is gold plated. Also of significance is the Golden Chariot in this temple. The Golden Chariot is taken in a procession around the temple on Friday evenings around 7.00 p.m. This temple also features an Art Gallery with pictures depicting the history of Sri Adishankaracharya and the Shankara Mutt. Kailashanathar Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Kailashanathar (also spelt as Kailashnatha) is one of the earliest temples built by the Pallava ruler Rajasimha Pallava and was completed by his son, Mahendra Varma Pallava in the 8th century AD. It is the oldest structure in Kanchipuram and the finest example of Pallava architecture in South India. The temple is situated among several low-roofed houses just over 1-km west of the town center. Of all the temples in India, no other edifice has been so elaborately filled with all the 64 aspects of Lord Shiva. The temple is unique in its architecture and is viewed more as an architectural wonder than as a holy place. Hence, it is never crowded with locals. But, once in a year during Shivaratri festival large crowds visit the temple and there could be hours of waiting in long queues. Ekambareshwar Temple: Ekambareshwar temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is one of the largest temples in Kanchipuram, spreading over an area of 12.14 hectares. This ancient
21
temple is surrounded by a huge stonewall built in the early 16th century during the days of the Vijayanagar Empire. Ekambareshwar temple is of hoary antiquity, beginning as a small fane, it has grown over the centuries into a large one with innumerable shrines, Mandapams, Gopurams and Tanks. It is considered to be one of the most ancient temples in India and has been in existence even prior to 600 AD. It enshrines many traditions. Kumara Kottam: Kumara Kottam is located in between the Kamakshi and Ekambareshwar temples in the Somaskanda formation in the town of Kanchipuram. It is a well-visited temple with two Prakarams and a complete pantheon of Parivara Devatas enshrined in their respective shrines. In the sanctum, Muruga is in a seated pose. Valli, Deivayani are absent here, but their festival idols are kept here. In accordance with the function of Creation he has assumed, his right arm is in Abaya pose, the upper hand holds the rosary, and the lower left arm is on the thigh in Katyavailambita pose with the left arm holding the Kamandalam. The posture is also called "Brahma Chattam". Here only honey is used for ablutions. When one comes out after worshipping the main deity, one can see the festival idols. In the front part of the temple in the mirror room one can see the marble figure of Ramalinga Swamigal. Varadaraja Temple: The Varadaraja temple is one of the important shrines of Sri Vaishnavites, also known as "Hastigiri" and is one of the celebrated Vaishnava Divya Desams, located in Vishnu Kanchi or "the Little Kanchi". Originally it was known as "Attiyuran". The main deity here is Varadaraja Perumal in a standing posture-facing west and the Lord here is also known as "Devaraja", "Pranatharthihara", "Deva Perumal", "Athiyooran" and "Perarulalan". Varadaraja temple with superb art has a magnificent history, which is associated with Sri Ramanuja, who used to serve here. Many miracles are said to have occurred. It was with his ministry that the temple, then already several centuries old, began to gain fame. Ulahalanda Perumal Temple: Ulahalanda Perumal temple, situated about half a kilometre from the center of the town near Kamakshi Amman temple is one of the oldest temples in Kanchipuram. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal in this temple represents the "Vamana Roopam", an incarnation of Lord Vishnu taken to save the Devas from the Demon king Mahabali. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal is depicted by a huge image of about 35 feet high. Festivals Celebrated In Kanchipuram: Some of the important festivals celebrated in Kanchipuram are the Brahmotsavam -Varadaraja temple in May; Garuda Sevai- Varadaraja temple in June; Float festival -Varadaraja temple in February and November; Kamakshi Ammam Festival - February; Mahashivaratri festival - Kailashanatha temple in February; Panguni Uthiram -Ekambareshwara temple in March-April.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Chennai is the nearest airport to Kanchipuram. Rail: Trains for Kanchipuram are available from Chennai, Chengalpattu, Tirupati, and Bangalore. Road: Kanchipuram is 75-km away from Chennai and is well connected by a network of roads. There are frequent buses from the city to Chennai, Bangalore and other places. For local transportation bicycles can be hired from the shops near the bus stand. Cycle Rickshaws and auto rickshaws are also available on hire to move in and around the city.
KANYAKUMARILocation: in Cuddalore District, Tamil NaduAlso known As: KuttalurHosts: An Ancient Seaport Main Attractions: Cuddalore Port, Kattu Mannargudi, and Tiruppapuliyur
22
KANYAKUMARI - THE SOUTHERN MOST LAND TIP OF INDIA: Kanyakumari (also spelt as Kanniyakumari) district is bounded by Tirunelveli district in the north and northeast, by Kerala state in the northwest and confluence of Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean in the west and south. The coastline is almost regular except for some points of land projecting into the sea at Cape Comorin. Kanyakumari is the district headquarters of the district of the same name. The City Of Kanyakumari: At the southern most land tip of India, where the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal meet, lies Kannyakumari, an important pilgrim center. Kannyakumari is famous for its beach and the spectacular sunrises and sunsets, especially on full moon days. Kanyakumari is also famous for its vast green stretches of paddy fields, rich forests, coconut groves and mineral sands. Its Name: Kannyakumari has been named after the Goddess Kannyakumari Amman who is the popular deity of the area. Legend has it that the Goddess Parvati in one of her incarnations as Devi Kanniya did penance on one of the rocks of this land's end to obtain the hand of Lord Shiva. The History of Kanyakumari: Kanniyakumari district, once known as "The Granary of Travancore" lies at the southwestern part of Indian peninsula. It was in Travancore for a long time and then merged with Tamil Nadu in 1956 under the State Linguistic Reorganization Act. Kanyakumari Beach: The Kanyakumari beach is a beautiful sight with multi-coloured sand. The beach here does not really offer one the opportunity to sunbathe on soft golden sands, or to frolic in the waves either. The seashore is rocky and dangerous, and there is a manmade wall running along it. People are warned to stay off the rocks, and when if someone ventures out of bounds, a watchful policeman quickly and severely reprimands him or her. There is a lighthouse from where one can get a panoramic view. The sea is fairly rough, so it is entertaining to watch it beat itself against the rocks and then subside, before it gathers itself up for another attack. With long stretches of sands of many hues, the beach offers a welcome change. A variety of shells are on sale on the Kanyakumari beach. Pilgrim Rites Performed: Pilgrimage rites include bathing at Pitru and Matru Tirtha, two rocks over which a monument honoring Swami Vivekananda, a Hindu religious leader, was built in 1970.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSKumari Amman Temple: Kumari Amman Temple is dedicated to Parvati as Devi Kanya, the Virgin Goddess who did penance to obtain the hand of Lord Shiva. Temple Of Goddess Bhagavathi: Few temples in India are more picturesquely located than that of Goddess Bhagavathi in Kannyakumari. It stands near where three oceans meet: the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. In its early form the temple seems to have been built by the first Pandyas. The Nayaks expanded it later. There are three Prakaras. The image of the Goddess in the sanctum is marvelous in its serenity and beneficence. She carries a necklace in Her right hand. The eastern gate, facing the Bay of Bengal is opened only five times a year. Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial: On the evening of December 25, 1892, Swami Vivekananda who had come to Kannyakumari on pilgrimage swam to the rock and spent the whole night they’re in deep meditation. He then resolved to decide himself to the service of the Motherland and to spread the message of Vedanta. Next year he attended the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, an event of seminal importance in the modern history of Hinduism. To commemorate his visit to the rock a superb memorial has been erected. It attracts thousands of visitors. Gandhi Mandapam: Not far from the Kumari Amman Temple is the Gandhi Mandapam, constructed at the spot where the urn containing the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi was kept
23
for public view before a portion of its contents was immersed in the three seas. It resembles an Oriyan temple and was designed so that on Gandhi’s birthday (2nd October), the sun's rays fall on the place where his ashes were kept. The Temple At Suchindram: Tradition connects the Kannyakumari temple with that in Suchindram (13-km from Kanyakumari). This is a fine, large fane, with a beautiful tank. It is one of the few temples in the country where the Trinity, Brahma, Vishnu and Isvara, are worshipped. The Linga, named "Sthanumalaya", is in three parts; the top represents Lord Shiva, the middle Lord Vishnu, and the base Lord Brahma. "Sthanu" is a name of Shiva, "Mal" of Vishnu, and "Ayan" of Brahma. Nagaraja Temple at Nagercoil: 19-km from Kannyakumari is Nagercoil, which contains the celebrated Nagaraja temple. The sanctum is a simple thatched shed, with mud walls. It enshrines the King of Serpents. Tradition states that a King of Kalakkad was cured of leprosy when he performed penance in the temple. He then rebuilt it in the Kerala style. He might have been Bhuthalavira Sri Vira Udaya Marthandavarma, who ruled Venad, with Kalakkad as his capital, from 1516 to 1535. It is believed that snakebite is not fatal within a kilometre of the temple. The fane has some Jain sculptures. Tirunelveli: The temple of Swami Nelliappar and Sri Kanthimathi Ambal in Tirunelveli (83-km from Kanyakumari) dates back at least to the seventh century. Sambandar has sung it, and Ninrasir Neumaran, the Pandya, is said to have commissioned the making of musical pillars in a Mandapa in this temple. Originally, there were two temples side by side, dedicated to Lord Nelliappar and Goddess Kanthimathi. A Mandapa, the “chain” Mandapa, built in 1647, linked them. The oldest inscription belongs to the middle of the tenth century. Sankaranainarkoil: Sankaranainarkoil has three shrines dedicated to Lord Sankaralinga, to Goddess Gomathi Amman and, between these two, to Lord Sankaranarayana, a combination of Shiva and Vishnu. The temple was built in the eleventh century and was expanded later. The Gopura is of nine storeys and is 38m high. The temple is famous for the miracles the Goddess performs in curing illness. Subramanya Temple in Tiruchendur: The temple of Lord Subramanya in Tiruchendur, also in the same district, is one of the "Arupadai Veedus", or specially sanctified residences, of the Lord. The sea situates it. Traditionally, it commemorates the Lord's victory over Surapadma, a demon. The Gopura, of nine storeys, is 42m high and was constructed in the 17th century. It was renovated in 1983. Alvar Tirunagari: One of the celebrated Vaishnavaite temples in the district of Kannyakumari is in Alvar Tirunagari, one of the nine sung of by Namalvar. The saint attained enlightenment under a tree, which still stands in the temple. The Lord is Adinatha. The temple has a Nadaswaram musical instrument made of stone. It is played during the temple festival. Kumarakovil: Kumarakovil is at the foot of the Velimalai hills in Kalkulam Taluk (also spelt as Taluka), about 34-km from Kannyakumari. The Lord Muruga Temple is built on the hillock about 200 feet height in a lush green field of Paddy, Plantain and Coconut trees. The temple is noted for architectural beauty. The side of the Lord also enshrines goddess Valli, the spouse of Lord Subramanya in the temple. In the right side of the temple there is one big lake, suitable for boating. Muttam: About 32-km from Kannyakumari is Muttam with a fine beach and a lighthouse. Vattakottai: About 6-km from Kannyakumari is Vattakottai with an 18th century fort overlooking the sea. The sea here is calm and suitable for bathing. Thengapattinam Beach: Thengapattinam, situated on the west coast, is a place of historical importance. It is 35-km from Nagercoil and 54-km from Kannyakumari. As coconut trees are abundant in this place, the place might have derived this name.
24
This village had, in ancient times, trade relations with foreign countries like Arabia. There was direct Cargo boat service between Thengapattinam and other foreign maritime towns. The mosque at Thengapattinam is about 1,200 years old. This place is well connected with Nagercoil and Thiruvananthapuram by regular bus service. Thengapattinam Beach is an excellent picnic spot with backwater facilities. Chidaral: 55-km from Kanyakumari is Chidaral. The Jain sculptures here are worth a visit. Pechipparai Dam: Like all other dam sites Pechipparai Dam too is a popular picnic spot where facilities for boating have also been provided. It is 56-km from Kanyakumari. Padamanabhapuram: The capital of Travancore until 1333, Padmanabhapuram is known for its fort, which encloses, among other buildings, a palace and a temple. The palace has some important art relics while the Ramaswami temple has exquisitely carved panels depicting scenes from the Ramayana. Padmanabhapuram is 45km from Kanyakumari. Thirparappu waterfalls: About 60km from Kanyakumari are Thirparappu Waterfalls, a picturesque spot with an ancient Mahadevar Temple. Thiruvattar: Thiruvattar is located at a distance of 70-km from Kanyakumari. The temple here is one of the finest specimens of temple art and architecture. The paintings on the walls of the temple are worth seeing. Kalakkadu and Mundanthurai: Kalakadu wildlife sanctuary is situated in an area of 223-sq-km in the Tirunelveli district, including the foothills of the Western Ghats and the adjoining area. 47km from Tirunelveli, the Kalakadu wildlife sanctuary is very popular with botanists and ornithologists as it has a great variety of fauna and bird lives. Situated 42-km from Tirunelveli, the Mundanthurai wildlife sanctuary boasts of dry deciduous to tropical wet evergreen forest patches of pure reeds. The sanctuary covers an area of 567-sq-kms. There is nothing to differentiate this sanctuary from that of Kalakadu, except the absence of Elephant and the Gaur. Mathoor Thottippalam: It is one of the largest and the highest bridge located near Thiruvattar about 70-km from Kanyakumari. The bridge and the lush green surroundings are noted for scenic beauty. Olakkay Aruvi Water falls: Olakkay Aruvi waterfalls in the Western Ghats are 14-km from Nagercoil and 33-km from Kanyakumari. The beautiful waterfalls and the natural scenery all around the place attract many holiday seekers and this place has become an important picnic center.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Thiruvananthapuram (80-km), which is well connected with national and International flights. From Thiruvananthapuram one can take a taxi or bus to Kanyakumari. Rail: Kanyakumari is well connected by train services with all the places in India. Superfast trains connect the southern most railhead of India with northern cities like Jammu and Delhi. Intercity trains are running from almost all the southern cities. Road: Kanyakumari is connected by regular bus services with Chennai, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Trichy, Madurai, Mandapam (Rameshwaram), Nagercoil, Tuticorin, Tiruchendur, Tiruvelveli, Trivandrum, etc. Town bus service, tourist taxis and auto rickshaws are available. Cape Festival: Kanyakumari, also known, as Cape Comorin is located at the southern most tip of India, where the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea meet. A dip in the ocean here is considered holy, but the sea is rough here and not fit for bathing. This is the only place in India, where the sunset and moonrise can be viewed simultaneously on a full moon day.
25
The Vivekananda memorial set amidst the sea is a place known to give mental emancipation. The Cape festival is celebrated on a large scale for three days at Kanyakumari. The festival is marked by a series of cultural programs.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 25.89-sq-kmPopulation: 18,900 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 8o 3' to 8o 35'Longitude: E 77o 05' to 77o 36'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Malayalam, and EnglishClimate - TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 34.8ºC, Min 22.4ºC Winter- Max 33.8ºC, Min 21.6ºC Rainfall: (Average) 102 CMS
KumbakonamLocation: Thanjavur District Of Tamil NaduFamous Temples: Sri Adikumbeshwara Temple, Sri Sarangapani Temple, Sri Nageshwara Temple, Sri Chakrapani Temple And Sri Ramaswami Temple Famous Festival Celebrated: Mahamaham FestivalKumbakonam is the temple town of South India situated in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu. It is a fertile area on the banks of river Cauvery and one of its tributaries Arasalaru. The town is famous for the Mahamaham festival that is celebrated once in 12 years in the Mahamaham tank located in the heart of the city. Kumbakonam is flooded with temples of large size. There are as many as sixty temples, in and around Kumbakonam within 40-km of radius. Of the many temples in Kumbakonam, the oldest Shaiva fane is the Adikumbeshwara and the oldest Vaishnava fane, the Sri Sarangapani. Sri Adikumbeshwara Temple: This is the largest and the oldest Shiva temple located in the center of the town of Kumbakonam. The presiding deity of this temple is Lord Kumbeshwara and the presiding Goddess is Sri Mangalambigai. There is a shrine dedicated to Adi Vinayaka (Lord Ganesh). A Chola King built the temple and the temple building itself would seem to have been renovated by the Nayak King. Some of the old images like Sri Ambal, Sri Durgaiamman and Sri Kirathamoorti bear the impress of the antiquity about them. The temple contains some wonderful pieces of sculpture and architecture. Its main Gopuram is 128 feet high and has many intricately carved sculptures on it. On a single block of stone in the Navaratri Mandapam all the 27 stars and 12 'Rashis' (signs) have been carved out. The image of Lord Subramanya, enshrined in this part of the temple, is a rare specimen. It has six heads but only six hands holding different kinds of weapons. There is an excellent collection of silver Vahanas (palanquins) used to carry the deities at festival times. Legend Connected With The Temple: Tradition goes to say that during the "Mahapralaya" (Great Floods) after "Dwaparayuga", a 'Kumbam' (Pot) full of Amritham (also spelt as Amrit) and Lord Shiva set seeds for creation afloat. Shiva proclaimed it Himself that the place where the pot touched theground and had its rest would be considered as the holiest places in the world.
26
Since the said Kumbam, as announced by the creator of the world, had its rest in this place, this ancient place is named as "Kumbakonam" after that Kumbam. Immediately after its rest Lord Shiva appeared in the guise of a hunter and broke the said Kumbam full of Amritham with his arrow. The nectar settled at two places one of which became the famous Mahamaham Tank. Out of the pieces of the broken pot Lord Shiva made out a ShivaLinga and entered into it. This is now enshrined in the temple, and hence the name Adi Kumbeswara, meaning - one who entered the Kumba or vessel long ago. It is to be noted that this MahaLinga unlike other Lingas found in other temples, is not made of granite stone and as such Abishekams (also spelt as Abhisheka) cannot be performed with watery substances lest it should dissolve the shape of the Linga (also spelt as lingam). Idol Of Kirathamoorti: The idol of Kirathamoorti is a special feature in the temple and it is a standing monument to commemorate the incidence that, Lord Shiva Himself has created the present MahaLinga. The Shaivaite Saints, Appar and Sambandhar who flourished prior to the 7th century AD have sung devotional songs ("Thevarams") in praise of the presiding deities of the temple. Temple Timings: The temple is kept open from 5:30 in the morning and stays so till 12:00 in the noon. The temple usually remains closed during the noon hours, and reopens in the evening at 4:00 p.m. The temple closes in the night after the last pujas are performed by 8:00 p.m. Sri Sarangapani Temple: The Vaishnavaite temple of Sri Sarangapani is some two thousand years old in its traditional origins. The earliest Alvars, Bhutam and Pey, have sung of the Lord. In fact seven of the Alvars in all have sung His praises. It was in this temple that Nathamuni redacted the Vaishnavaite Tamil hymns. Tirumazhisai attained salvation here. While the temple structure dates back to the Pallava times and even earlier, the Lord's shrine, which is in the form of a chariot, was built under the later Cholas, in the 12th century. A Traditional Feature: According to the tradition once a sage named Bhrugu, piqued by the fact that Lord Vishnu, whom he went to see when He was in the company of the Goddess, ignored him awhile, kicked him in the chest. The Lord merely asked whether his feet were paining him. But the Goddess resented the Lord's indifference to the insult and came down to the earth. After some time she realised that she was in the wrong. To regain Her place by the Lord She began severe penance on a thousand-petalled lotus in a tank named "Pottamarai", in Kumbakonam. Bhrugu was born in his next birth as Guha, the boatman who helped Srirama, and subsequently as a sage named Hema. He remembered that he had caused a separation between the Lord and the Goddess and to expiate his sin he began severe austerities. Pleased with him, the Lord asked what boon he wished for. He said that Goddess Laxmi should be born as his daughter and that the Lord should marry Her. The Lord granted the request. The sage came to Kumbakonam and adopted the Goddess as his daughter, giving Her the name of "Komalavalli". Subsequently the Lord, entering a chariot, named the "Vaidika Vimana", believed to be an offshoot of the "Pranava Vimana" of Srirangam and a replica of the one presented to Vibhishna at Sri Rama's coronation, came to the Pottamarai tank in Kumbakonam. Subsequently He married Komalavalli. There are two entrances to the Ratha (chariot) shrine, both from the sides. Each is kept open for half the year.
27
On the first tier of the entrance Gopura there are labeled sculptures depicting the poses prescribed in Bharatha's text on the dance. Some scholars believe that they were brought here from another temple. Sri Nageshwara Temple: Possibly the oldest in Kumbakonam, the Nageshwara temple dedicated to Lord Nataraja is one of the finest early Chola temples, noted for the quality of its sculpture. This temple is believed to have been completed during the reign of Parantaka I (907-c.940). Though the temple is small but it is known for its marvelous architecture that exceeds many of the other Chola temples. The Nataraja shrine here is shaped in the form of a chariot, and the shrine dedicated to the Sun God is of great sculptural significance. Sri Chakrapani Temple: The Sri Chakrapani temple enshrines a legend according to which the Sun God engaged in a competition with the Chakra, or the discuss, which Lord Vishnu carries, as to who shone brighter. The discus triumphed. The Lord allowed the Sun God to regain his brightness by retracting somewhat of His discus' splendour. The Lord is called "Chakrapani". The Goddess is "Vijayavalli Thayar". Sri Ramaswami Temple: Raghunatha, the Nayak of Thanjavur, who ruled from 1600 to 1635, built the Sri Ramaswami temple. It is said that the Nayak obtained the images of Sri Rama and Sita when a tank was being dug. To enshrine them he built this splendid temple about 1625. The Lord in the sanctum is in His coronation ensemble, not in the customary standing Kodandarama one. In the Mahamandapa there are several pillars on which are sculptures depicting the "Ramayana". The carvings are sharp, and at the same time, they exude devotion. On the walls around the Prakara the "Ramayana" is again told, this time in murals. These have been often restored and renovated. Festivals Celebrated In The Adikumbeshwara Temple: The Great Mahamaham festival celebrated in honour of Lord attracts lakhs of people from far and wide and it takes place once in 12 years. It is celebrated on the conjunction of the moon with the Mahanakshatra and Jupiter crosses one Rashi or sign in about one year. It comes to Simha Rashi or Leo every 13th year and it is considered especially sacred. It is believed that on this auspicious day the tank receives supplies of water from the Ganges and eight other holy rivers and all the deities are said to remain present here on that occasion. The Lord has a number of festivals round the year. Every year in the month of Maasi (February-March) a festival is conducted and the image of Lord Kumbeshwara is taken out in a procession. It is celebrated for 10 days during that period. Others include, Theppam festival during Panguni (March - April), Sapthathanam during Chitirai month (April - May). During this festival Lord's idol will be carried in a palanquin to the nearby villages. Marriage festival for Lord Adikumbeshwara and Goddess Mangalambigai is conducted in the month of Vaikasi (May - June). Daily pujas are conducted six times from morning to evening. Festival Celebrated In The Nageshwara Temple: The annual Bhramotsavam in the Nageshwara Temple is observed in the Tamil month of Pankuni.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Nearest airports are Trichy (96-km) and Chennai (275-km). Rail: Kumbakonam has a railway station, which is well connected with the important towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation and Private buses are running daily to/from Kumbakonam from Trichy, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai, Mannargudi, Nagapattinam, Neyveli, Villupuram, Coimbatore, Madurai, Erode, Chidambaram, Pondicherry, Cuddalore and Tirunelvelli.
28
KETTILocation: Near Coonoor, In the Nilgiri Mountains, Tamil NaduFamous For: Highest Railway Station Situated At 7,000 FtHome Of: Badagas And Todas (Tribes)Best Time To Visit: April-June And September-December Ketti is a tiny village located on the road to Coonoor, which is the home of tribes such as the Badagas and the Todas. It is an idyllic spot with a cluster of tiny villages that extend to the plains of Coimbatore and Mysore plateau. Ketti is famous for having the highest railway station in the country, situated at a height of 7,000 ft, in the Nilgiri Mountains of South India. The weather of Ketti valley is salubrious. Ketti is a wealth of natural beauty reposing in the Wenlock Downs, the Municipal Gardens and Doddabetta Peak, at 2,623 m the highest in the Nilgiris. Life In The Valley: Ketti represents a way of life that revolves around caring for livestock and cultivation of vegetables and potatoes. The people wake up even before the sun has risen, cowbells resonate musically across the valley while smoke spirals skywars from the tiled houses below. Walks around the village can be an invigorating afternoon experience, winding up above stately homes such as "Sunny Bank" within the boundary of Ootacamund town. When night falls, one will delight in the unbelievable clusters of stars that seem to be just an arm's length away. The aroma of eucalyptus is pervasive, as Ketti seems to blend with the distant view. The other prominent features of the region are endless carpets of tea gardens whose produce is world famous. CLIMATE: The climate of Ketti is gorgeous and the place is suitable for visit in all seasons except monsoons. During summers, the temperature is rarely higher than 25°C or lower than 10°C and the winters are distinctly cooler with a high of 21°C and a low of 5°C.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Coimbatore (100-km away). Rail: The nearest convenient railway station is at Ooty. Road: Regular buses are available from Ooty, Coonoor, Kotagiri and Coimbatore.
KODAIKANALLocation: 120 Km from Madurai, Tamil NaduPopularly Known As: KodaiFamous Festival Summer FestivalBest Time To Visit: April To June And September To OctoberKodaikanal located amidst the folds of the verdant Pali hills is one of the most popular serene hill stations in India, which mesmerizes any visitor. With her wooded slopes, mighty rocks, enhancing waterfalls and a beautiful lake, Kodaikanal is a charming hill station. Kodai is situated at an altitude of about 2,133-m high and covers an area of 21.45-sq-km. The hill town is renowned for its educational institutions of international repute. The pride of Kodaikanal is the 'Kurinji-flower', which blossoms once in 12 years. The hill-plantain fruits and plums are known for their freshness and taste.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSBerijam Lake: Berijam Lake is one of the beautiful picnic spots in Kodai, located 21-km away from the bus stand. This lake supplies drinking water to Periakalam town. The scenery around here is delightful. Was constructed, but only from May 1929, few tourists were permitted to avail boat ride as temporary members. Later on they were extended to the public and tourists in 1932. Boats like T.T.D.C, Kodai boats, Carlton boats are available for hire.
29
Bryant Park: Bryant Park situated on the eastern side of the lake, is noted for flowers, hybrids and rafts. Varieties of flowers can be seen in a glasshouse. The annual horticultural show is held here in May. Shenbaganur Museum: Shenbaganur Museum is located about 5-Km from the lake. The Sacred Heart College maintains this museum. One of the best orchidoriums in the country with more than 300 species of orchids and wide-ranging collection of birds are found here. Coaker's Walk: Coaker's Walk derives the name from Lt. Coaker, who prepared the map of Kodai and it is about a kilometre from the lake, which runs along a steep slope on the southern side of the Kodai. Some of the best views of the plains can be seen from here. Kodaikanal Lake: Kodaikanal Lake is a magnificent man-made lake, which spreads out in a star shape over sixty acres is a main attraction as it is set among the greenery. The boat club here offers several pleasure and racing trips. Pillar Rocks: Within the city limits one can see three boulders standing shoulder - to - shoulder vertically measuring to a height of about 122 meters providing a panoramic view. Kurinji Andavar Temple: The presiding deity of the temple is Lord Murugan and is about 3.2-km from the lake. In Tamil literature "Kurinji" means "Hilly Region" and "Andavar" means God. From this temple, one can get a view of the northern plains and Palani Hills. Silver Cascade: Silver Cascade waterfall is located on the Ghat Road about 8-km from Kodaikanal. The overflow of Kodai Lake comes down here as 180 feet high falls. Bear Shola Falls: An ideal picnic spot located 1.6-km from the lake, which can be by a picturesque, rugged hill path. Bears once used to drink water above the falls. Telescope Houses: To enable the visitors to have a panoramic view of the valley and the nearby towns, two telescope houses have been put up at Kodai. CLIMATE: The climate of Kodaikanal is pleasant throughout the year, but the best time to visit Kodaikanal is from April to June and from September to October.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai (120 km from Kodaikanal). Rail: The nearest railway stations are the Kodai Road Railway Station (80-km) and the Palani Railway Station (64-km). Road: Kodaikanal is connected by road with Chennai (520-km), Ooty (264-km), Trichy (197-km), Coimbatore (175-km), Kumili (160-km), and Madurai (120-km). Regular bus services are available from Madurai, Palani, Kodaikanal Road, Theni, Dindigul, Tiruchirapalli, Kumuli (Thekkady) and Coimbatore. Additional buses ply during the season. Taxis and vans are available for local transportation. There is no auto- THE SUMMER FESTIVAL IN KODAIKANAL: There are several beautiful hill stations in Tamil Nadu. With the Summer Festivals, the hills are even hospitable to welcome the visitors. The summer festival is held in the 'Queen of Hill Stations', the evergreen Ooty; the exquisite Kodaikanal or the salubrious heights of Yercaud. Cultural programs, adventure sports, boat races, flower and fruit shows add to the splendour of the festival. GENERAL INFORMATIONArea 21.45-sq-km. Population 2,7461 (1991 Census) Altitude 2,133 meters Temperature Range (deg C) Summer - Max 19.8ºC, Min 11.3 ºC Winter- Max17.3ºC, Min8.3ºC
30
Clothing Light woolen in the evening during summer and heavy woolen during winter. Rainfall 165 CMS (average). Heavy rains occur during October-December.
KOTAGIRILocation: 16-km From Ooty, Tamil NaduAltitude: 1950mDates Back: 1819Kotagiri is located 16-km away from Ooty and it is the oldest hill station of the Nilgiris. Kotagiri is situated at an altitude of 1950m, which was once a British hill resort, that dates back to 1819 and is quieter than Ooty. Elk Falls, Kodanad Viewpoint and Catherine Falls are a few places to visit. Kotagiri enjoys a climatic advantage over Ooty, in that the Doddabetta range protects it from the onslaught of the southeast monsoon. There is a wonderful golf course, which is just a sheet of gorgeous green. There are some thick, deep impenetrable forests called "Sholas".
PRIME ATTRACTIONSRangaswamy Pillar: Rangaswamy Pillar is located 16 km away from Kotagiri on the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris. It is considered to be a sacred place. Kodanad Viewpoint: Kodanad Viewpoint located at a distance of 16 km from Kotagiri commands a panoramic view of the plains and the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris. Wellington: Wellington situated on the way from Coonoor to Ooty is a military town with rows and rows of barracks. The headquarters of the Madras Regimental Center, the Indian Army and the Defence Staff College are located here.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Coimbatore (105-km). Rail: The nearest convenient railway station is at Ooty. Road: Kotagiri is connected to the nearby places by road and there are regular bus services from Mettupalayam railway station, Ooty, Coonoor, Wellington and Kila Kotagiri.
MaduraiLocation: Tamil Nadu Historical Significance: Remained The Capital Of Pandayan Empire Till 14th Century.Main Attractions: Meenakshi Temple, Koodal Azhagar Temple, and Thirumalai Nayak MahalFestive Attractions: Meenakshi Kalyanam In April-May And The Teppam FestivalMadurai or the "city of nectar" is the oldest and second largest city of Tamil Nadu. This city is located on Vaigai River and was the capital of Pandyan rulers till the 14th century. The Pandyan king, Kulasekhara had built a gorgeous temple around which he created a lotus shaped city. Mythology says when city was being named; Lord Shiva blessed the city and its people. On the auspicious occasion some Divine nectar ("Madhu") fell from the matted locks of Shiva and hence the city was named "Madhurapuri". This sacred town of south attracts thousands of pilgrims and visitors from India as well as abroad. Madurai's Pilgrimage - Meenakshi Temple: The life of Madurai revolves around the Sri Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple. This magnificently carved temple is the main attraction of Madurai and its huge Gopurams towers over the city. Meenakshi temple has a thousand pillared 'Mandapam'. Precisely there are 985 pillars and each of them is delicately and exquisitely carved. Among these are the musical pillars, which produce music when tapped. Surprisingly, these musical pillars are carved out of a single granite rock. The temple has been a hub of Tamil culture and has been sponsoring literature, art, music, and dance in the region for a long time. The temple also has an art museum. The city apart from temple is crammed with shops, street markets and temples, pilgrim’s
31
choultries, hotels and restaurants. Though Madurai is considered as pilgrimage but it has also developed as a business center and is famed for its traditional handicrafts in bronze and brass.
PRIME ATTRCATIONSMeenakshi Amman Temple: An excellent example of Dravidian Architecture, the Meenakshi Temple attracts devotees from all over India and Tourist from all over the world. One can climb to the southern Gopuram of the temple to get a great view of the city. Koodal Azhaar Temple: One of the most ancient temples in Madurai, Koodal Azhagar temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. In this temple he is seen in various postures sitting, standing, reclining one over the other. There are intricate woodcarvings in here, including one of Lord Rama's coronations. Vandiyur Kanmoy Tourist Complex: This is an ideal picnic spot with TTDC providing boathouses restaurant services. Thirumalai Nayak Mahal: This palace is an excellent example of Indo-Sarcenic architecture. It was built in 1523 AD and originally was four times larger than what it is today. The gardens, the defensive wall all have gone and what remains are the main entrance gate, the dancing hall and the main hall. Lord Napier renovated the palace in 1866-72 and later further restoration works were carried on. Today, the main attraction of the palace is light and sound show, which is based on the life of "Tirumalai Nayak" and "Silapathikaram". Vanditur Mariamman Teppakulam: This huge tank is covers an area equal to the six of Meenakshi temple. Tirumalai Nayak built it in 1646. It is said that channels from the Vaigai River connect the tank. Today, this tank remains empty for most of the year except during the Teppam Festival. The Gandhi Museum: The museum was initially the palace of Rani Mangammal. It gives a clear account of the history of Independence movement of India. This museum also tells some little known facts about Gandhi but the real piece of Gandhi Memorabilia is the blood stained Dhoti, which he was wearing at the time of his assassination. The local government museum is also situated over here. The small bookshop offers plenty of reading material from Gandhi’s works. Thirupparankundram: This is one of the abodes of Lord Sundareshwara, a rock cut temple carved out of a mountain, just 8-km from the city. Azhagar Koil: This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is located 18-km northeast of Madurai on a picturesque hilltop. The gold image of Azhagar travels for the Celestial marriage during the Chithirai festival. Pazhamudhirsolai: On the same hills of Azhagar Koilthis is again one of the six abodes of Lord Subramanya. Vaigai Dam: Vaigai dam is surrounded by well-manicured gardens and has come up as a popular picnic spots, just 70-km from Madurai. Kodaikkanal: One of the best hill stations in India and one of the few in South India, Kodaikkanal or Kodai is a very beautiful place near Madurai. It takes just 121-km of travel to reach Kodai. Kodai is located 2,130 m above the sea level in the Western Ghats. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary: One of the well-known wildlife sanctuaries in the south, Periyar sanctuary attracts a large number of nature lovers every year. Also called the Tekkadi wildlife sanctuary, this place is appropriate to watch and observe the animals in their natural habitat. The forest of this sanctuary slope into the man made lake at the bottom of the hill Megamalai: The tea estates on the slopes of the Western Ghats nestles Megamalai. This lovely place is bound to capture your imagination. Good place to stay and enjoy a
32
lovely surrounding. One can also watch the animals roaming in the forest, which are close to Megamalai, Just 130-km from Madurai. Suruli Falls: 123-km from Madurai city is Suruli falls, which are located in a picturesque area. It is an ideal spot and an excellent picnic spot to spend one day. Courtallam: Courtallam is located about 167-km on the Western Ghats and is an excellent health resort in this part of the country. This place is also known as the 'Spa of the South'. Courtallam is located just 160-km from Madurai. This place has got nine splendid waterfalls, which attracts a large number of visitors. TTDC offers here a boathouse accommodation apart from the restaurant. Palani: 118-km from Madurai is the temple dedicated to Lord Subramanyam. The temple is located on top of a hill 180 meter high. The temple attracts many devotees and people coming to Madurai do not miss visiting Palani. From the hilltop one gets an excellent view of the nearby area. Viraganur Dam: This ideal picnic spot is located just 8-km from Madurai. Kumbakkarai waterfalls: This place serves as the base camp for the trekkers who venture in the hills of Kodai. Kumbakkarai Water Falls are 105-km from Madurai and form an excellent picnic spot. Waterfall surrounded by forests combined with the pristine beauty of the hills creates a very soothing atmosphere.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Madurai has its own airport and there are flights, which connect the city with Chennai, Tiruchirappalli. The airline services have at least one flight daily from Madurai to Chennai. From there one can take flight to anywhere in India. Rail: Madurai has one of the major railway junctions of South India. It is connected with the all the major tourist as well as religious places in Tamil Nadu. Though there are not many trains, which connect the city with major cities of India such as, Madurai is easily accessible from any part of the nation. Road: There are good motorable roads, which connect this, second largest city of Tamil Nadu with other parts of the state as well as other places in India. Madurai has five bus stands, which cater to the needs of the people. FAIRS & FESTIVALS: Most important festival of Madurai is the sacred wedding ceremony of Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareshwar. This festival is held during March -April. During this festival the city displays a colourful and joyous mood. Images of the divine couple are taken around the city in a tastefully decorated chariot, amidst the presence of a huge gathering of devotees. The notes of Nadaswaram and drums further aggravate the festive ambience. The annual float festival marks the images of Meenakshi and her consort floating on the Mariamman tank on an illuminated raft bedecked with flowers. As such there are festivals throughout the year in Madurai. All most 11 big annual festivals are celebrated in Madurai, which are spread through the year with exception of the monsoon months. SHOPPING: Madurai has been a textile center since ages. The streets and lanes are lines with shops and tailors offering readymade as well as fabric material manufactured in Madurai. The Puthu Mandapam, an old pillared hall along the entrance to Meenakshi temple is popular among the visitors and locals for the cotton fabric and the Batiks. The lovely Sungundi Sarees are in great demand among Indian women. Collectors are delighted to have the Brass lamps from Madurai. Premier shopping areas are Chithirai, Avanimoola, Puthumandapam and Thevangu Chetty Choultry. The handicrafts Emporiums of the states are also here, which offer a varied range of handicrafts from all over the India. CLIMATE: The climate of Madurai is warm. The temperature seldom comes below 20° C even during the winters. The rainfall is very frequent and spread throughout the year, just like the flow of pilgrims and tourists is the same during the year.
MahabalipuramLocation: 58-Km From Chennai, Tamil NaduAlso Called: Mamallapuram, The City Of Bali Famous: Center For Pallava Culture And ArtsImportant Festivals Celebrated: Dance Festival In The Month Of December Temple Town Of Tamil Nadu:” Located at a distance of 58-km from Chennai, Mahabalipuram has everything that makes a site memorable; tradition, history, piety, western annals, and current importance as a center of tourism. Name Of The Site: The proper name of the site is "Mamallapuram", after Mamalla, an honorific of the Pallava king, Narasimha Varman I (630-668), who created the earliest of its monuments. But it is popularly called "Mahabalipuram", or "The city of Bali", whom Lord Vishnu chastised for his pride and of whom there is a relief in one of the excavated temples here. About Mahabalipuram: The history of Mahabalipuram dates back to two thousand years, it contains nearly forty monuments of different types including an "open air bas relief" which is the largest in the world, for centuries it has been a center of pilgrimage, it figures in the early annals of the British search for the picturesque in India in the 18th century, today it attracts shoals of foreigners in search of relaxation and sea bathing, and most strange of all, it has an atomic power plant for neighbour. A small library has been written on it. Over its history and that of its monuments a number of scholarly controversies rage. Mahabalipuram was already a center of pilgrimage when; in the 7th century Mamalla made it a seaport and began to make temples fashioned of rock. It was through Mahabalipuram that many Indian colonists, who included sages and artists, migrated to Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka's national chronicle, the "Mahavamsa" testifies to this fact. Temples In Mahabalipuram; There are, or rather were, two low hills in Mahabalipuram, about 400m from the sea. In the larger one, on both sides, there are eleven excavated temples, called Mandapas, two "open air bas reliefs"; one of which is unfinished, and a third enclosed one. Out of a big rock standing free nearby there is a "cut out" temple, called a "Ratha". This type is unique to Mahabalipuram. Out of the other hill, much smaller and standing about 200m to the south, are fashioned five more rathas, and three big sculptures of a Nandi, a Loin and an Elephant. On the top of the bigger hill there is a structural temple, and a little distance the magnificent beginnings of a Vijayanagar Gopura and also survivals of what is believed to be a palace. Temple Of Sthalasayana Perumal: Immediately to the north of the bigger hill there is the temple of Sthalasayana Perumal, much enlarged in Vijayanagar times. By the very margin of the sea, with the waves often flowing at its foot, there is a magnificent fane with three shrines in an axial line, called the "Shore Temple". To the west of the five Rathas there are three more rathas, two side by side. About 600 m north of Mahabalipuram, along the coast, is Saluvankuppam, where there are magnificent excavated temples and, near it, a rock Mandapa with tiger heads along its periphery, called the "Tigers Cave". Between Saluvankuppam and Mahabalipuram, less than 200m from the sea, stands another structural temple, the Mukunda Nayanar.
34
Each and every one of these monuments of different types, structural temple, excavated temple "cut out" temple, "open air bas relief", not to mention sculptures and Mandapas to be found here and there, is important and interesting. The Shore temple, the celebrated "open air bas relief" called "Arjuna's Penance", the Mahishamardhani and the Adivaraha "Cave" temples and the Five Rathas are the especial rewards of the visitor. All the monuments are Pallava except that the original Sthalasayana Perumal temple was expanded in Vijayanagar times. To the Chola days belongs a Mandapa at the entrance to the township. The Shore Temple: The Shore Temple occupies a most extraordinary site, by the very margin of the Bay of Bengal so that at high tide the waves sweep into it and the walls, with their sculptures, have been eroded by the winds and waves of thirteen centuries. The European name for Mahabalipuram, since the first western visitor wrote of it in the 16th century, is the "Seven Pagodas". There are not seven temples here. The number has been made up fancifully and even whimsically. Some of the Europeans believed that the sea has overwhelmed a part of the town containing some temples. But, there is no sunken city in the waves off Mahabalipuram. The European name, "Seven Pagodas", is irrational and cannot be accounted for. The Shrines In The Shore Temple: There are three shrines in the Shore Temple. That facing the sea and another facing west into the township is Saiva. The one between is Vaishnava, with an image of Lord Anantasayi made of live rock. There are Vimanas over the Saiva (also spelt as Shaiv or Shaiva) shrines, but none over the third; it seems to have disappeared with time. There are Somaskanda reliefs on the walls of the Saiva shrine. In front of the eastern shrine there is a stone dhvajastambha, frequently under the waves. The light that shone on it at night must have been the last sight of home for thousands of Pallava citizens immigrating to South East Asia. The Dhvajastambha and the Balipitha, which normally stand in front of the main shrine, are here located to the west of the shrine. There was a Prakara here, with small Nandis on its walls. Some of the Nandis still stand on the survivals of the walls. Till some decades ago parts of the temple were under sand. The sea is an ever-present danger. A semi-circular groyne wall has been built to the east. But what is notable is the fact that the temple has survived all these centuries. Built by Narasimha Varman II Rajasimha, the maker of the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram in the 8th century, this is one of the earliest structural temples in Tamil Nadu. Arjuna's Penance - An Open Air bas-relief: If a temple by the sea and, at times, in the sea is a tour de force, the "open air bas relief" is even more so. In Mahabalipuram alone of all innumerable sites of monuments in India sculptor was impelled to choose a large cliff face on which to make his carvings. What is more, he chose a scene from the "Mahabharatha" (also spelt as Mahabharata), which a great Sanskrit dramatist, probably then living in Kanchipuram, had popularized. This surface, 29m by 13m, consists of two large boulders with a fissure in between. In the cleavage there are a serpent god and a serpent goddess in the act of worship. Covering the surface on the boulders on either side of them there are nearly one hundred figures of Gods, sages semi-divine beings, huge elephants and a few other animals. The Depictions of Arjuna's Penance: There have been strong differences of opinion among eminent scholars on what this scene depicts. An old view was that it represents Bhagiratha's penance. But the opinion that currently holds the field is that it depicts Arjuna's Penance. This "Mahabharatha" incident, also represented in both mural and relief in Lepakshi and a number of other sites, relates to Arjuna's obtaining a weapon to use in the impending war against the Kauravas.
35
Bharavi, the Sanskrit dramatist, who, it is believed, was living in Kanchipuram in the seventh century, when this masterpiece was made, has made it his theme in his "Kiratarjuniyam". The Pallava court in that century was a nest of singing birds. It is highly probable that it is this scene, which is depicted here. The main scene of action is on the southern face. Here an ascetic is performing severe penance, standing on one leg. Near him is Lord Shiva, with His attendants. Immediately below them there is a small shrine with a relief of Lord Vishnu inside. By its side are many seated sages in meditation. The fissure indicates a river. This is clear from a fact and a suggestion. The fact, also strengthened by the presence of water serpents, is the depiction at the edge of the southern surface of some persons performing the rite of "Sandhya vandhana" by the river. The suggestion is that, in Pallava days, actual water flowed down the cleavage from the hill behind, where there are survivals of what would be called a water tank. The notion is similar to what is found in the Isurumuniya in Anuradhapura, the ancient capital of Sri Lanka. On the northern face are some huge elephants, among the very best of their kind in the whole range of Indian sculptures. There is, besides, the hypocritical cat which, pretending to perform penance, draws to it a number of unfortunate unsuspecting rats. This is a touch of humour not very common in Indian art. There are, besides, the Lion, the Tiger, and the Boar. In the upper part off the surface there are rows of semi-divine beings effortlessly flying, all towards the fissure. Close by is placed an engaging composition of a monkey picking out lice from the head of another. It was brought here from near the Mukunda Nayanar temple. A little distance to the south there is an unfinished attempt at the depiction of the very same scene on another boulder. Probably the maker of the first bas-relief initially tried his hand here. There is a third bas-relief, this time depicting Sri Krishna protecting the good people of Brindavan from Indra's wrath by interposing a mountain. This is a fine pastoral scene, which visitors to Mahabalipuram in the early centuries would have readily understood. Strangely enough, there are a few small sphinxes and gryphons at the edges of the huge composition. A Mandapa was built in Vijayanagar times in front of what originally was an open-air bas-relief. Mahishamardhani and the Adivaraha Mandapas: Of the many excavated rock temples in Mahabalipuram anomalously called "Mandapas", two of the best are the Mahishamardhani and the Adivaraha. The former contains on walls facing each other two of the most superb sculptural reliefs known to Indian art, both connected with each other in their common scriptural source. The latter Mandapa has two groups of royal sculptures, also facing each other. Besides, it is the only temple in Mahabalipuram apart from the Sthalasayana Perumal, where worship continues today, but fitfully. The Mahishamardhini temple has been excavated in a rock on the eastern side of the top of the hill. Right above it there is a structural temple, one of four of a lighthouse for decades until a new lighthouse was erected close by. Near the Mahishamardhani temple there is a smaller rock where an unfinished attempt at excavating a fane has been made. There are three shrines in the Mahishamardhani Mandapa. A small Mandapa projects forward from the central shrine. On the northern and southern walls of the Ardhamandapa there are the great sculptural reliefs of Goddess Durga fighting the demon and of Lord Vishnu in His cosmic sleep. The incidents are from two consecutive cantos of the "Devi Mahatmyam". In the one relief the energy with which the young Goddess goes forth to war with the buffalo headed demon is in magnificent contrast with the cosmic sleep of Lord Vishnu on His serpent couch.
36
The royal groups in the Adivaraha temple are, in one, of a seated king with two queens flanking him and, in the other, of a standing king with two consorts standing by him. There are many opinions but it is generally thought that the seated monarch is Simhavishnu (574-600) and the standing one his son and successor, Mahendra I (600-630). There are, besides, reliefs of many divinities. The Five Rathas - The Dharmaraja, The Bhima, The Arjuna, The Draupadi and The SahadevaThe Five Rathas, about 200-m south of the main hill, were fashioned out of a smaller hill sloping down from the south. From the largest part was made the biggest of the five rathas, the Dharmaraja. Then followed onwards north, in the descending order of height, the Bhima, the Arjuna and the Draupadi. A little to the west of Draupadi there was a comparatively large rock and out of it the Sahadeva Ratha was made. Immediately in front of the Draupadi again two smaller rocks were sculptured into an elephant and a lion. Behind the Draupadi and the Arjuna, which stand on a common base, there is a Nandi. Not Exactly Temple Chariots! These rathas (an irregular expression, for they are really Vimanas, and not temple chariots, as the word means) perpetuate the forms of the temple in use when they used to be made of perishable materials. A Pallava who must have been something of an art critic or art historian decided that these styles should be preserved in eternal rock. Outside Mahabalipuram except in Kazhugumalai (in Tirunelveli district), there is nothing like these rathas anywhere in India. There are four rathas elsewhere in Mahabalipuram so that there are nine in all. Among themselves they represent four main styles: the apsidal, the barrel vaulted, the domical and the so-called "hut". The third was to dominate the future, with some modifications. The first two are comparatively rare and the last very much so. The rathas with the domical sikhara are the Dharmaraja, the largest of them all; the Arjuna, a smaller version of the first, the Pidari and the two Valayankuttai, these three located elsewhere in Mahabalipuram. The Bhima Ratha and Ganesa Ratha, which is near the larger hill, is barrel vaulted, the Sahadeva is apsidal, and the Draupadi is "hut shaped". There are some superb sculptures on the Dharmaraja and the Arjuna. The former contains splendid divine and secular portraits, with labels beside some of them. The later are certainly kings, but it is difficult to identify them. There are some lovely royal couples on the Arjuna. Again, it is impossible to say who they are. Nevertheless, these sculptures show how beautifully delicate and sensitive Pallava sculpture is, making it one of the great schools of Indian art. The lion, Goddess Durga's mount, stands right in front of Her shrine, here called the "Draupadi". Just alongside the apsidal Sahadeva Ratha stands the elephant, also apsidal in shape. Such touches are frequent in Mahabalipuram. It is very probable that there was a school of sculpture here in ancient days. For, probationary and incomplete sculptural and architectural efforts are to be seen at every turn. An important point is that not a single monument in Mahabalipuram is quite complete. Mahabalipuram- A Classical Site Of Indian Historical Archaeology: When the first British visitors went to Mahabalipuram in the eighteenth century, they found the monuments under sand, a few completely so. It must have fallen into neglect after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire or, at least, Vijayanagar authority. It had prospered under the Cholas and their successors until about the seventeenth century. Europe knew of it as early as the 13th century when, following Marco Polo's visit, it appears in the Catalan Map of 1275. The first European to mention it directly, but with no personal knowledge, of it, did so in 1582. The first English visitor was William Chambers in 1788. Following this, earnest
37
antiquarians from Madras puzzled over it. One of them, Colin Mackenzie, dug out some of the monuments from sand and deputed assistants to collect its traditions and coins. In this way Mahabalipuram became one of the classical sites of Indian historical archaeology. Dance Festival at Mahabalipuram: The internationally acclaimed and globally renowned "Mahabalipuram Dance Festival" is organized by the Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu every year in Mahabalipuram - the renowned and ancient 7th century center for Pallava culture and arts. The Dance festival starts on the 25th of December every year and is conducted on all Saturdays and Government holidays, upto February first week. Dancers and musicians of repute from India and abroad thrill the crowds every year. Folk dances of India are an added attraction. Sit before an open-air 'stage' created 13 centuries ago, the incredible monolithic rock sculptures of the Pallavas, next to the sea in this ancient city of Mahabalipuram. Lovers of dance will be treated to a very unique and unforgettably aesthet Pilgrimage In Tamil Nadu IC event: Bharathanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali and Odissi, presented by the very best exponents of the art besides folk dances.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Chennai (58-km) is the nearest airport with both domestic and international terminus. Chennai is connected with all the major places in India through the numerous domestic flights. International flights operate from various parts of the world to Chennai. Rail: The nearest railway stations are Chengalpattu (29-km) and Chennai (58-km). From these stations one has to take road to reach the Mahabalipuram. Road: Buses are available from Pondicherry, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Chennai to Mahabalipuram daily. The road to Mahabalipuram is good. Tourists can also hire a taxi from Chennai.
NAGAPPATTINAMLocation: Nagappattinam District, Tamil NaduFormerly Known As: NegapattamIt Was: The Headquarters Of The Region During Chola PeriodFamous Festivals: The Festivals At Nagore And The Flag- Hoisting Festival At Velankanni Nagappattinam, formerly known as "Negapattam", is the administrative headquarters of Nagappattinam district. It's Boundaries: The district of Nagappattinam is bounded in the east by the Bay of Bengal, in the west by Thanjavur and Tiruvarur districts, in the north by Cuddalore district, and in the south by Palk Strait. It is a coastal region and the coastline has a number of harbours of which mention must be made of Nagore, Point Calimere, and Nagappattinam. Nagappattinam is an ancient port known to have traded with Europe in Greek and Roman times, it became a Portuguese and later a Dutch colony. Nagappattinam is a unique district with all its historical and cultural significance. It one of the constituents of Cholamandalam, acclaimed as the most prominent among the ancient Tamil Kingdom. The History Of Nagappattinam: Nagappattinam town was the headquarters of the region during Chola period. It was also known as 'Cholkula Vallippattinam' and is mentioned as 'Padarithitha' in ancient Buddhist literature. Padarithitha is the name of a fruit tree, very common in this region. Pallava King Rajasimha (690 - 720 BC) permitted a Chinese king to build Buddha Vihar in Nagappattinam. Hence, a Chinese built Buddha Vihar exists in Nagappattinam.
38
Portuguese had a commercial contact with Nagappattinam during the Tanjore Nayak rule (Sevvappa Nayakkar and Acchuthappa Nayakkar). Portuguese commercial center was established in 1554. With the advent of Portuguese, Velankanni Church came in to existence. In 1658 the Dutch tried to evict the Portuguese from Nagappttinam to establish their commercial center under the agreement reached between King Vijaya Nayakkar of Thanjavur and the Dutch on 5.1.1662. The Dutch built Christian Churches and a Hospital. They also released coins with the name 'Nagappattinam' engraved in Tamil letters. Later Nagappattinam fell into the hands of the British in 1781 after the prolonged struggles. Thus, Nagappattinam has the history of over 2,000 years for its credit.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSri Mayuranathaswami Temple: Sri Mayuranathaswami Temple is situated at Mayuram (also called as Mayiladuthurai), in Nagappattinam district. The presiding deity is a Swayambu Lingam with consort known as "Abhayapradhambikai", "Adhayambikai", "Anjalanayaki", "Anjalai" etc. meaning one who gave refuge to the peahen. The inspiring temple has a nine storeyed imposing Gopuram, 164 ft high on the eastern entrance. The ancient temple was built during the period of the famous Chola kings. There are many small shrines here of which three are dedicated to Sri Vinayagar (also called as Ganesha or Vinayaka), one for Lord Nataraja, and the rest to other deities. Sri Rajagopalaswami Temple: Sri Rajagopalaswami temple, located near Nagappattinam, was constructed in the 12th century but the sanctum is believed to have been in existence earlier. The place is known as "South Dwaraka" and it was here that Lord Krishna gave Darshan to two devotees, Gopralayar and Gopilar. It is one of the important Thengalai Vaishnavite shrines in South India, adopting Pancharatragama. There are two sub-temples attached to the main temple, viz. Sri Gopralaya and Sri Lakshminarayana Perumal temple. Nagore: The Nagore Dargah of Meeran Sahib Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid Badshah is a spiritual shrine in South India. It is one of the popular pilgrimage centers for Muslims in Tamil Nadu. About 5km from Nagapattinam, Nagore makes for a busy pilgrimage, with busloads of tourists arriving from all over the state. The Dargah features beautiful domed arches and lovely minarets. Velankanni: Velankanni (also spelt Velangani) also known as the "Mecca of South Asian Christianity" is located 12-km south of Nagapattinam, on the Coromandel Coast, in Tamil Nadu. The shrine is dedicated to Our Lady of Health, the Madonna of Velankanni and is popularly called as 'Sacred Arockia Madha Church' and people of all faiths and religions visit it. Sikkal: Sri Navaneetheswar temple is in Sikkal, a railway station on the Thanjavur-Nagore line and on the bus route from Thiruvarur to Nagappattinam. As Sambandar has sung in praise of Sri Navaneetheswar, the temple can be presumed to be in existence since the 7th century AD. The temple was in a state of ruin towards the close of the last century and Sri Alagappa Chettiar of Thekkur of Ramnad district renovated it. There are eight stone inscriptions in the temple. Though, the presiding deity is Navaneetheswarar, the temple is more widely known as one of the seats of Lord Subrahmanya who is known as "Singaravelavar". He is the processional deity. There are numerous other deities including a Perumal who is installed in a separate sanctum. Point Calimere Sanctuary: Sprawling on 17.26-sq-km surrounded by sea and shore, comprising forests of tidal swamps, dry evergreen forests of mangroves, this coastal sanctuary also known as "Kodikkarai", is 68-km from Nagappattinam, in a wetland, which juts out into the Palk Strait separating India and Sri Lanka. It is noted for the vast flocks of migratory waterfowl, especially flamingos, which congregate here every winter.
39
Vedaranyam (Thirumaraikkadu): Vedaranyam is situated about 58-km from Nagappattinam near Tiruvarur. It is one of the 64 Sakthi Peethams (Sundara Peetham) of India and it is also one of the 7 Saptavitanka Shrines special to Tyagaraja - associated with the Mucukunda Chola legend. Ettukkudi: The distance between Nagappattinam and Ettukkudi is 28-km. Murugan temple at Ettukkudi is very famous and finds a place in hymns of saint Arunagirinathar. Saraswati Ambal Temple At Koothanur: Koothanur is a small village located near Poonthottam in the heart of the temple belt of Tamil Nadu. The village is 45-km from Nagappattinam and is especially famous for the Saraswathi (also spelt as Saraswati) temple and its association with Ottakoothar, the Tamil poet. Mannarkudi: Mannargudi is a place of religious antiquity and legendary importance. It is located at a distance of 56-km from Nagappattinam. The famous Vishnu temple at Mannargudi is dedicated to Sri Rajagopalaswami and was built by the Chola King Kulottunga I (1070-1120 AD). Sri Subramanyaswami Temple in Swamimalai: Tiruverakam, popularly known as "Swamimalai" is located at a distance eight kilometers from Kumbakonam in Thanjavur district on the northern banks of the river Cauvery. It is about 60-km from Nagappattinam. Swamimalai is one of the six famous abodes (Arupadaiveedu) dedicated to Lord Muruga (also spelt Murugan). Lord Muruga preached Pranava mantra "OM" to Lord Shiva and that why he is called "Swaminathan".
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Tiruchirappalli (Trichy), at a distance of about 141-km. Rail: Nagappattinam has a railway station and trains are available to Thanjavur, Tiruchi, Nagore and Chennai. Road: Regular bus services are available from Thanjavur, Tiruchi, Chennai, Nagore and other places of the state. For local transportation, taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available. The Flag- Hoisting Festival At Velankanni: Large concourses of devotees witness the flag hoisting on the 29th of August every year. The flag of our lady is hoisted every day for nine days. During this ceremony an intense feeling is aroused leaving behind rapturous eyes and murming lips, proclaiming Her praises. Another important and crowd pulling event of the festive days is the car procession that takes place at 8.00 p.m. every day. The Festivals At Nagore: Every year, during the lunar month of Jumada al-Thani, the Nagore Dargah Shrines celebrate a festive season known as 'Kandhuri Urs'. Pilgrims, including non-Muslims, from far and wide come for 'ziyarat'. It is obnoxiously painful to note that the votaries worship Him, instead of respecting and revering Him. Kandhuri Urs marks the death anniversary of Meeran Sahib.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 14.8-sq-km. Population: 86,489 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 10o 35' to 11° 25' Longitude: E 79o 35' to 79o 50' Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 36.2ºC, Min 30.4ºCWinter- Max 23.1ºC, Min 22.0ºCRainfall: 1,288 mm
NAGERCOILLocation: Kanyakumari District, Tamil NaduWas A Part Of: Kerala State Until 1956The Meaning Of Its Name: Snake TempleMain Attraction: Nagaraja TempleNagercoil is an important town located in the district of Kanyakumari (also spelt as Kanniyakumari). It is situated at the southern part of Tamil Nadu. Until 1956, it was a part of Kerala state, but now it is in Tamil Nadu. The City Of Nagercoil: Nagercoil controls the major routes between Chennai (formerly Madras) and Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) and is a commercial center with a rich agricultural area. Among the city's expanding industries are cotton and rice milling, motor repairing, and the manufacture of rubber goods. Nagercoil is famous for the Nagaraja Temple and the town derived its name from this temple. Its name, meaning "Snake Temple", indicates the early significance of the town's Shiva temple. Although, historically Nagercoil was a part of the Hindu kingdom of Travancore, over the years it has developed as an important Christian center.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSThe Nagaraja Temple: The Nagaraja temple situated here is unique in many respects. Though Nagaraja (Serpent God) is the presiding deity, the images of Lord Shiva and Anathakrishna (Lord Vishnu) are also enshrined. The Nagaraja is installed on the ground where it was originally found. The sanctum is a simple thatched shed, with mud walls. It enshrines the King of Serpents. Tradition states that a King of Kalakkad was cured of leprosy when he performed penance in the temple. He then rebuilt it in the Kerala style. He might have been Bhuthalavira Sri Vira Udaya Marthandavarma, who ruled Venad, with Kalakkad as his capital, from 1516 to 1535. It is believed that snakebite is not fatal within a kilometre of the temple. The Prasadam (also spelt as Prasada) distributed to the devotees is wet sand scooped out from the ground where the image of the Nagaraja deity is enshrined. The images of the Jain Theerthakaras, Mahavira and Parswanathar are found in the pillars of the temple. The entrance to the temple is reminiscent of the Chinese architecture of Buddha Vihara. The Nagalinga flower found here is also symbolic of Nagaraja. Tirunelveli: Located 6-km from Nagercoil is Tirunelveli, a district with many famous temples. The headquarters of the district is Tirunelveli, a city surrounded on all sides by paddy fields. The famous Kanthimathi - Nellaiyapper Temple, situated in the city of Tirunelveli, is a Shivastalam with sprawling Mandapams decked with life-sized images. It is one of the most beautiful temples in India and is hailed as one of the 5 Pancha Sabhas of Nataraja housing Tamra Sabha (the copper hall). Padmanabhampuram Palace: About 14-km west Nagercoil is the tourist center of Padmanabhapuram. Though now officially in Tamil Nadu, it was the capital of erstwhile Travancore between 1550 and 1750. By virtue of this it has a far more intimate connection with the history of Kerala than with the state of Tamil Nadu. The ancient and majestic Padmanabhampuram Palace, an epitome of Kerala architecture, which dates back to the 17th century is located in the town of Padmanabhampuram and is its main claim to fame. The Archaeological Survey Of India now maintains the palace. The rulers of Travancore, a princely state for over 400 years, which included a good part of present-day Kerala and part of western Tamil Nadu, ruled
41
from this palace, replete with outstanding wood carvings, stone sculptures and fantastic murals. Kanyakumari: Nagercoil is situated at a distance of 19-km from Kanyakumari. At the southern most land tip of India, where the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal meet, lays Kanniyakumari, an important pilgrim center. Kanniyakumari is famous for its beach and the spectacular sunrises and sunsets, especially on full moon days. Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Gandhi Mandapam and the temples of Goddess Bhagavathi and Kumari Amman are the main tourist attractions of Kanyakumari.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trivandrum located at a distance of about 100-km from Nagercoil. It is directly connected with Bangalore, Mumbai, Cochin, Delhi, Goa, and Chennai by regular flights. Rail: Kanyakumari is the nearest railway station, which is well connected by train services with all the places in India. Superfast trains connect the southern most railhead of India with northern cities like Jammu and Delhi. Intercity trains are running from almost all the southern cities. Road: Nagercoil is well connected by road with the neighbouring towns and cities. For local transportation, taxis and auto rickshaws are available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 24-sq-kmsPopulation: 19,0084 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 8° 03' and 8°35'Longitude: E 77° 05' and 77° 36'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 33.60ºC, Min 20.60ºC Winter- Max 32.9ºC, Min 21.4ºCRainfall: 1,400 mm
NagoreLocation: Nagore, Nagapattinam District, and Tamil NaduFine Example Have: Harmonious Co-Existence Of Hindu - Muslim CommunitiesSpiritual Shrine Of: Meeran Sahib Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid BadshahImportant Festivals Celebrated: Kandhuri UrsThe Nagore Dargah of Meeran Sahib Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid Badshah is a spiritual shrine in South India. It is one of the popular pilgrimage centers for Muslims in Tamil Nadu. A short drive from Nagapattinam, Nagore makes for a busy pilgrimage, with busloads of tourists arriving from all over the state. The Dargah features beautiful domed arches and lovely minarets. The Dargah is visited by Hindus also and is a fine example of the harmonious co-existence of Hindu - Muslim communities. About The Dargah: The Nagore Dargah shrines are situated at three locations, Nagore, Vanjur and Silladi. The main campus is at Nagore, spread over an area of about five acres, which is enclosed by a compound wall, with four impressive entrances, one each on the north, south, east and west. In front of the western gate, just outside the compound, is a large tower, 131 feet tall, called 'Periya Minara'. Nagore Dargah literature discloses that Tanjore King Pratap Singh built 'Periya Minara' around 1760 AD,
42
about 200 years after the death of Meeran Sahib. He is said to have built it in appreciation of having received the grace of Meeran Sahib. The Main Compound: Inside the compound of the main campus, the golden dome building houses three tombs in three separate chambers. The doors of these chambers are made of silver. In the tombs lay buried the mortal remains of Meeran Sahib, his son Syed Mohammed Yusuf and his daughter-in-law Saeeda Sultana Biwi. Aside the tomb of Meeran Sahib is placed a golden box. The contents of the golden box unexpectedly are a pair of wooden slippers, believed to have been used by Meeran Sahib. The legend says that, once a carpenter suffering from disease approached Meeran Sahib requesting him to cure him, which Meeran Sahib reportedly did by the grace of Allah. The gratified carpenter made from the finest wood a pair of slippers. Adjacent to the golden dome building is the 'Peer Mandap' where the 'Peer of the Dargah' stays fasting for three days during festive season of the Dargah. Further away is a mosque where prayers are held regularly. Friday congregations in this Mosque are massive. About 2-km away due north from the main campus is the Vanjur Shrine where Meeran Sahib reportedly stayed in meditation for 40 days inside an underground cave. About a kilometre east of the main campus is located the Silladi Shrine, overlooking the Bay of Bengal. Hindu Rituals Followed At The Dargah: The Nagore shrine is interesting, with strong Hindu influences in both architecture and rituals. Many rituals, like applying sandal wood paste, holy water, prasadam (blessed items collected after worship) and tonsuring the head are borrowed from the Hindu tradition. This is also apparent in the playing of 'Nadashwaram' and 'Shehnai' (Indian wind instruments) music. The Festival: Every year, during the lunar month of Jumada al-Thani, the Nagore Dargah Shrines celebrate a festive season known as 'Kandhuri Urs'. Pilgrims, including non-Muslims, from far and wide come for 'Ziyarat'. It is obnoxiously painful to note that the votaries worship him, instead of respecting and revering him. Kandhuri Urs marks the death anniversary of Meeran Sahib. The Urs commences on the first of Jumada-al-Akhira' when pilgrims assemble at Meera Pally (17th century mosque) in Nagapattinam. They proceed towards Nagore in procession with a Rath that carries flags of the Dargah. On reaching Nagore Dargah Complex, the flags are hoisted marking the inauguration of Kandhuri Urs. Votaries of Meeran Sahib start performing their troth (pledged word). On the tenth day a grand procession again starts at Nagapattinam; this time from 'Koottadi', an open ground solely retained for this festivity. The procession carries Koodu, a pot containing Sandalwood paste. The procession ends at the tomb of Meeran Sahib and the sandal paste is spread over his tomb. On the fourteenth day the flags are quietly pulled down marking the end of the festive season.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy, at a distance of 150-km. Rail: The nearest railway station is at Nagapattinam, at a distance of 4-km from the Dargah. Road: There are regular buses to Nagore from Nagapattinam (4-km), Karaikal (12-km), Thanjavur (78-km), Chennai (90-km) and other neighbouring cities and towns.
NAMAKKALLocation: In Namakkal District, Tamil NaduWas Part Have: Salem DistrictMain Attraction: Namakkal Fort, Sri Narasimhamurti Temple, and Sri Anjaneya Temple Namakkal district is bounded on the north by Salem district, on the east by Attur Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of Salem district, Perambalur and Tiruchirappalli districts, on the south by Karur district and on the west by Erode district. The administrative
43
headquarters of this district is located at Namakkal town. The Namakkal Fort is the main attraction of the town. History: Since, Namakkal district was a part of the Salem district; the historical background of Salem and Namakkal remains the same. After the struggle between the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyan rulers, the Hoysalas rose to power and had control till the 14th century followed by Vijayanagar kings till 1565 AD. Then the Madurai Nayakas came to power in 1623 AD Two of the Poligans of Tirumalai Nayak namely, Ramachandra Nayaka and Gatti Mudaliars ruled the Salem area. The Namakkal Fort is reported to have been built by Ramchandra Nayaka. After about 1635 AD, the area came successively under the rule of Muslim Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda, Mysore kings and then the Marathas. Later the British took control over the area and ruled it till India attained independence.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSThe Namakkal Fort is said to have been built by Ramchandra Nayaka, during the Madurai Nayak regime and is famous for the Sri Narasimhamurti temple. The mythology of this temple is that after destroying Hiranya Kasipu (the demon ruler), Sri Narasimhaswami (in the form of man and lion) was in a ferocious mood. After He cooled down, Sri Anjaneya brought Him to this place, to stay with his consort Mahalakshmi who was doing penance. A colossal idol of Sri Anjaneya, 18 feet in height has been installed here facing east with folded hands worshipping Sri Lakshmi Narasimha. Ardhanareeswara Temple Of Tiruchengodu: Another place that attracts tourists is the Ardhanareeswara temple of Tiruchengodu. It is located at a distance of 34km from Namakkal. The temple is at the top of a hillock at a height of 900' above MSL and can be reached by a flight of steps. The mythological history behind the temple is the Lord Shiva gave His consort Uma His left half so as to be inseparable. The deity is known by the name "Ardhanari" (half female).
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy. Rail: Namakkal is on the broad gauge line and is well connected by rail with the important towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: There are regular buses connecting Namakkal with Salem, Trichy, Cuddalore and other important places within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis, and auto rickshaws are available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 10-sq-kms Population: 45,038 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 11° 03' to 11° 25' Longitude: E 77° 40' to 78° 29'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: TamilClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 38.6ºC, Min 28.2ºCWinter- Max 29.6ºC, Min 22.5ºCRainfall: 785 mm
NanguneriLocation: In Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu
44
Presiding Deity: Lord Vishnu With His Two Consorts Sri Devi And Bhoo DeviCommonly Called: Totadri Mutt, Sri Nivasam, and MediniA Vaishnav Abode: Nanguneri is the Taluka headquarters in the district of Tirunelveli, situated at a distance of 18 miles from the headquarters of the district. The place gained importance for the location of a famous Vaishnavite temple commonly known as "Totadri Mutt". About Nanguneri: Nanguneri is known by different names such as "Medini" and "Sri Nivasam". It is considered by Vaishnavites to be the place where the consort of Vishnu, Sri Devi, was born, brought up, married, and is always staying with her consort. The presiding deity in the temple at Nanguneri is the sitting posture of Lord Vishnu on the couch and canopy of Adi Shesha, with his two consorts Sri Devi and Bhoo Devi on the two sides besides the celestial dancers Tilottama and Urvashi in attendance with fans in hand. This place is called a "Swayamvyakta Kshetram" where God appeared of his own accord. According to the Vaishnavites there are 8 such Swayamvyakta places: Srirangam, Naimisaranyam, Tirupati, Pushkaram, Saligramam, Totadri, Haranarayaneshwaram and Srimushnam. Kanchipuram, Trivandrum, Azhagarkoil, Dwaraka, Tirupullani, Srinivasa Pushkaram, Narayanapuri and Kumbakonakumbakonam.htmlm are also called Swayamvyakta Kshetras. History Of The Temple: Originally Namboodiri Brahmins were controlling the temple. In 1447 AD a Vaishnavite ascetic came to Nanguneri and at the request of the Namboodiri Brahmins took over the management of the temple and became the first Jeer. Successive jeers went on adding to the edifice of the temple zealously and its present stature is gigantic. The fourth Jeer built the Gopuram which is visible from a distance of about 6 miles; the 9th built the Sivili Mandapam; the 21st secured the landed coffee estates; the 24th built the Golden Car; these events vouchsafe the dedication to God of all the accumulated wealth by different jeers at different times. Sivili Mandapam: Sivili is a subordinate deity in each temple akin to a caretaker. His idol is taken round the temple in a palanquin before the actual procession of the main deity starts, evidently to make sure if all is correct for the procession. Even now this is a daily sight in each temple. Sivili Mandapam is a long corridor, which forms a circuit rounds the inner temple, flanked on either side by the familiar row of Yalis supporting the roof. The rows of Yalis produce a fine effect of symmetry and grandeur. The stone pillars supporting the roof depict the Dravidian style of excellence, as if the sculptor in his great religious devotion has poured in his life's blood in each stroke of his chisel. The result is the life-like pictures carved on mere stone. Legend Connected With Nanguneri: The legend connected with the place is that when, during the period of the great deluge, Lord Vishnu was having a peaceful slumber in the Milky Ocean for years untold, gradually a lotus appeared from his navel with the inkling of desire for creation in His mind. He glanced at the lotus, when Brahma who has to create the world appeared on the lotus with his Books, "Kamandalu", "Yajnopavita" and "Dandam". Finding himself alone on the lotus petals he went on thinking too high of himself. He was not able to look down; consequently he thought himself to be the only monarch of all he surveyed. Thus the vanity of self, the ego appeared in his mind. Vishnu immediately realised the appearance of vanity in the mind of Brahma to be a very unhealthy sign for a person who would be in charge of creation, and wanted to curb the feeling by nipping it in the bud. So he created an opposition in the form of demons, 'Madhu' and 'Kaitabha'. Madhu and Kaitabha found an intruder in Brahma and wanted to finish him off. Brahma was placed in a dilemma and thought it would better to hide himself by going down into
45
the stem of the lotus. But unfortunately, providence had decreed, down the stem was the eternal deluge. Vishnu came to his rescue in the form of a fish and gave him courage to go up the stem and sit on the lotus. At this Brahma returned to the lotus and remained seated. Vishnu took the form of a swan floating over the eternal deluge and appeared before him and told him: "You are the son of Hari the Lord the Creator." Thereafter Brahma started reciting the name of Hari and started meditation. In a previous age, Vishnu had appeared in the Win of Hayagriva and taught Brahma the Pranava Mantra, Om, the very origin of sound. Brahma combined the Pranava Mantra with Hari and went on reciting "Hari Om". Years passed and Mantra Siddhi (Mastery over the mantra) was attained when the desire to know the subtle meaning of "Hari Om" and "Bhoorbhuvahuvah Om" arose in his mind. Knowing the agitation in the mind of Brahma, Vishnu appeared again in his eternal form with his symbols of 'Sankha', 'Chakra', 'Gada', and ‘Padma’, as an answer to Brahma's desires. The appearance of Vishnu explained the real meaning of the two Mantras. Simultaneously, the other two creations of God, Madhu and Kaitabha got the opportunity to have a vision of Vishnu in his physical form. Brahma took him to be the answer for his prayer and penance but demons took him to be another intruder into the world scene existing at the time of the beginning of creation. They started accosting the new person and asked about his parentage, where from he hailed the reason of his sudden appearance, etc. Vishnu said in reply that He was the creator of the Universe. The reply was not convincing to the devilish mind of the demons. In their demoniac spirit they invited Him for a combat to settle the issue. Vishnu took up the challenge and the fight started. Nobody could gay how long it continued. The Puranas put it as 5000 years. Vishnu wanted to slay the demons by some stratagem. He planned to give a chance to the demons to accept an offer of boons to them. Their devilish mind would not accept it, as they had not been defeated in the war. As Madhu and Kaitabha took Vishnu to be their equal, who could not vanquish them in the war, Vishnu offered to accept boons from them in return. They agreed and Vishnu made a very curious request for a boon, stating that he wanted to be known as the "Vanquisher of Madhu and Kaitabha". The demons were bewildered by the nature of the request. As the promise of giving a boon was to be fulfilled, Madhu and Kaitabha requested Vishnu to annihilate them by placing them at a place where there was no water. Apparently the demons thought that in the condition of the deluge it would be impossible to find a place without water. They forgot that they were dealing with Vishnu, their creator, and wanted to play a clever trick. Vishnu was too shrewd for the ingenuity showed by the demons, immediately clasped them to his wide chest, squeezed out their blood, and choked them to death. Thus he got the name as the "Annihilator of Madhu and Kaitabha". The squeezed blood had to be thrown somewhere and it fell on the newly formed earth. The death of his enemies made Brahma happy and he started his work of creation unopposed. But the unholy blood of the demons desecrated the sanctity of the earth and the putrefied smell contaminated the country with bad odour, which became a great hindrance to the austere penance of Bhoo Devi then on earth near Totadri. In response to Bhoo Devi's penance to get rid of this contamination of the earth that she personified, Vishnu appeared before her at this spot. The Peculiar Significance Of This Place Is Indicated By The Particular Incident Stated Below:Once Sage Bhrigu started austere penance invoking Sri Devi at Nanguneri. When Sri Devi was pleased to appear before Sage Bhrigu, Her consort Vishnu also accompanied her. They came to the hermitage of Sage Bhrigu and wanted to bestow some boons.
46
The Sage made a peculiar request to have Sri Devi herself as his daughter and Lord Vishnu as his son-in-law so that he could serve them always at Totadri. As Sri Devi was inclined to grant the boon, Lord Vishnu too granted it. Consequently Sri Devi had to take birth through Sage Bhrigu's wife Kyati as their daughter and, in course of time Vishnu married Her, and remained in blissful abode. This is why Totadri has got the special significance of being known as "Sri Nivasam" where prayer becomes immediately fruitful. Legends Relating The Significance Of The Place: The legend goes that once upon a time there was a righteous king in the kingdom of Sind named, "Gunaseelan", son of Nala. In his usual pastime he went out on hunting, followed by his attendants on horseback. The King missed his companions in the trackless forest and, when he was feeling the pinch of thirst and hunger, he could locate a mysterious animal in the form of a deer having eight legs. This phenomenon diverted the mind of the King and he ran after it. But alas! The deer with its swift legs quickly disappeared, drawing the King deep into the forest. At its disappearance, the King felt dejected and retraced his steps to find out his companions. By then he felt acutely thirsty and hungry. He noticed at a distance a small hermitage made of mild leaves. He halted in front of it and, finding the door wide open alighted from his horse and entered it. He could not find the owner of the hermitage. There was no temple their till then. But the sanctity of the place gained great prominence. It was a dense mango forest where many sages like Roma, Narada, Vaikhanasa, Dadhichi, Angeerasa, Jabali, Kalavar, Kanva and others were engaged in deep meditation and penance. Lord Vishnu, seeing this holy assemblage, was pleased to direct Vishwakarma, the celestial architect, to construct a beautiful city, comparable to Amaravati; the heavenly abode of Lord Vishnu, where He stays in His physical form, so that the sages and others might get the benefit of His Darshan daily. Vishwakarma transformed the forest into a holy city with a temple, where people from all parts of the country came and settled down. One Dharmavatsalan, a very rich Vaisya of Tirumulam near River Kaveri, having squandered all his ancestral wealth in sensual pleasures, became a pauper at last. He played a hoax against his villagers and relatives, and was driven away to a forest. A Lion killed him. Hindu Beliefs And Rituals: Unnatural death by suicide, accident, or by wild animals, according to Hindu belief, makes the soul a ghost under torture, moving in the ether from place to place till the time comes for his birth. Dharmavatsalan took many births in various species. In his birth as a man, according to his past Karma, he suffered from leprosy. He took advice from his spiritual preceptor Bhargava who directed him to worship the deity at Totadri for three years using Gingelly oil for ablution every day, and distribute ample alms among the needy and feed the poor. Every day, after the ablution of the deity, the oil drained off was collected by him and besmeared over his body. Lord Vishnu was very pleased with this pious act of Dharmavatsalan arid healed his disease and relieved him of sins. The poor man gradually regained his original form and dedicated his life for the improvement of the temple till his last days. But to his utter surprise he found in a corner food and drink spread over a leaf as if offered to somebody. His acute thirst and hunger did not allow him to wait long. He unceremoniously helped himself to the food and drink. When he had finished the meal, he realized he was an intruder in the hermitage. Sage Kusasanan, who had been to the river for his daily ablution, was entering the hermitage.
47
The Rishi got angry and immediately cursed the intruder to turn into a dog for his canine action, as only dogs sneakingly creep into the households and desecrate food. The intruder had not only desecrated the hermitage by his action but had also violated the moral code of the country. The curse became immediately effective and the King turned into a roaming mongrel. Gunaseelan besought the Sage to take back his curse in lieu of his entire domain and wealth, but the words of the Sage who had already attained Vak Siddhi were irrevocable. But seeing the humility, distress and penitence of the King, Sage Kusasanan condescended to lighten the kill rigour of the curse by saying that in due course of time, he would come across a holy place where he would regain his original form after a bath. In the form of a mongrel the King had to roam round the earth, how long none could say. Once, during his wanderings, a juggler came before him and finding him quite healthy and plump, utilized his services for showing sleight-of-hand in teats of jugglery. Time passed, the mongrel in the company of the juggler roamed round the earth and at last reached Nanguneri. Before starting his show the juggler took his bath in the temple tank and bathed the mongrel too. But to his surprise the mongrel stood transformed as a king after the holy dip. People thronged round the juggler to see the wonderful jugglery of God. Such is the power of the holy waters of the sacred tank at Nanguneri. Services to the Deity: The holy ablution to the deity at Totadri is done with pure Gingelly oil. By contact with the holy idol the oil is impregnated with miraculous curative powers. The oil is collected in a pool 20 feet by 10 feet near the temple enclosures. It is said that the healing power of the oil is so great and so mysterious as to cure even the deadliest disease like leprosy. Legend Connected With Nanguneri: Once upon a time, in days of yore, a devout Saivite sage who was a great fanatic used to hang two bells in his two ears so that by nodding his head he could ring the bells to drown the name of gods other than Shiva. For this idiosyncrasy, the sage was named "Ghanta Karnan". Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Krishna, while still a boy, came to the spot, with his playmates and took a fancy to ask this peculiar sage the reason for the hanging bells. Ghantakarnan replied that it was to avoid the sound of the names of Vishnu. The boy Krishna told Ghantakarnan that whoever talked blasphemy against Lord Vishnu and his devotees would go to hell. This did not satisfy Ghantakarnan. However he said: "I am somehow attracted by your magnetic personality though you are a boy. Even Indra would not have the courage to fight with me; I am tolerating your bitter words, as you are God Himself and so I beseech you for salvation." Krishna told him to pray to Lord Shiva. The sage did so, still keeping his hands on the boy. To his surprise he found himself in the Milky Ocean, on Sweta Dweepa, with beautiful groves of Kalpaka trees. In this beautiful groove of Kalpaka trees he found Lord Vishnu on the couch and canopy of Adi Sesha. Wondering what it was, he began chanting again the sacred names of Lord Shiva. Not being able to understand the mystery, he told the boy: "Till today I could not bear to hear the name of Vishnu. I wanted to follow your advice and I did so. Meditating on Shiva, I saw the Milky Ocean, Vishnu with keyuras and kundalas and garland and other beautiful decorations. What does all this mean? Accept me as your disciple and grant me salvation.” Immediately he threw away the two bells hanging from his ears and prostrated before the boy. God was pleased and Vishnu in his incarnation as Krishna gave him salvation instantaneously Legend Connected With Totadri Runs: At one time Mahishmati, mother of the Asuras, was very much grieved at the annihilation of the race of the demons. To regenerate the race she started austere penance invoking Brahma the Creator. Brahma was pleased
48
with her penance, and granted her boon that she would have two sons who would be unconquerable. Accordingly, in due course, two sons, Sunda and Upasunda by name, were born to her. In course of time when they grew up, their thread ceremony was performed and among the others, Sukracharya, the spiritual preceptor of the race of demons, was also present. The two sons became very powerful and conquered all the worlds as a result of the boons obtained by their mother. In the course of conquest they also conquered “Swarga Lok” (heaven). To cry halt to their ever-expanding conquest, Brahma deputed the celestial dancer Tilottama to divert the mind of the two demons so that their future conquests might be stopped. The heavenly dancer took up the task and performed it skillfully. Her enchanting beauty, seductive looks and graceful dancing with music captured the heart and mind of the two brothers. Each one wanted to have the dancer as his own life partner. The brothers started quarrelling with each other, which at last developed into a big fight, which ended in mutual killing. Brahma was pleased with the performance of Tilottama and offered her a boon. Her only request was to be in constant service to Lord Vishnu. As this was beyond his powers he directed her to invoke Lord Vishnu by penance at Totadri so that her desire would be fulfilled. When Tilottama narrated the events to her compeer in the other world, Urvasi, she began to realize the folly of her pride and was only too glad to join Tilottama in her penance to attain the merit of being in constant service to Lord Vishnu. As Tilottama's penance was to start shortly, she also joined her and they both came to Nanguneri, met all the sages who were doing penance at Totadri, including Sage Vaikhanasa who advised them to bathe daily in the temple tank and to recite the eight-lettered hymn to Vishnu to achieve their desire Pilgrimage In Tamil Nadu Char Dham Yatra: They were lost in deep penance till at last Lord Vishnu appeared before them with his two consorts Sri Devi and Bhoo Devi. He said that thenceforth they would be his permanent attendants, waiting on him and doing service to him.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, 151-km away. Rail: The nearest convenient railway station is Tirunelveli, which is an important railway junction on the Southern Railway and is connected to all the major cities within and beyond the state. Road: There are regular buses to Nanguneri from Tirunelveli, Ambasamudram, Palayamkottai, Radhapuram and the other neighbouring towns.
NILGIRISLocation: Nilgiri District, Tamil NaduFamous Hill Stations: Ooty, Coonoor, and KotagiriThe Highest Peak: DoddabettaFamous Festivals: Tea and Tourism Festival, Summer Festival, And the Fruit and Flower ShowNilgiris- The Blue Mountains: Nilgiri means "Blue Mountains". The entire area of the Blue Mountains constitutes the present district of Nilgiri. The height of the hills in the Blue Mountain range varies between 2,280 and 2,290 meters, the highest peak being Doddabetta at a height of 2,623 meters. It's Location And Boundaries: High above the sea level, situated at the junction of the two Ghat ranges of the Sahayadri Hills, Nilgiri district provides a fascinating view. Kerala on the west, the Mysore State on the north, and Coimbatore district on the east and south bound it. Headquarters of Nilgiris district is Udhagamandalam (also called as Ooty).
49
The Beauty Of Nilgiris: Nilgiris derives its charm from its natural setting. The steep hills and fantastically narrow valleys with numerous rivers and rivulets running in all directions with a few fine waterfalls here and there provide beautiful scenery. The temperate and most equable climate further heightens the attractiveness of the place. The major tea growing areas in the South are the Nilgiris and these tea gardens are beautiful to watch. The Nilgiris are a trekker's paradise. Landscaped by nature, the hills abound in trek for lovers of nature. There are treks and treks in whichever direction you turn and from whichever point you start. A trek can be full of thrill, excitement and adventure and a way of seeing and enjoying nature in all its beauty and splendour. Trekking pamphlets are available with the Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association (NWLEA). There are guides who have sound knowledge of certain areas. If necessary, their services may be hired. And for further details contact the Tourist Information Office at Charing Cross, Ooty.
The Hill Stations in the Nilgiris Udhagamandalam (Ooty): Udhagamandalam (Ooty), the headquarters of Nilgiri district, is popularly known as the "Queen of hill stations' among the tourist circuits. It is situated at a distance of 105 kilometers away from Coimbatore. The Botanical Gardens and the Doddabetta peak (the highest peak in the Nilgiris, located 10-km from Ooty) are the major attractions. Coonoor: Coonoor is situated on the eastern side of the southern extremity of the Doddabetta range, at an altitude of 1,858 meters above the sea level. It is the second largest hill station in the Nilgiris. Coonoor is located 19-km away from Ooty and is essentially a small tea garden town where the weather remains pleasantly cool throughout the year. Kotagiri: Kotagiri is located 16-km away from Ooty and it is the oldest hill station of the Nilgiris. Kotagiri is situated at an altitude of 1,950m, which was once a British hill resort, that dates back to 1819 and is quieter than Ooty. Elk falls; Kodanad viewpoint and Catherine falls are a few places to visit.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSThe Nilgiris, the most popular hill resort of the south has a number of tourist of attractions, which chiefly include the Botanical Gardens, Doddabetta Peak, Mukkurthi Peak, the Pykara Dam and sprawling tea plantations. Botanical Garden: Botanical gardens are a major tourist attraction for those who visit Ooty. They sprawl over 50-acres and lie on the lower slopes of Dodabetta peak, which is the highest point in Ooty. Marquis of Tweeddale established these gardens in the year 1848. Ooty Lake: An artificial lake constructed in 1824 by Mr. Sullivan. The lake garden is an added attraction. Doddabetta: Doddabetta is the highest peak (2,623 Mts.) in the Nilgiris and offers beautiful vistas of the hill ranges, plateaus and plains around. It is 10-km from Ooty. There is a good motorable road to reach the peak. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary: The Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary is located where the Nilgiri Hills, the offshoot of the Western Ghats meet the Eastern Ghats. The Mysore-Ooty highway runs through the sanctuary, following the course of the Mayyar River, which separates Mudumalai from Bandipur. This 321-sq-kms wide sanctuary encompasses a National Park measuring an area of 103-sq-kms. The sanctuary has varied mixture of flat land, open grassland, swamp and valleys. Apart from the wide range of animal and bird life, the rich fauna of this sanctuary has made Mudumalai very popular with wildlife enthusiasts. Laws Falls: Laws falls are a beautiful picnic spot, named after Lt. Colonel Law, who traced and mainly constructed the Coonoor Ghat. They are about 5-km below Coonoor
50
on Mettupalayam road. The height of the falls is about 180 feet. There are vast stretches of undisturbed sholas and it is a paradise for naturalists. Dolphin's Nose: Dolphin's Nose is about 12-km from Coonoor. The Nose is unique rock of tremendous proportions, jutting out of the face of the hillside in formation in which its name suggests. It exposes a vast panorama, which encompasses Catherine falls. Kodanad Viewpoint: Kodanad Viewpoint located at a distance of 16-km from Kotagiri commands a panoramic view of the plains and the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris. The Mukkurthi Peak and National Park: About 40-km from Ooty there is a beautiful peak called "Mukkurthi". The Mukkurthi National Park is located on the Southern corner of the Nilgiri Plateau. The Kollaribetta and Nilgiris Peak are other major peaks around. A number of little perennial streams flow between these peaks, which fall into Bhavani Puzha. Silent Valley is located on the Western side in the Western Ghat, which is a feast to the visitor's eye. Pykara: Pykara is situated about 21-km from Ooty. Some of the tourist attractions of this place are well-protected fenced sholas, Toda settlements, undisturbed grassy meadows and also a good wildlife habitat. The Pykara Dam, Pykara falls and the reservoir attracts many tourists. A boathouse with restaurant and a rest house are available at Pykara.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Coimbatore, 105-km from Ooty, is the nearest airport. It has daily flights to and from Chennai, Bangalore, Cochin and Trivandrum. Rail: Ooty is on the narrow gauge railway connected to Mettupalayam (47-km), which is directly connected to Coimbatore and Chennai. The famous toy train connects Ooty with Mettupalayam and Coonoor. Road: A good network of roads and national highways connect Ooty with all major towns and cities. There are regular bus services to and from Coimbatore, Trichy, Bangalore, Madurai, Kanyakumari, Mysore, Palghat, Calicut, Tirupati and other important destinations in South India. Ooty is also well connected with major cities of Kerala and Karnataka. Coonoor and Kotagiri are also well connected by road with the major cities and towns of the state. For local transportation, auto rickshaws and taxis are available. Tea and Tourism Festival: The Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu and Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, jointly celebrate the annual Tea and Tourism Festival during the months of January-February in the Nilgiris. The festival is held for 3 days. Varieties of tea are on display. Visitors can also taste and select from the wide varieties of tea available. Summer Festival: There are several beautiful hill stations in Tamil Nadu. With the Summer Festivals, the hills are even hospitable to welcome the visitors. The summer festival is held in the 'Queen of Hill Stations', the evergreen Ooty; the exquisite Kodaikanal and the salubrious heights of Yercaud - where boat races, flower and fruit shows are specially organized. The Flower and Fruit Show: The annual Flower Show at Ooty and the Fruit Show at Coonoor are the important cultural events, deserving special mention. SHOPPING IN OOTY: Just about anything available in the cities can be had at Ooty with the added attraction of leisurely shopping. Exclusive Nilgiri products including Nilgiri tea, fruits, natural oils like Eucalyptus, Toda embroideries, plant nurseries are easily available in the town. Co-operative Super Market and Municipal Market are some of the best places for shopping fruits and general groceries. Kairali of Kerala Handicrafts and Poompuhar of Tamil Nadu Handicrafts have their showrooms near to Super Market Buildings on Charring Cross-.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea (District Area): 2,459-sq-kms
51
Population (district): 7,10,210 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 11° and 11° 55' Longitude: E 76°13'and 77° 2' Altitude: 2,280 and 2,290 meters Clothing: Heavy woolen in winter and light woolen in summer Language Spoken: Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and EnglishClimate: Temperate and Most EquableTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 25ºC, Min 10ºCWinter- Max 21ºC, Min 5ºCRainfall: 1,960 mm
NEARBY CITIESCoimbtore - 55 km Coonoor - 13 km Erode - 113 km Namakkal - 161 kmPalni - 180 km
PalaniLocation: On Palani Hills, Near Madurai, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped: Sri Dandayuthapani (Lord Muruga)Popular Practice of Pilgrims: Carrying KavadisImportant Festivals Celebrated: Panguni Utharam in March - April And Thaipusam Festival The hill temple of Lord Muruga as Sri Dandayuthapani in Palani near Madurai is one of the most popular of Tamil Nadu fanes, dates from a remote past. It stands on a hill that is an offshoot of the Western Ghats, and there are some other hills nearby. From the temple, which stands at the summit about 150 meters high, there is a beautiful panorama of forests to admire. At the foot of the hill there is an even more ancient temple, also dedicated to Lord Muruga and is called the "Tiruavinnakudi Temple", it is the third of the "arupadai veedus", or the Six Abodes of Lord Muruga, as mentioned in a Tamil poem of the first century of the Christian era, "Tirumurugarruppadai". The other five are Tirupparankundram, Tiruchendur, Swamimalai, Tiruttani and Pazhamuthircholai (on Azhagarkoil hills). The Origin Of The Temple: Tradition tells the temple's origin. Once Agastya wished to take away Shivagiri, the hill on which the temple stands, and Sakthigiri in its vicinity, to where he was living farther in the south. He directed a disciple of his, Idumban, to carry them on his shoulders, one at each end, slung to a pole in the form called "Kavadi". At this stage, Lord Shiva on Kailasa had offered a pomegranate as a prize to whichever of His sons, Lord Ganesh and Lord Muruga, could go round the world quicker. Lord Muruga, astride His vehicle, the peacock, set off at a great pace. But Lord Ganesh merely walked around His parents. He said that, as they were the Universe, He was walking around them. The claim was conceded and the prize was awarded to Him. On hearing this Lord Muruga was frustrated and left Kailasa for the south. His parents attempted to dissuade Him, saying "Pazham Nee" which means in Tamil, "Thou art thyself the fruit of all wisdom and knowledge". But He was not appeased and went to Tiruavinankudi. Later He moved into the temple at the top of the hill. Meanwhile, Idumban set down his "Kavadi" near Palani in order to take rest. When, after some time he attempted to bear it on his shoulders again, he found that he could not. A boy carrying a baton wandered along. An altercation ensued between this boy, who was Lord Muruga, and Idumban. In this Idumban was killed. But the Lord restored him to life. At his request He ordained that those who carry "Kavadis" to His temples in fulfillment of vows should be blessed.
52
The tradition accounts for the presence of the Lord in the temple as Boy baton in hand, for the popular name of the hill as "Palani" and for the practice of pilgrims carrying "Kavadis". This practice obtains not only in Palani but also in the other temples of Lord Muruga. There is a shrine to Idumban on the hill. About The Temple: The temple has seven inscriptions. None has a bearing on its origin. But tradition ascribes it to a Siddha named Bogar, believed to be a junior contemporary of Agastya (Siddhas had supernatural powers and performed miracles). Cheraman Perumal, the royal Kerala saint is believed to have constructed the Sanctum and the Ardhamandapa. If this tradition is correct, the structural beginnings of the temple should be dated to the eighth century. In two places in the temple there are sculptures of a royal personality. In succeeding times the temple was expanded by the Nayaks of Madurai and by the local chiefs. The Nagarattars performed many renovations in recent times. Rock hewn steps used to lead from the foot of the hill to the top, but now there are 697 stone steps. Since 1966 a haulage winch transports the pilgrims. On either side of the pathway there are shrines and Mandapas at frequent intervals. At the entrance to the temple there is an extensive quadrangle. The temple is set at a spacious Prakara, which contains many structures. Two of the Mandapas, the Navaranga and the Paravel Mandapas, are of great beauty, with many attractive pillars. Interesting Features: The image of the Lord is made of nine kinds of medicinal minerals. What is remarkable is that the millions of Abishekas, or oblations poured on the image, down the centuries have had no effect on it. On the contrary, the Abisheka materials gain in medicinal properties from contact with the image and are prized by physicians. In particular the sandal paste, which is left on the image overnight, is a wonder drug. Every bit of it is used. In the southwestern corridor of the temple there is a shrine to Bogar, whom the pilgrim is enjoined to worship. Around the hill runs a sacred path, about a mile long. Mandapas stand along side, with large lithic figures of the peacock, the Lord's mount. Perambulating the hill is considered a holy act. Many pilgrims have their heads tonsured. Festival Celebrated: Palani and festivals are synonymous. The most important festival is "Panguni Utharam" in March - April on the day Utharam Star (Nakshatra) is ascendant. This 10-day event at the Tiruavinnakudi Temple, at the foot of the hill occurs in the off-season and so agriculturists and other rural folk participate in it and give offerings of paddy to the temple. About five lakh people attend the festival. Some of the monthly Karthigais draw a crowd of one lakh. The Karthigai Deepam and Vaikasi Visakam get two lakhs of persons each. The same may be said of Skanda Sasthi. Three lakhs persons attend the Thaipusam festival.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Madurai is the nearest airport, at a distance of 119-km. Rail: The temple is about 5-km from the railway station on the Dindugal - Coimbatore line of the Southern Railway. Road: There are bus services from all the major towns in Tamil Nadu as well as from the adjoining state of Kerala to Palani. Taxis, auto-rickshaws and tongas are available for local transportation.
POOMPUHARLocation: Sirkali Taluk of Nagapattinam District, Tamil NaduAlso Called: KaveripoompattinamWas Once: A Major Port During The Reign Of CholasFamous As: Archaeologist DelightPoompuhar, also called "Kaveripoompattinam" is an ancient historic town situated in Sirkali Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu. An
53
archaeologist delight, Poompuhar is a town for those who like to wander amidst history and take a stroll through time. It was once a major port during the reign of Cholas. The Kaveri, merging with the bellowing sea, was known as "Puhar", but to the exquisite beauty of the port town it came to be called "Poompuhar". A fine beach and calm water offer good bathing. The Department of Tourism offer shell shaped cottages to the Tourists in the Poompuhar Tourist Complex, at a moderate tariff. History Of Poompuhar: Details of Poompuhar have been read in the Brahmi-inscription dating back to the second century BC in 'Barkuth' of north India. The historical details of Poompuhar have also been found in the inscriptions of Sayavanam Temple at Poompuhar. The ancient Kings like Sembiyan, Musugundam, Manuneethi Cholan and Karikal Cholan who carried myths with them, added to the glory of Poompuhar town. Poompuhar grew into a great city during the reign of Karikal Cholan. Even after Sangam Chola's period Poompuhar occupied a significant place during the regime of Kalabras. After the Kalabras in the 6th century AD, Poompuhar came under the Pallava regime and during that time the Pallavaneeswaran temple was built by them. With the rise of later Cholas in 850 AD the city regained its past glory. It is mentioned as "Rajathiraja Valanaattu Nangoor Naattu Kaveripoompattinam" in the Sayavanam temple inscription of Vikrama Cholan in the same temple, calls the town "Puhar Nagaram". Later Kopperunchingan also contributed to the grandeur of the place. After the Sangam Chola period the Bay of Bengal swallowed a major part of Poompuhar town. Though Poompuhar became a prey of times, still a few small villages remain a silent witness to the cruelty of times. Thirusaikadu (Sayavanam), Pallavaneeswaram, Melapperumpallam, Keelaperumpallam, Keezaiyur and Vanagiri are mortal remains of ancient Poompuhar. Excavations At Poompuhar: The Sea submerged the original city and at present there is only a small village. Explorations were carried out in Poompuhar right from 1910, along the coast of the state and certain pockets in and around Karur. The archaeological department has revealed the existence of several ring-wells near the seashore. Puhar known to Ptolemy and Pliny, was a planned city built over 2000 years ago. Excavations show an extent of planning that would make most modern planners envious. During the excavations remains of the various buildings were found. A wharf belonging to the 3rd century BC was excavated at Poompuhar in 1962-63 and a similar wharf was unearthed in the subsequent excavation during 1997. Several kinds of brick figures and copper coins were also found. The structural similarities and their functional viability are studied. The existence of such wharves corroborates the plan of ancient Poompuhar, which is splendidly explained by the Pattinappalai, one of the Sangam texts. The study stresses the need for further extensive excavations along the course of the palaeochannel to open up new vistas in the technology of marine structures of ancient Poompuhar. The National Institute of Oceanography, Goa and the Archaeological Department of Tamil Nadu Government have undertaken offshore exploration at Poompuhar and they have contributed a museum.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSillappathikara Art Gallery: Silappathikara Art Gallery is a beautiful seven-tiered building of great sculptural value. Scenes from Silappathikaram, the Epic of the land have been given lively shapes in stones on the walls of the Gallery. These sculptures carved by the sculptors of the Mamallapuram Art College remain the treasure house of Tamil culture. Thirusaikkadu (Sayavanam): Situated 2 km away from Poompuhar estuary, this temple is dedicated to Thirusayavaneswarar and Iraivi Kuyilinam Nanmozhi Ammai Ammal. This
54
temple has been praised by Nayanmars in their hymns. Chola inscriptions are found in the temple. Thiruppallavaneeswaram: Thiruppallavaneeswaram is an ancient and very beautiful temple. Iyarppakai Nayanar and Pattinatthar were born here. The Saivaite-saint Thirugnanasambandar praised this temple. Melapperumpallam and Keezhapperumpallam: These two sthalams (holy places) are situated very near Poompuhar and Thiruvengadu. The Valampuranathar temple at Melapperumpallam has Chola inscriptions. It is noted for the famous Nayanmar's hymns. Keezhapperumpallam is at distance of 2-km form Poompuhar. It is the temple where the famous "Kethu" has a separate sthalam (place). Thiruvengadu: Thiruvengadu is situated at a distance of 10-km from Sirkali and about 30-km from Poompuhar. Four great Saivaite Saints have sung hymns on it. This is the place where Meykandar was born. "Pudhan" (Mercury) has a separate sthalam in Thiruvengadu temple. The presiding deity is Sri Swetharanyeswarar. Sempanarkoil: Sempanarkoil is an antique temple referred to as Thirusumponpalli in Devaram hymns. It is situated on the bus route between Tranquebar and Mayiladuthurai (Mayiladuthurai is located at a distance of 24-km from Poompuhar). It is a temple of great historical significance. Punjai: Punjai located near Sempanarkoil has a Shiva temple that has received tributes from Devaram. It is a beautiful temple of architectural wonders of Cholas. Thirukkadaiyur (Thirukkadayur): Thirukkadaiyur is on the bus route between Mayiladuthurai and Tranquebar. It is one of the eight temples (Atta Veerathanam) glorifying the heroic deeds of Lord Shiva. Sthalapuranam says that Lord Shiva exterminated Yama at this place to save the life of Markkandeya. It is one of the famous Saktisthalams. Anantha Mangalam: It is a small village near Thirukkadaiyur. The temple here is noted for the presiding deily of "'Dasapuja Veera Anjaneyar". Vaitheeswaran Koil: Vaitheeswaran Koil is about 60-km from Poompuhar. Vaitheeswaran temple is known in Hindu scriptures as "Pullirukkuvelur", (Pul - Irukku - Vel - Ur, the words in Tamil meaning Bird (Jatayu), Rig-veda, Lord Murugan and Sun respectively) is one of the important Shiva temples in the South. Sirkali: Sirkali located at a distance of 21-km from Poompuhar is the birthplace of the great Saiva Saint Thirugana Sambandar. The famous Thoniyappar Shivalayam is situated here. It is a beautiful temple of historical importance. Nangoor: Nangoor is located in Sirkali Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of Nagapattinam district. Eleven of the 108 Divya Desams are found in and around Nangoor. Thirumangai Alvar sanctified the Vaishnava temples in Nangoor. Thiruvarur: Thiruvarur is located at a distance of 65 km from Poompuhar and 20km from Nagappattinam. This place is noted for the Thyagaraja temple and the chariot (temple car). The unique feature of the town is that it has three Shiva temples at one place. The well-known "Panchamuga Vathyam" and Paru Nadaswaram are still played during regular pujas. The Musical Trinity of Thyagaiyyar (Thyagaraja), Muthuswamy Deekshither and Shyama Sastri were born here. Tranquebar (Tharangampadi): It is 35-km north of Nagappattinam on the coastal line of Bay of Bengal. The Danish fort and buildings with Danish architecture are the attractions of Tranquebar. Even now the Danish Fort built in 1620 exists to exhibit Danish architecture. The Fort is now under the control of Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department and houses an archaeological Museum. This museum is open to public on all days except Friday. The Zion Church was built in 1701. It was renovated in 1782-84 and again in 1839. It is still in good condition. Town Gateway was built in 1792 on Danish Architectural style.
55
Masilamani Nathar temple built in 1305 by Maravarma Kulasekara Pandiyan exhibits outstanding architectural skills. The front portion of the temple has been partly damaged due to Sea-erosion. Danish Governor Bungalow gets its name as it was used as the residence of the Danish Governor in 1784. It is the biggest building in Tranquebar. Now it is under the control of Tamil Nadu Tourism Department.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The airport at Trichy is at a distance of 141-km. Rail - The nearest railway station is at Mayiladuturai (24-km). Tourists have to alight at Mayiladuthurai railway junction, to proceed to Poompuhar by road. Visitors from Chennai by train have to get down at Sirkali. There are also train facilities from Nagappattinam to Thanjavur, Trichy, Chennai and Nagore. Road - Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporations operate town buses to nearby areas like Karaikal, Nagappattinam, Mayiladuthrrai and Sirkali. Hired vehicles like cars and auto rickshaws are also available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 14.90-sq-kmsPopulation: 86,155 (1991 Census) Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 35.8ºC, Min 22.4ºCWinter- Max 27.6ºC, Min 20.1ºC
PUDUKKOTTAILocation: In Pudukkottai District, Tamil NaduFounded By: Raghunath, Raja Of TondaimandalamWas Formerly: One Of The Princely States Of IndiaMain Attractions: Sri Kokaraneswara Temple, Government Museum, and Sittannavasal Pudukkottai district, located in the southeastern part of the state is one of the new districts formed after the 1971 census, on 14th January 1974. It is one of the small districts of Tamil Nadu with an area of 4,661-sq-kms. Tiruchirappalli bound Pudukkottai district in the north, Thanjavur in the northeast, Bay of Bengal in the east and Ramanathapuram in the south. It has a coastline of about 39-km. The headquarters of the district is Pudukkottai. Pudukkottai was founded by Raghunath, Raja of Tondaimandalam (the region around the ancient port of Tondi on India's southeastern coast). Industries include peanut (groundnut) oil and sesame oil extraction. The History Of Pudukkottai: Pudukkottai was formerly one of the princely states of India. It was a unique state with all sovereign powers in reign by the Maharaja of Pudukkottai. Pudukkottai state comprised of three Taluks (also spelt as Talukas), viz, Alangudi, Tirumayam and Kulattur, with its headquarters at Pudukkottai. Pudukkottai was under the control of the Muslims during the first half of the 15th century, the Naickers in the middle of the 15th century, and the Moghuls in the 17th century. During the last half of 17th century, the Marathas of Thanjavur ruled Pudukkottai area along with their territory in Thanjavur district.
56
Later, Pudukkottai came under the suzerainty of the Thondaiman kings. The Thondaiman kings ruled Pudukkottai state till 1948, i.e., before it was merged with the union of the Government of India on 3rd March 1948.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSri Kokaraneswara Temple: The rock cut cave temple of Sri Kokaraneswara and Brahadambal at Thirukokarnam is of Mahendravarma Pallava's period. It is a famous temple and often visited by tourists. Government Museum: Situated at Thirukokarnam, the museum is located at a distance of 5-km from Pudukkottai railway station. The rare collections in the section of Geology, Zoology, Paintings, Anthropology, Epigraphy, Historical Records, etc. are very interesting. Sittannavasal: Pudukkottai is 53-km from Tiruchirappalli and 57-km away from Thanjavur. Pudukkottai was a princely state in the 17th century AD and it has rich reserves of archaeological and cultural remains at Kodumbalur, Narthamalai, Kudumianmalai, Kunnandarkoil, Sittannavasal, Thirumayam and Avudaiyarkoil. Sittannavasal located 16-km north west of Pudukkottai town, is a celebrated Jaina center having a cave inhabited by monks in the 2nd century BC and a rock-cut temple of the 7th century AD. The cave contains stone beds of an early Brahmi record and some 7th century AD inscriptions. The rock-cut temple has exquisite sculptures and paintings of the 9th century AD The Archaeological Survey of India protects both the monuments. The Anna Agricultural Farm And Agriculture Research Institute: The Anna Agricultural Farm and Agriculture Research Institute in Pudukkottai are interesting places often visited by tourists. In fact these institutions took shape as a result of the special efforts of the former Director of Census Operations, Shri K. Chockalingam who was the then Collector of Tiruchirappalli in the pre-bifurcation period of the two districts of Tiruchirappalli and Pudukkottai. Visit Tamil Nadu Kodumbalur: Also known as "Moovarkoil", Kodumbalur is 36-km from Pudukkottai and 42-km from Tiruchirappalli. It was formerly the seat of Irukkuvelirs, who were related to the Cholas. Of the three shrines of Moovarkoil only two exist now. Boodhi Vikramakesari built these temples in the 10th century AD. The architecture of the temple is unique among south Indian temples. The sculptures of Kalarimurthi, Gajasamharamurthi Ardhanariswara (also spelt as Ardhanareeshwara), Gangadaramurthi, etc. are interesting masterpieces of art. Nearby is the Muchukundeswarar temple of the early Chola period. Viralimalai Sanctuary: Viralimalai is a small town situated at a distance of 30-km from Tiruchirappalli and 40-km from Pudukkottai. It is famous for its Murugan temple and the Peacock sanctuary. The town is bestowed with a large number of wild peacocks, which roam around the Murugan temple. Narthamalai: Narthamalai is a place of historical importance and the headquarters of the Mutharaiya chieftains. An earliest structural stone temple, circular in shape, built by the Mutharaiyar and the Vijayalaya Choleeswaram cave temple built by the Vijayala Chola, the first king of the later Cholas are located here. Tirumayam: Tirumayam, a Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) headquarters is 19-km from Pudukkottai, the district headquarters. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams and has two cave temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva. Mahendravarman and Narasimhavarman Pallava built the cave temples, which lie adjacent to each other. Avadaiyarkovil: Avadayar Koil, previously known, as "Thiruperunthurai" is an important Shivasthala located at a distance of 8 miles from the Arantangi railway station and about 48-km. from Pudukkottai. The sculptural work of the temple is exquisite. It is perhaps the best architectural marvel in South India.
57
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Tiruchirappalli, 50-km away. Rail: Pudukkottai lies on the Chennai Rameswaram railway line and is connected to places like Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, and Thanjavur. Road: Pudukkottai is connected to Rameswaram, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, and Thanjavur and all other nearby towns by road. Tourist taxis and city buses are available for local transportation. Local buses cover all tourist centers in and around Pudukkottai. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: Adi Pooram Festival (July - August) at Sri Kokarneswarar Brahadambal Temple, Thirukokarnam and Manikkavasagar Festival at Avudayarkoil are celebrated every year in a grand manner.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 12-sq-kmsPopulation: 99,058 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 9°50 - 10° 40' Longitude: E 78°25' - 79°15'Altitude: 87.78 meters (288 feet) Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and UrduClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 37.1ºC, Min 36.4ºC Winter- Max 21.3ºC, Min 20.1ºC Rainfall: 908 mm
RAJAPALAYAMLocation: Virudunagar District, Tamil NaduCenter For: Cotton Hand Looming And WeavingNamed After: Raju Inhabitants Who Migrated During The Vijayanagar (1336-1565) Conquest Rajapalayam is one of the cities that expose the Indian culture clearly. It is an important town in Virudunagar district and is the Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) headquarters of Rajapalayam Taluk. It is situated 85-km southwest of Madurai. Five roads are radiating from Rajapalayam on the north of Madurai on the south of Tenkasi and Sankarankovil on the east of Chattarapatti and on to the west to mountains and Ayyanar falls. History And Growth Of Rajapalayam: Rajapalayam is named after its Raju inhabitants, Telugu speakers who migrated during the Vijayanagar (1336-1565) conquest. One Chinna Raja, a lineage decedent of the King of Vijayanagar who belonged to Pasumpatti migrated to the south along with his followers and settled at Kilarajakularaman at the first instance and then moved their settlements to Palayapalayam in 1483 AD. When Vijayanagar rule was established in Madurai, the descendents of the original emigrants were said to have served under the Chokkanatha Nayak, King of Madurai (1659 -1682) who has recorded his appreciation of the service rendered by Chinna raja and his four sons and granted Sasanam. Either after the battle of Talaikotta (1565) or on the eve of the same battle more Rajas migrated to the south from the Vijayanagar Empire. They settled in Pudupalayam, western portion of Rajapalayam municipality and the town was expanded by purchasing lands from Chokkanatha Nayak (1706 -1732). Rajapalayam was constituted as a united
58
board in the year 1885. It became a Panchayat board in the year 1930. Railway line was laid in the year 1927 and the town was electrified in 1937. The town grew as a center for cotton hand looming and weaving that has made the town a more significant zone in Virudunagar district. It has cotton mills and a cement factory.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSAyyanar Falls: Ayyanar Falls is a local picnic spot with natural waterfalls located 10-km west of the Rajapalayam. Srivilliputtur: Srivilliputtur-a temple town in the Virudunagar district, Tamil Nadu is well known as the birthplace of Sri Andal, a great poet-saintess of the Bhakti tradition. It is also home to one of the 108 Srivaishnavaite Divya Desams-The Vatapatrasayi Temple. Additionally it happens to be the birthplace of Periazhwar another well-known saint of the Srivaishnava tradition.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai (85-km). Rail: Rajapalayam has a railway station that connects it with Tirunelveli, Sivakasi, Srivilliputur and other towns and cities of the state. Road: Rajapalayam is well connected by road with the neighbouring towns and cities of the state. For local transportation, taxis and auto rickshaws are available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 11-sq-kmsPopulation: 12,11,09 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 9° 12' to 9° 47'Longitude: E 77° 20' to 78° 26'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Telugu and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 37.1ºC, Min 25.4ºCWinter- Max 29.2ºC, Min 20.4ºCRainfall: 792mm
RAMANATHAPURAMLocation: Ramanathapuram District, Tamil NaduNamed After: Lord RamaRuled By: Pandyas, Cholas, and Nayaks Of Vijayanagar, Marathas, Nizams And The British Main Attractions: Rameshwaram, Uttarakosamangai, Sethu, Tiruppullani And Gandamadhana ParvataRamanathapuram district has an area of 4,232-sq-km and occupies part of the flat southern coastal plains, including the island of Rameswaram. Protected from the northeastern and southwestern monsoons by the Western Ghats to the west and the mountains of Sri Lanka to the southeast, it has an unusually dry climate, but irrigation tanks (embanked earth reservoirs) enable the district to produce chilies and cotton for export. It's Location: Sivaganga and Pudukkottai districts, on the east and south by the Bay of Bengal, and on the west by Tuticorin and Virudunagar districts bound it on the north. The
59
district headquarters is located at Ramanathapuram, a small town of the same name as the district. Ramanathapuram formed part of Pandyan Kingdom; it produces textiles and jewellery and has two colleges affiliated with the Madurai-Virudunagar University. Its name refers to the Hindu god Rama. Ramanathapuram having been known from early times and mentioned in Ramayana and later in Tamil Puranas naturally has a good number of places of worship associated with Hindu gods. Of these, Rameswaram deserve mention, which even now attracts large number of persons all over the country. History Of Ramanathapuram: In the early centuries, Ramanathapuram district formed part of Pandyan Kingdom. Its history is closely linked with the Pandyan Kingdom till the end of the 15th century. The Pandyan Kings ruled over the territories, which comprised of Madurai, Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli. For a brief period, this area was also under the Chola Kings when Rajendra Chola brought it under his authority in 1063 AD. Ramanathapuram territory was also under the Muslim Empire till 1365 AD. With the help of the Vijayanagar King, Parakaram Pandya Deva brought this territory again under the rule of Pandyas. By about 1520 AD, the Nayaks of Vijayanagar took over this territory under their control from the Pandyan Dynasty. For about two centuries, Nayak Kings ruled Ramanathapuram territory from Madurai. During the Nayaks rule, the Marava chieftains-Sethupathis who were lords under the Pandyan Kings reigned over this part in 17th century. The history of Ramanathapuram is closely linked with the history of the Palayams. Ramanathapuram fell into the hands of Chanda Sahib of Carnatic in 1731 AD. In 1741 AD, the area came under the control of the Marathas and then under the Nizam in 1744 AD. These chieftains did not acknowledge Nawab’s rule. In the middle of 18th century, they declared the adopted son of Queen Meenakshi, the last Nayak ruler, as the King of Pandya Mandalam against the Nawabs. In 1773 AD, General Smith brought them under the authority of the British. The British took control of the administration of Ramanathapuram in 1795 AD. It was converted into a Zamindari in 1803 AD and Mangaleswari Nachiyar was made a Zamindar. Ramanathapuram and Sivaganga continued to be Zamins till the system of Zamindari was abolished in 1948 AD after India attained Independence. In the year 1985 the district of Ramanathapuram trifurcated forms three separate districts i.e. Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga and Virudunagar.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSRameshwaram: Rameshwaram is a pilgrimage center of nationwide importance, as Rama is said to have worshipped Shiva here on his way back from Sri Lanka. The temple is in the island of Rameshwaram, the Banares of the South, connected to the mainland by a bridge. The deity here constitutes one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India. A pilgrimage to Rameshwaram is among the important injunctions laid on the Hindu from time immemorial. The great temple of Sri Ramanatha is connected by tradition with Kasi (also spelt as Kashi). A pilgrimage to Kasi is not considered complete without a pilgrimage to Rameshwaram. Gandamadhana Parvata: On the island of Rameshwaram (also spelt as Rameshwaram), just outside the Ramanatha temple there are a few sites also held sacred. About 2.5-km west of the temple, on a hillock, stands the Gandamadhana Parvata. In this Mandapa footprints of Sri Rama are enshrined. From the top of the Mandapa there is a fine view of parts of the island. Eight kilometers from the temple, on the way to Dhanushkodi, there is a beautiful temple of Sri Kodandarama where, tradition says, Vibishana was crowned when he joined Sri Rama.
60
Tiruppullani: Outside the island of Rameswaram, there are three other sites traditionally connected with Sri Rama's expedition to Sri Lanka. A big temple in Tiruppullani commemorates the tradition that there the Lord obtained a bow and arrows to use in the impending war from its presiding deity and also that the Lord of the Ocean who had refused to help Him finally submitted. Sethu: 5-km south of the Ramanatha temple is Sethu, where there is a celebrated temple of Sri Anjaneya, and where, tradition holds, Sri Rama built a bridge to Sri Lanka. In Devipatnam, or Navapashanam, also by the sea, there are nine stones visible at low tide. It is believed that they were set up by Sri Rama to represent the nine planets, the Navagrahas. Uttarakosamangai: 16-km southwest of Ramanathapuram stands the renowned Shiva temple of Uttarakosamangai. Manikkavachagar has sung of it. The Lord is Mangaleshvara and the Goddess Mangalesvari. The temple has inspired many Tamil works of devotion. So, of course, has the Ramanatha temple in Rameswaram. To the making, expansion and preservation of these and many other temples in the district, the 'Setupathis' of Ramanathapuram contributed magnificently. Originally a ruling power in these parts, the British made them Zamindars. The Sethupathi's proud boast was that he was the guardian of the Sethu. The family is closely connected with the temples in Rameswaram, Tiruppullani, and Uttarakosamangai.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, 110-km away. Rail: Ramanathapuram has a railway station, which is well connected by rail with all major cities like Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy, and Thanjavur etc. Road: State transport buses are available from the railway station to the various places in and around Ramanathapuram. For local transportation taxis, auto-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws are available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 63-sq-kmsPopulation: 52,654 (1991 Census) Latitude: N9° 05' to 9o 56' Longitude: E 78o 12' to 79o 26'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Telugu and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 48ºC, Min 35.6ºCWinter- Max 30ºC, Min 25ºCRainfall: 949 mm
RameshwaramLocation: Island Of Rameshwaram, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped: Linga Of Sri RanganathaFamous Tradition: A Pilgrimage To Kashi Is Not Considered Complete Without A Pilgrimage To Rameshwaram Significance: One of the 12 Jyotirlingas of IndiaRameshwaram (also spelt as Rameswaram) is a pilgrimage center of nationwide importance, as Rama is said to have worshipped Shiva here on his way back from SriLanka. The temple is in the island of Rameshwaram, the Banares of the South,
61
connected to the mainland by a bridge. The deity here constitutes one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India. The Sacred Pilgrimage To Rameshwaram: A pilgrimage to Rameshwaram is among the important injunctions laid on the Hindu from time immemorial. The great temple of Sri Ramanatha is connected by tradition with Kashi. A pilgrimage to Kashi is not considered complete without a pilgrimage to Rameshwaram. In olden days groups of pilgrims, many of them quite old, walked huge distances to the two temples, taking months and years, and some failing to survive the rigours and dangers of such incredibly long journeys. Men and women knew this cost might be exacted of them, but they repaid it cheerfully. The Rameshwaram pilgrimage has long been a tradition in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, and has passed into folklore. Many kings of old prided themselves on having planted columns of victory in Rameshwaram-Krishna III the Rashtrakuta, in the 10th century; the Hoysala, Vishnuvardhana, in the 12th century. Everything in and near Rameshwaram is traditionally connected with incidents in the "Ramayana". The Kashi pilgrimage is considered complete not only after worship in the Sri Ramanatha temple but also after a bath in Dhanushkodi, a tip of the island where the Bay of Bengal, called the "Mahodadhi" in ancient times, joins the Indian Ocean, or Ratnakaram, its beautiful old name "Dhanushkodi", in Tamil the "end of the bow", takes its name from a tradition that Sri Rama, at the request of Vibishana, his friend, destroyed the bridge to Sri Lanka with the end of His bow. Dhanushkodi was affected in a cyclone a few years ago. The Great Temple Of Sri Ramanatha: The temple of Sri Ramanatha, which has over the centuries grown into its present gigantic dimensions, stands on the eastern shore of an island, which is shaped like a conch, which Lord Vishnu bears in one of His hands. No field is ploughed or oil presses anywhere in the island. A magnificent railway bridge, over a kilometre long and constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century, connects it with the mainland. Grimes walking incredible distances, philanthropists used to construct rest houses at intervals along the way. The last of them before Rameshwaram was Thangachimadam, a few kilometers away on the island. Modern means of transport have made these rest houses superfluous. But in their time they were most useful, even vital. The Sethupathis of Ramanathapuram, of which the district Rameshwaram is an administrative part, were called the "guardians of the Sethu", the bridge which, according to tradition, was built for Sri Rama to cross over into Sri Lanka when He set out to recover Sita. About The Temple: Since it was Sri Rama Himself who, in time honored tradition, built the temple, it is held in particular reverence. After killing Ravana, He returned to India and, in Rameshwaram, offered worship to Lord Shiva to expiate the sin incurred in destroying him. Intending to set up a Linga, He directed Hanuman to bring one from Kailasa within a certain time. Hanuman was delayed. Meanwhile, the propitious hour for the installation having arrived, Sita Herself prepared one of sand, and offered it worship. This is the Linga of Sri Ramanatha in the temple. When Hanuman returned with a Linga, He found that it was too late. He was angry and attempted to uproot the Ramalinga. But He failed. To pacify Him Sri Rama directed that his Linga, the "Visvalinga", should also be set up and that worship should first be offered to it. This is the second Linga under worship in the temple. Temple Architecture: the temple 264m easts to west and 200m norths to south, and with three Prakaras, two big Gopuras and two more unfinished ones, faces east, a few meters from the sea. It contains two Lingas under worship. There are innumerable other shrines and twenty-two "Tirthas" (also spelt as Teerthas), or sacred bathing places. At the main eastern entrance stands a huge Gopura of nine storeys and 38.4m high. The outermost, or third, corridor, 196m long and 120.4 wide, is one of the achievements of
62
the Hindu artist down the ages. There are about four thousand pillars, each 3.7m high. All are located on a platform 1.5m high. They look like an orderly, Petrified Forest. What is truly remarkable, apart from the sheer artistry of it which has so magnificently conquered problems of proportions, height and such like, is that all these stones must have been transported here over long distances and across the sea by a causeway. In Nayak times there was a kind of ford. How the huge stones could have been carried across a turbulent sea is a question the answer to which proves that old Indian engineers were quite advanced in technology. A huge Nandi, 6.7m long and 5m high, stands beyond the second Prakara. It is made of 'Sudai', a material used for sculptures on Gopuras. On either side of it there are portraits of two of the Nayaks, Visvanatha and Krishnappa. The western Gopura is smaller than the eastern, but still impressive, being 24m high. On the northern and southern sides there are unfinished Gopuras. Shrines Within The Temple: In the principal sanctum there is the Linga of Sri Ranganatha. This is the one, which Sita made and Sri Rama sanctified. There is much delicate artistry in many parts of the sanctum. The Vimana, of three storeys, contains images of Hanuman, the Gandhamadhana Linga, and the Agastya Linga. The Linga of Visvanatha (also spelt as Vishvanatha), which Hanuman brought, is enshrined in another sanctum to the north. Worship is offered to it first. In yet another shrine there is an image of Visalakshi, the Consort of Visvanatha, Ramanatha's Consort, Parvathavardhani, is enshrined in a sanctum to the right of His. Usually, in Shiva temples, the Goddess is enshrined to the left of the Lord. But here, as in Madurai, this location has not been followed. Behind the Sri Ramanatha shrine, and between the second and third prakaras, there is a sanctum for Lord Vishnu as "Sethumadhava". Strictly speaking, the name should be "Svetha Madhava". The first word is Sanskrit for "white". The name derives from the fact that the image is of white marble. An Interesting Story Is Told Of The Origin Of The Shrine: A Pandya of Madurai, Punyanadhi, once came to Rameshwaram on pilgrimage and performed a sacrifice to propitiate Lord Vishnu. The Lord, in order to test his faith, sent Goddess Lakshmi as an orphan girl. The Pandya, having no daughter of his own, adopted her and lavished affection on her. One day Lord Vishnu, in the guise of an old ascetic, made his way into her apartment. When the king heard of this, he loaded him with chains and had him imprisoned in the Rameshwaram temple. That night he dreamt that the old man appeared as Lord Vishnu and the girl as Goddess Lakshmi. When he went to the princess apartment, he saw the same sight. On coming to the Rameshwaram temple, he found an image of Vishnu in shackles. Then he realised the enormity of what he had done. But the Lord consoled him and said that He, with Goddess Lakshmi would remain in the temple in shackles. The tradition is that he who bathes in a tank near the shrine and offers worship in that shrine will receive all the benefits of the Kashi pilgrimage. Thirthas Within The Temple: There are no less than twenty-two "thirthas" (also spelt as Teertha or Tirtha), or bathing places, mainly within, but a few also outside, the temple. According to time-honoured tradition, the pilgrim bathes first in Agni Tirtha (also spelt Theertham), as the sea to the east of the temple is called (nearby there is a Shankara Matha), and finally in the Kodi tirtha, which is within the temple. The importance of bathing in these "thirthas" derives from the tradition that Sri Krishna Himself did so.
SACRED SITES OUTSIDE THE TEMPLEGandamadhana Parvata: Outside the temple, on the island, there are a few sites also held sacred. About 2.5-km west of the temple, on a hillock, stands the Gandamadhana Parvata. In this Mandapa footprints of Sri Rama are enshrined. From the top of the
63
Mandapa there is a fine view of parts of the island. 8-km from the temple, on the way to Dhanushkodi, there is a beautiful temple of Sri Kodandarama where, tradition says, Vibishana was crowned when he joined Sri Rama. Tiruppullani: Outside the island, there are three other sites traditionally connected with Sri Rama's expedition to Sri Lanka. A big temple in Tiruppullani commemorates the tradition that there the Lord obtained a bow and arrows to use in the impending war from its presiding Deity and also that the Lord of the Ocean who had refused to help Him finally submitted. Sethu: 5-km south of the temple is Sethu, where there is a celebrated temple of Sri Anjaneya, and where, tradition holds, Sri Rama built a bridge to Sri Lanka. In Devipatnam, or Navapashanam, also by the sea, there are nine stones visible at low tide. It is believed that they were set up by Sri Rama to represent the nine planets, the Navagrahas. Uttarakosamangai: 16-km southwest of Ramanathapuram stands the renowed Shiva temple of Uttarakosamangai. Manikkavachagar has sung of it. The Lord is Mangaleshvara and the Goddess Mangalesvari. The temple has inspired many Tamil works of devotion. So, of course, has the Ramanatha temple in Rameshwaram. To the making, expansion and preservation of these and many other temples in the district, the Setupathis of Ramanathapuram contributed magnificently. Originally a ruling power in these parts, the British made them Zamindars. The Sethupathi's proud boast was that he was the guardian of the Sethu. The family is closely connected with the temples in Rameshwaram, Tiruppullani, and Uttarakosamangai.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, at a distance of 154-km. Rail: Rameshwaram is well connected by trains from all the major cities of India. Road: State transport buses are available from the railway station to the various places in and around Rameshwaram. For local transportation taxis, auto-rickshaws, cycle-rickshaws and tongas are available. Also city bus service is available in the island.
SALEMLocation: Salem District, Tamil NaduWell Known: For Cotton And Silk Handloom WeavingMain Attractions: Picturesque Hill Ranges And Rocks And The TemplesRuled By: Chola, Vijayanagar And Muslim Rulers And The BritishSalem district is bounded on the north by Dharmapuri district, on the east by Villupuram and Perambalur districts, on the south by Namakkal district and on the west by Erode district. The district headquarters is located at Salem.Location And Name: Salem is on the Tirumanimuttar River near Attur Gap between the Kalrayan and Pachamalai hills. Situated at the junction of the Bangalore, Tiruchirappalli, and Cuddalore roads, 332-km southwest of Chennai (formerly Madras), the city's name derives from "Sela Nad" (a corruption of "Chera Nad"), a term denoting the visit of an early Chera king. The area around Salem is composed of a series of hills ('Shevaroy', 'Kalrayan', 'Kollaimalai', and 'Pachaimalai') in the east and a section of the Cauvery (also spelt Kaveri) River valley in the west. The City Of Salem: Well-known for cotton and silk handloom weaving, Salem has developed as a large-scale industrial center, with electrical and chemical factories, tool workshops, and brass rolling mills. The Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, the second of its kind in India, is located here. Archaeological remains show that the region was occupied during the Neolithic period. In historic times the land formed part of independent Kongu NAD, but was later conquered by Chola, Vijayanagar, and Muslim rulers. It was ceded to the British in 1797.
64
PRIME ATTRACTIONSSalem district has a good number of picturesque hill ranges and rocks and is dotted with more than 750 temples, big and small, some of them dating back to the Chera, Chola and Pandya days. Quite a few of these temples are more than 1000 years old. Many of these temples are located in the hill ranges and rocks. Saivite saints like Appar, Manickavachagar, Tirugnanasambandar and Arunagirinathar have sung in praise of some of these temples. Yercaud: 30-km north of Salem is Yercaud, a lesser-known hill station when compared to Ooty and Kodaikanal. Yercaud is situated at an altitude of 1,500 meters (4,920 feet), on the Shevaroy hills of the Eastern Ghats. The lofty hills are of extraordinary scenic beauty endowed with a salubrious climate. Yercaud is also called "Ooty of the Poor " and is known for Coffee Plantations and Orange Groves. The highest point in Yercaud is the Shevaroy temple, which is situated at a height of 5326. Mettur Dam: The Mettur Dam across the River Cauvery (also spelt as Kaveri) as it enters Salem district is one of the biggest reservoirs with a water spread of 15,540 hectares. This reservoir is not only a source of irrigation essentially in Trichy and Thanjavur districts but also a hydroelectric project besides being a big fish producing water source. Government Museum: The government museum at Salem contains valuable collections of terracotta's and sculptures. Attur: Located at a distance of 13-km from Salem is Attur with a well-preserved old fort. Aragalur: Aragalur, 74-km from Salem has tow imposing temples; one is dedicated to Sri Kameswara and the other to Karivaradaperumal. There is a big Buddha statue at Thiyaganur village at the outskirts of Aragalur Village. Sankagiri: At a distance of 35-km from Salem is Sankagiri famous for its fort, the origin of which is traced back to the 13th century AD. Taramangalam: Taramangalam, 33-km from Salem is famous for Sri Kailasanathar Temple. Figures of tortoise, fish, monkey, crocodile are carved out on the walls and granite roofs. The Gopuram is bedecked with stucco figures. Statues of Rathi-Manmatha, Vali-Sugriva of the epic Ramayana and Yali with rotating stone ball in its mouth - the rotating lotus flowers in the ceiling are some of the beautiful sculptures. Tiruchengodu: Tiruchengodu, 45-km from Salem is one of the seven Shivasthalams in Kongunadu. The Arthanareeswarar Temple is located on a hillock here. The presiding deity of the temple is represented in half male and half-female form i.e. Shiva and Sakthi worshipped as one. Poiman Karadu: Poiman Karadu is situated on the Salem-Namakkal National Highway. Seen from the plains to the east of the hill from a particular spot, the likeness of a deer with two horns is visible in a cave between rocks on the hill. The mysterious vision disappears when one gets, nearer hence the name Poiman Karadu. Kolli Hills: Located at a distance of 100-km from Salem and at an altitude of 1,190 meters are the Kolli Hills, another famous hill station in Salem district, next to Yercaud. Sri Arappaleeswarar Temple on top of Chathuragiri hills is one of the oldest. The terrace type 70 hairpin bent Ghat road, the fruits cultivated here, honey and the unchanged tribal cultures are unique memories. The wonderful Agasakangai waterfall flowing from a height over 200 ft is a unique scene. Valvil Ori Festival and Tourism Festivals are celebrated during August every year. Hogenakkal Waterfalls: Hogenakkal Waterfalls is one of the wonderful waterfalls in Tamil Nadu. It is located at a distance of 114-km from Salem and 133-km from Bangalore. It is a part of the River Cauvery (also spelt as Kaveri) and is about 250 meters above sea level. The main attraction of the falls is its vertical drop from a height
65
of 20 meters with a thundering sound. Surrounded by mountains, Hogenakkal offers a quite holiday in comfort. Dharmapuri: About 53-km from Salem is Dharmapuri, the district headquarters of the district of the same name. It has an ancient temple. The famous Adiyamankottai fort is 8 km from Dharmapuri. Hosur: Hosur is known for its cattle farm. It is about 90-km from Dharmapuri and is now becoming an important industrial center. Thali known as "Little England" for its climate is 25-km from Hosur.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy. Rail: Salem has its railway station and trains run from it to all the major cities in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. Road: Salem is well connected by road to all major cities in Tamil Nadu. For local transportation taxis, auto rickshaws and city buses are available. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: The Salem district mainly adores the village Goddesses. Thus, Mariamman festivals are unique in the district. Masi Magham, which takes place at Mecheri, is the biggest festival in the district. It is a 7-day car festival celebrated in honour of Bhadrakali Amman. Festivals of longest duration are observed in Attur Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of Salem district. The Agni Festival and The Car Festival are celebrated in veneration of Goddess Mariamman. These festivals last nothing short of 30 days.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 19.94-sq-kmsPopulation: 366,712 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 11o19' and 11o 58' Longitude: E 77o 40' to 78o 50'Altitude: 1,523 metersClothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and MalayalamClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 38.2ºC, Min 28.0ºCWinter- Max 29.4ºC, Min 22.4ºCRainfall: 960mm
SIVAKASILocation: Virudunagar District, Tamil NaduFamous For: Matches, Fire Works And Printing IndustriesNamed After: The Shivalinga Brought From KasiAlso Known As: Mini JapanSivakasi is a first grade municipal town in Tamil Nadu, located 74-km south of Madurai. It is a part of Virudunagar district. Sivakasi is a famous industrial town in South India honoured as "Mini Japan" by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. This small town is also popular for its ancient worshipping places. Sivakasi - A Town Of Three Industries: Sivakasi may be called as "A town of three industries", namely Matches, Fire works and Printing. Sivakasi is known for its fireworks manufacturing reputation and offset printing machines of which it has the second largest
66
number in the world, next to Guthenburg, a city in German. It is one of the highest excise duties, sales tax paying industrial town in India. There are more than 1,500 match industries either of small or medium or large-scale units. Out of the total requirement of matches and fireworks in India Sivakasi meets about 85-90% of production. Most of the manufacturing units are in small scale and cottage industries. In and around Sivakasi there are 1434 match works and 291 fires works industries. Around 373 Printing presses are located in and around Sivakasi. Thousands of workers are getting direct and indirect employment through this industry. The History Of Sivakasi: Sivakasi has a history of more than 600 years. Its story starts from the 14th century. Legend Regarding How Sivakasi Came To Be Called So: When Hindus just hear the very name ‘Kasi’; it evokes religious sentiments with them. Kasi is a place where every devout Hindu is expected to visit once in his lifetime. Apart from that there are two other Kasi's in Tamil Nadu -Tenkasi (meaning the Southern Kaasi) located near Courtallam, close to Kerala and Sivakasi (Kassi of Siva) located at South of Madurai. It is interesting to note how Sivakasi came to be called so. The king, Ankesari Parakrama Pandyan ruled the southern region of Madurai, with his capital at Tenkasi. He wished to establish a Shiva temple at Tenkasi and he had planned to visit Kasi Varanasi to worship Lord Shiva there and bring a Linga from there. While returning to his place with the prized Linga a few miles past Madurai, he took rest under a groove of Vilva trees. When the king woke up to continue his journey after his overnight halt, the cow that carried the Shivalinga, being brought from Varanasi, refused to move from there, for all coaxing and coercing. Moreover, the princess attained puberty that night which prohibited the carrying of the Linga. As events thus overtook auspicious time for the already proposed plan of consecrating the Linga at Tenkasi, the king reverentially placed the Linga in the place where he had halted and proceeded to Tenkasi. The place, which was sanctified by the Shivalinga brought from Kasi, henceforth came to be called "Sivakasi". Later on King Pandia and King Thirumalai Naicker did a lot for this temple and named it "Kasi Viswanatha Swami " Temple. The period of construction was between 15th and 16th century. Aanaiappa Gnani reconstructed this temple. Under the rule of King Naickers, the temple was developed more. In 1659, Muthu Veerappa Naicker constructed the Ratham (the chariot).
PRIME ATTRACTIONSKasi Viswanatha Swami Temple: Kasi Viswanatha Swami Temple is an ancient temple in Sivakasi. The presiding deity is Kasi Viswanatha Swami or Kashi Vishwanath Swami (Lord Shiva) and the Goddess worshipped here is Visalatchi Ambal. Festival Celebrated At Kasi Viswanatha Swami Temple: "Powrami Puja" is held on every full moon day. "Prathosam" is very popular among the people of Sivakasi. On that day many people come to worship the God. "Karthikai Thiruvizha" is celebrated in "Aadi Karthigai and Thai Karthigai" days. "108 Changabishegam" is held on every last Monday of Tamil month to Sri Kasi Viswanathar and on every last Friday of Tamil month to Sri Vishalatchi Ambal. "Thanga Kavasam Satruthal" is held in the beginning of every Tamil month, every Pradthosam, on Shivaratri and on other festival days Sri Mariamman Kovil: Sri Mariamman Kovil is another famous temple in Sivakasi. Sri Mariamman is the Goddess of the temple. "Kumbabhishekam" for this temple was held on 21-1-1983. "Kumbabhishekam" for the "Gopuram" of this temple was held on 6-2-1984. There is a beautiful Silver Ratham in the temple. Sri Pathira Kaliamman Temple: Sri Pathira Kaliamman Temple is a very famous temple in Sivakasi. Sri Pathira Kaliamman is the Goddess of this temple. "Kumbabhishekam" for this temple was held on 11-06-1987. "Kumbabhishekam" for the
67
"Raja Gopuram" (Main Tower) was held on 7-7-1995. Raja Gopuram has the length of 66 feets, width of 44 feets and the height of 110 feets of 7 stages. The base was constructed by stone, for 30 feets with 100 sculptures in 6 years. 80 feets of 7 stages was constructed with 30 architects within a period of 1½ year. It owns the biggest tower of all the Amman temples in India. Powrnami Puja is celebrated grandly on the full moon day. Large numbers of people come to worship the Goddess. There is a very beautiful garden in this temple, and it impresses the visitors to a greater extent. Badrakaliamman Temple: The magnificent tower of Sri Badrakaliamman Temple in Sivakasi has a glittering gold Kalasam that attract all newcomers. The temple itself is an expression of self-assertion by members of Nadar Community who were ill treated earlier. A separate committee called "Devasthanam Committee" was constituted to look after the routine affairs, like conducting daily pujas and sponsoring festivals. This temple has been periodically renovated since 1983-84. The Rajagopuram was constructed within the period of 8 years and is believed to be the tallest of all kali temple towers in the state. There are three sections among Christians, which are Roman Catholics, Protestants and Pentagosthe and all the three groups have very old churches at Sivakasi. Our Lady of Lord's Church: Roman Catholics constructed "Our Lady of Lord's Church" on 1953 by Father Balaiya S.J. The area of the church is 60 cents of which 800 persons can pray at a time. This church is constructed in Portuguese style. About 11 Churches around Sivakasi are attached with it. The Church concentrates on making humanization through education, also works for the eradication of Child Labour. Rockland Church: Protestants constructed "Rockland Church". Mr. E.H.M. Waller started the work on 29-6-1917 and it took 8½ years to finish. In 29-12-1925 Thiru Packenham Walsh inaugurated the church. Ayyanar Falls: Ayyanar falls are located at a distance of about 40- km from Sivakasi town. It is a suitable place for enjoying the holidays, with a temple and small waterfalls. Sastha Falls: Located at a distance of 27-km from Rajapalayam and 12-km from Devadanam is the Sastha falls, a picnic spot with good cool water streams, waterfalls and several smooth rock slopes for playful sliding. Elephants, Spotted Deers, Wild Buffaloes can be spotted here. Sanjeev Hills: At a distance of 3-km from Rajapalayam on the way to chatrapatti are the Sanjeev Hills. In the epic Ramayana, in order to save the unconscious Lakshman, Hanuman brought the entire Sanjeev Hill with the herbal plants to Sri Lanka and after wards through it away .It is said that this is the hill that was thrown away.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is located at Madurai, which is about 76-km from the city. Rail: Sivakasi Railway station is an important station in the Southern Railway due to the movement of Industrial products. Road: Sivakasi is well connected by road with the major towns and cities within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis and auto rickshaws are available.
FAIRS AND FESTIVALSHindu Celebrations: Panguni and Chithirai Pongal festivals are grandly celebrated in Sivakasi for the Goddess Sri Mariamman and Sri Pathirakaliamman respectively. It usually comes in the month of April and May respectively. Pongal festival is celebrated for 10 days from the day of Kodiyettram. On the 7th day the "Ratha Urchavam" (Therottam) is held. The people through four "Ratha Veethies" drag the Ratham and when it reaches the destination it is celebrated as the last day of Pongal celebrations. In Chithirai Pongal festival, the 5th and 6th days are celebrated very grandly.
68
Thiruvathirai Festival is famous in Sivakasi. In this festival four Rathams from 4 temples are decorated beautifully with "Sevanthi Flowers". Large numbers of people visit Sivakasi during this festival to worship the Gods. Christian Celebrations: Roman Catholics celebrate "Our Lady Festival" on February 11. They decorate the god in a ratham and it goes through the main streets of Sivakasi. Protestants celebrate "Ikkya Virunthu" as local festival of their church. Muslim Celebrations: Muslims celebrate "Chandana Koodu Festival" as local festival in their Dhargas.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 6-sq-kmsPopulation: 65,593 (1991 Census) Latitude: N9° 12' to 9° 47'Longitude: E 77° 20' to 78° 26'Altitude: 100.07 meter above sea levelClothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: English and TamilClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 37.8ºC, Min 25.6ºCWinter- Max 29.2ºC, Min 20.4ºCRainfall: 792mm
SrirangamLocation: Near Trichy, Tamil NaduAbode Have: Sri Ranganatha (Lord Vishnu)Significance: One Of The Nava Graha SthalasImportant Festivals Celebrated: Aadi Bhramotsavam In March-April, The Grand Adhyayanotsavam In December-January, Vaikunta Ekadasi In December, Chitrai Car Festival In April, Thai Car Festival In January, Theppam Festival In February And Goratham Festival In March. Srirangam, the abode of the Supreme Lord, Sri Ranganatha, the reclining form of Lord Vishnu, is situated in a picturesque island in the hallowed South Indian River Cauvery, near Trichy. The temple of Ranganatha, the largest in India, is of particular reverence to all Hindus. Srirangam is also listed as one of the Navagraha Sthalas (places), or temples representing the planets. The South Indian temples in this group are Suryanarcoil - the Sun, Tirupati -the Moon, Palani- Mars, Madurai-Mercury, Tiruchendur-Jupiter, Srirangam-Venus, Tirunallaru-Saturn. Srirangam is an eloquent symbol of age-old Indian culture, tradition and civilization, preserved and patronized by the great rulers of Tamil Nadu. It has a long history and the temple was built in stages at various periods by the ancient kings of Chola, Pandya, Hoysala, Vijayanagar dynasties and the Nayaks. Legend Connected With The Temple: No one really knows when the Srirangam temple came into being. The actual shrine is supposed to have risen out of the "Paarkadal" (Ocean) itself as a result of Brahma's penance. According to legend, "Ikshvaku", a descendant of Surya, the Sun God, who was appointed to take care of the daily worship, is supposed to have kept it in his capital, Ayodhya. His descendant, Sri Rama presented the shrine to Vibhishana when he attended his coronation.
69
When Vibhishana, who was carrying it back on his head to Sri Lanka, rested briefly at Srirangam, the shrine got rooted there. Sri Ranganathaswami, the legend goes, then appeared before him and said he wished to stay on the banks of the Cauvery. He however promised the disconsolate Vibhishana that he would always lie facing Sri Lanka. Vibhishana, it is believed comes even today to pray at the temple. The temple is surrounded by seven concentric walls (the outermost wall having a perimeter of over 3-km) and covers a vast area of 63 hectares. Most of the temple complex standing today was constructed between the 14th and 17th centuries. The temple enshrines Ranganatha (also spelt as Rangathar) in the central sanctum, crowned with a gold plated Pranava Vimanam (also spelt as Vimana) or Paravasudeva Vimanam (also spelt as Vimana). A total of 7 concentric Prakarams (also spelt as Prakaras) surround this shrine, housing several Mandapams (also spelt as Mandapas), tanks and shrines. Gopurams (also spelt as Gopuras) on the south and east of the 4th Prakaram are the most impressive. A total of 21 towers adorn the temple. The shrine of the Goddess, "Sriranga Nachiar" (also called "Thayar") is located in the 5th Prakaram. The image of the Goddess is never taken out of the shrine. There are two processional images. The pillars here go back to the Chola period (13th century CE). The 1,000-pillared hall is also the product of the late Chola period, and is also in the 4th Prakaram; its entrance is in the south. It is here where the Adhyayanotsavam (involving the recitation of the Tamil Prabandam hymns) is held. At the southern edge of the huge open courtyard, the Vijayanagara rulers added the hall with 8 pillars with huge horses. The Krishna Venugopala shrine on the southern side is also of great beauty. The Garuda Mandapam is located in the third Prakaram. Its pillars go back to the Nayaks of 17th century Madurai. The Chandra and Surya Pushkarini tanks are located in the 3rd Prakaram. History Of The Temple: The temple does have a traceable history, which is quite awesome. It is mentioned in the "Silappadikaram" as well as in the Nalayiradivyaprabandham, which dates back to the third century. Koil Olugu, a chronicle of the temple, written around the 11th century attributes the construction of one of the enclosures to Tirumangaialvar, who is supposed to have lived there during the seventh century. Periyalvar, who’s adopted daughter Andal was an ardent devotee of Ranganathaswami, has also described the temple in his verses. Outside the main temple there is a small shrine supposed to have been built on the spot where Andal became one with the Lord. The Great Reformer Ramanujacharya: Of course the most famous resident of the area, whose life and work have been well chronicled, is Ramanujacharya. He was born in Sriperumbudur around the year 1137 and spent the early part of his life in Kanchipuram. He came to Srirangam as a young 'Sanyasi' and was responsible for completely revamping the administration of the temple. Religious persecution compelled him to flee from Srirangam at the age of 80. With his band of devoted followers, he wandered all over the South before settling finally in Melkote in Karnataka. Jatavarman Sundara Pandya 1, a Chola king who reigned during the 13th century was responsible for enlarging the temple and for covering the Lord with sumptuous gold and jewellery. According to temple chronicles, he once had two boats built on the Kaveri. In one boat he sat on the back of an elephant and in the other he poured jewels and gold till it sank to the same water line as the first. He donated all this treasure to the temple. This king, known as "Hemachatina Raja" or the king who covered the temple with gold, is said to have built and covered many of the main parts in gold and even built a jeweled arch to cover the Lord.
70
Malik Kafur who caused the collapse of the Pandya dynasty in the 14th century, raided Srirangam and carried away most of its treasures. Ten years later, Mohammed Bin Tughluq (also spelt as Tuglaq) turned the temple of Srirangam into a fort. The priests of the temple took the Uthsavamurti of Ranganathaswami and whatever vessels and jewels they could save and fled. The idol of Thayar was buried in the temple courtyard itself. For over 50 years, the Utsavamurti lived in exile. The temple functionaries managed to keep the "Mulavars" (main idols) safe by building a wall over them. The Uthsavamurti is said to have traveled all over India and was finally kept at Tirupati, apparently hidden in a ravine. When peace returned, since the old idol could not be found, a new one was installed. The wall protecting the Moolavar was removed. However, a couple of years later, suddenly the old idol resurfaced and there was a controversy as to which was the original one. A blind washer man, it is said, identified the true idol by the fragrance of Kasturi, which lingered on its vestments. Apocryphal Stories Often Told By The Residents Of Srirangam: In Srirangam, myths, legends and history are inextricably blended into apocryphal stories, which the residents tell you as you walk down the corridors of the enormous temple. At one spot, for instance, there are five strange holes drilled into the solid stone floor, in front of a pair of elegantly carved feet. Once, the story goes, Ranganatha decided to dress himself as Thayar and appear before his devotees because he wanted to understand why people only appealed to him through his wife. As he came down the corridor, dressed like a woman, Thayar is said to have stood in that corner of the passage hidden by the wall. As he neared, she inserted her fingers into those holes for grip and bent to peer around the wall to watch him coming. The Lord of Srirangam has been endowed with some very human traits, which make it easier for the devotees to identify with him. During festive celebrations, for example a unique quarrel is enacted between the Lord and Thayar at the Woraiyur temple close by. Legend: According to legend it is said that weeks before the day, which had been fixed for their marriage, Sriranga (Ranganatha) was nowhere to be seen. Thayar, heard stories of his wandering around, meeting other women and so, when he finally appeared on their wedding day, she became very angry and threw out all the fruit and butter and eatables prepared for the feast. He, however, finally pacified her and convinced her that he had only gone hunting and that a wild animal made the scratches on his back. Services And Festivals: An elaborate protocol of worship services is offered here throughout the day. On about 120 days, the Utsavamurti is taken out in procession out of the inner sanctum. Aadi Bhramotsavam is celebrated in Panguni (March-April). The grand Adhyayanotsavam is celebrated in the month of Margazhi (December-January), involving the recitation of the Prabandham hymns or Alwar Pasurams in the thousand-pillared hall. Vaikunta Ekadasi in December, Chitrai Car Festival in April, Thai Car Festival in January, Theppam Festival in February and Goratham Festival in March are the other important festivals celebrated in Srirangam.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy (10-km). Rail: Srirangam is an important railway junction on the meter-gauge of Southern Railway and is well connected with the towns and cities of the state. Road: Srirangam situated on the National Highway No.45 on Tiruchirapalli-Madras route is well connected by road with the major towns and cities within and beyond the state. For local transportation taxis, auto rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and city buses are available.
71
ThanjavurLocation: Thanjavur, Tamil NaduBuilt By: Rajaraja Chola In 11th CenturyMain Deity: Lord Shiva- Peruvudaiyar, RajarajeswaramudaiyarImportant Festivals Celebrated: The Annual Festival Celebrated For 9 Days In The Month Of Visaka (May-June) The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur is an architectural wonder and reflects the artistic skills of the erstwhile Chola rulers who ruled peninsular India in the early medieval period. Built by the Chola king Rajaraja I in the 11th century, it is one of the tallest temples in the world. It was so designed that the Vimana never casts a shadow at noon at any part of the year. The origin of the magnificent Brihadeeswara temple goes back to the late 10th and the early 11th century, when Rajaraja Chola, the great Chola ruler, ruled a kingdom that spread through a large part of peninsular India. Rajaraja Chola, like other Chola rulers, was a great patron of art and architecture. During the time of the Cholas, most of the magnificent temples as well as exquisite bronze sculptures in South India were created. The style and grace of these sculptures and temples, and an eye for the minutest of the details, till today, is without parallel. Temple Architecture: Sama Varma was the chief architect of the Chola court and was commissioned by Rajaraja Chola to build the House of God. Sama Varma began his work diligently and took his work seriously. He began to design a structure, which was to stand on a 29m square base and rise up to a height of about 65 m. Like all other Chola temples, the Brihadeeswara temple is also a fully carved structure. A 107 paragraph long inscription on the walls of the Vimanam records the contributions of Rajaraja Chola and his sister Kundavai to the Thanjavur temple. The temple stands within a fort, whose walls are later additions built in the 16th century. The towering Vimanam is about 200 feet in height and is referred to as "Dakshina Meru". The octagonal Shikharam rests on a single block of granite weighing 81 tons. It is believed that this block was carried up a specially built ramp built from a site 6 kilometers away from here. Huge Nandis dot the corners of the Shikharam (also spelt as Shikhara), and the Kalasam on top by itself is about 3.8 meters in height. Hundreds of stucco figures bejewel the Vimanam, although it is possible that some of these may have been added on during the Maratha period. The Shivalingam - Peruvudaiya, Rajarajeswaramudaiya - is a huge one, set in a two storeyed sanctum, and the walls surrounding the sanctum delight visitors as a storehouse of murals and sculpture. The Shivalinga of Sri Brihadeeswara is probably the grandest in existence. This image was originally called "Adavallan" (the one who is good in Dance). Another name was Dakshina-Meru Vitanken. Rajaraja Cholan calls the image Rajarajeswaramudaiya, - The Lord of Rajarajeswaram. The long Prakaram surrounds the great temple (500 feet/250 feet), and the walls surrounding the Prakaram again go back to Rajaraja Cholan's period. The walls house long pillared corridors, which abound in murals, Shiva Lingams and Nandis. The Periya Nayaki temple within the temple is a later addition from the Pandya period, and so does the Saint poet Arunagirinathar sing the Subramanya temple later. Noteworthy Sculptural Art: Incidents from the lives of the Nayanmars, several of the 108 Bharatanatyam dance postures, manifestations of Shiva (Aadalvallaan, Nataraja, Tripurantaka, Dakshinamurthi etc.) are depicted in sculptured panels or in exquisite Chola murals. Both the interior and the exterior walls of the temple are replete with images of the kind described above. The Sanctum, the Ardhamandapam, the Mukhamandapam and the Mahamandapam, although distinct, form a composite unit with an imposing appearance that awes visitors,
72
forcing one to wonder how such timeless architectural feat was executed about 1000 years ago. Entrances to the Mandapams and the towered entrances to the Prakarams are majestic. The grandeur of the architecture and the sculptural finesse speaks volumes of the skills of the Imperial Cholas. The Nandi, which dates back to the Nayak period, is housed in its own Mandapam and it matches up to the grandeur and size of the temple. It is a monolithic Nandi weighing about 25 tones, and is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long. Sub Shrines Within The Temple: The various shrines within the temple include the Shrine of Sri Subramanya in the northwest corner, Shrine of Goddess Sri Brihannayagi, Sri Chandeeswara Shrine, Shrine of Ganapati, Shrine of Dakshinamurti in the north eastern corner, the colossal monolith figure on Nandi, the sacred bull, in the central courtyard and the Shrine of Karuvurar The Shrine Of Sri Subramanya: The Shrine of Sri Subramanya has been pronounced to be "As exquisite piece of decorative architecture as is to be found in the south of India" and "A perfect gem of carved stone work, the tooling of the stone in the most exquisitely delicate and elaborate patterns, remaining as clear and sharp as the day it left the sculptor's hands". Its correct place in the evolution of Dravidian temple architecture would be modern, giving it a date not earlier than 600 AD and is popularly believed to be of the Nayak period. The shrine consist of a tower 55 feet high, raced on a base 45-sq-feet, covered with delicately carved figured, pillars and pilasters and carried on along a corridor 50 feet long, communicating with another Mandapam 50 feet sq. to the east. Flights of steps lead up to either side of the shrine but the principal entrance is to the east. The walls of the pillared Manadapam are decorated with the portraits of the Mahratta rulers. The Shrine Of Goddess Brihanayaki: The Shrine of Goddess Brihanayaki is a later addition, constructed in the second year of a konerinmaikondan-probably a later Pandya of the 13th century. It is said that the original shrine of the Goddess, was located in the adjoining Shivaganga gardens and was later removed to main courtyard of the temple by the one of the Nayaks. The Shrine Of Ganapati: The Shrine of Ganapati is in the southwestern corner of the court and is of the time of Sarfoji II. Seven images of Ganapati are said to have been set up by Rajaraha Chola, 2 in the dancing posture, 3 seated comfortably, and the remaining 2 standing. The Shrine Of Chandeeswara: The shrine on the north central court is the only one put up contemporaneously with the main temple. Chandeeswara is one of the 63 Saiva saints and is considered to have been made the chief of Saiva devotees by Lord Shiva. He is assigned a shrine and an honoured place in every Shiva temple. He was looked upon as the manager of the temple. Any worshipper visiting a Shiva temple has to appear at the Chandeeswara shrine before leaving the temple premises and clap his hands evidently to satisfy the God that he is not taking away any temple property with him. Sri Dakshinamurti Shrine: Sri Dakshinamurti sanctum, with image as originally enshrined in one of the niches of the Vimanam, abutting the south wall of the main temple and approached by a steep flight of 21 stone steps is distinctly a later addition. The Great Nandi: The Nandi within an elaborately worked Nayak Mandapam is massive and striking. The Nandi is 12 feet high, 19.5 feet long and 18.25 feet wide. The Nandi is a monolith weighing about 25 tons and the stone is said to have come from a bed of Gneiss at the foot of Pachaimalai near Perambalur. Another version is that the stone was brought over from the bed of the River Narmada in the north. There is a tradition that the Nandhi is growing in size with the progress of time. It was feared it might become too large for the Mandapam erected over it and a nail was driven
73
into the back of it, and since, its size has remained stationery. Two portraits statuesque on the front pillars of the Nandi Mandapam are pointed out as those of Sevappanayakan (the first Nayak ruler) and of his son Achyutappa Nayak. Saint Karuvurar's Shrine: Behind the main temple and under the shade of a Neem and a Mandarai is a modern looking shrine, dedicated to a great Siddha, Karuvur Devar, popularly known as "Karuvurar". The Karur Stalapurana narrates how the saint helped Rajaraja Chola in the installation of the great Brihadeeswara Shivalingam in the sanctum sanctorum at the time of the consecration of the temple. A place appears to have been assigned to him for this reason, in the temple court. Thursdays are held sacred for his worship and shrine attracts large crowd of devotees. Temple Timings: The temple is kept open from 5:30 in the morning to 12:00 in the noon. The temple usually remains closed during the noon hours, and reopens in the evening at 4:00 p.m. The temple closes in the night after the last pujas are performed by 8:00 p.m. Festivities: Every month, the day on which the ruling star is Satabhishag is treated as a festival as that was the ruling star at the time of Rajaraja's birth. The other festival is Krittika day in the month of Karttika (also spelt as Kartik). The annual festival for 9 days is celebrated in the month of 'Visaka' (May-June), during which the drama of Raja Rajeswara is also enacted. The deity is daily bathed with fragrant water in which the buds of big Champaka flowers have been soaked. Ghee is used in place of oil for keeping the temple lamps burning. On festival days, the offering consists of eight varieties of cooked rice (mixed with tamarind, coconut, lime, juice, jaggery, gingelly, curd, etc.). Other items include cake made with Dal, rice, pepper and mustard; vegetable dishes, fried vegetables, sugar, plantain fruits, tamarind, curd and Ghee, and other items. Regular Puja Services: Every day, regular pujas are performed to the deities in the holy shrine. Pujas include Archana, Abhishekam (also spelt as Abhishek) and Prasad o ffering. The daily offering to the deity consists of cooked rice (rice hulled from paddy stocked for not less than four months should be used for cooking purposes), vegetable dishes, Ghee, Dal, rice boiled in milk, and Pansupari.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy (65-km). Rail: There is a railway junction in Thanjavur. It is well connected with Trichy, Chennai, Madurai and Nagore. Road: Thanjavur is well connected by road with all the major towns and cities in Tamil Nadu and also with Kochi, Ernakulam, and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala and Bangalore in Karnataka. There are regular bus services for visiting all places of interest in and around Thanjavur. Tourist taxis are also available.
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI (TRICHY)Location: Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil NaduShortly Called: Tiruchi Or TrichyLandmark of the City: Rock Fort TempleFamous For: Artificial Diamonds, Cigars, Handloom Cloth, Glass Bangles And Wooden And Clay Toys Situated in Tiruchirappalli district, on the banks of the River Kaveri (also spelt as Cauvery) is Tiruchirappalli, a city known for its educational institutions, industries, and temples. It is shortly called as "Tiruchi" or "Trichy". Trichy is the district headquarters of the district of Tiruchirappalli and has its name for tourist attraction. The city is a thriving commercial center in Tamil Nadu and is famous for artificial diamonds, cigars, handloom cloth, glass bangles and wooden and clay toys.
74
History Of Tiruchirappalli: Tiruchi itself has a long history dating back to the centuries before the Christian era when it was a Chola citadel. During the first millennium AD, it changed hands between the Pallavas and Pandyas many times before being taken by the Cholas in the 10th century AD. When the Chola Empire finally declined, Tiruchi passed into the hands of the Vijayanagar kings of Hampi and remained with them until their defeat, in 1565 AD by the forces of the Deccan Sultans. The Nayaks of Madurai, as they stand today, built the city and its fort. It was one of the main centers around which the wars of the Carnatic were fought in the 18th century during the British-French struggle for supremacy in India. The Landmark Of The City: The most famous landmark of Tiruchirappalli is the Rock Fort Temple, a spectacular monument perched on a massive rocky out crop, which rises abruptly from the plain to tower over the old city.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSGovernment Museum: Situated at Thirukokarnam, the museum is located near the Pudukkottai station, at a distance of 40 km from Trichy. The rare collections in the sections of Geology, Zoology, Paintings, Anthropology, Epigraphy, Historical Records, etc., are very interesting. The museum is open on all days except Mondays. Viralimalai is a small town situated at a distance of 30-km from Tiruchirappalli and 40-km from Pudukkottai. It is famous for its Murugan temple and the Peacock sanctuary. The town is bestowed with a large number of wild peacocks, which roam around the Murugan temple. Sittanavasal: Located at a distance of 58-km from Trichy is Sittanavasal, a site of an ancient Jain monastery with fine fresco paintings in a rock cave. Many of them are typical of the 9th century Pandyan period and include exquisitely detailed pictures of animals, fish, ducks, people gathering lotuses from a pond and two dancing figures. There are also inscriptions dating back to the 9th and 10th centuries. Fresco paintings from the 7th century can be seen on the ceiling of the Ardhamandapam. There are many pre-historic burial sites around Sittanavasal and among the relics unearthed are burial urns, cists and Kurangupatarai. Kudumianmalai: Kudumianmalai temple is located at a distance of 25-km from Trichy. The presiding deity is Lord Sikhagireeswara. There are beautiful sculptures and a thousand pillar-hall within the temple. Rock Fort Temple: The Rock Fort temple complex in Tiruchirappalli is a collection of three temples - the Manikka Vinayakar temple at the foot of the hill, the Uchhi Pillayar Koyil at the top of the hill and the Taayumaanavar Koyil (Shivastalam) on the hill. This Shivastalam is a rock cut temple on a hill and is the most prominent landmark in Tiruchirappalli that can be reached by a flight of steps on the way to the famous Ucchi Pillayar temple. Sri Ranganathaswami Temple At Srirangam: Located 7-km from Trichy is Srirangam, the abode of the Supreme Lord, Sri Ranganatha, the reclining form of Lord Vishnu. The temple of Ranganatha, the largest in India, is of particular reverence to all Hindus. Srirangam is also listed as one of the Nava Graha Sthalas, or temples representing the planets. Tiruvanaikkaval or Jambukeswara Temple: Situated 2-km east of Srirangam, this beautiful Shiva temple steals the show from the larger Ranganathaswami temple due to its excellent architectural design. The temple is named after the elephant, which is believed to have worshipped Lord Shiva here. Installed under an ancient Jambu tree, the lingam is partially submerged by water and meant to represent God incarnate as Water. Gangaikondan Cholapuram: GangaikondaCholapuram is located in Udayarpalayam Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of Perambalur district, at a distance of 100-km from Trichy. Rajendra I, a Chola ruler established GangaikondaCholapuram as his capital city and
75
built a magnificent temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Apart from the huge Nandi, there are some beautiful sculptures including a dancing Ganesha, a lion-headed well and a stunning piece depicting Rajendra being crowned by Lord Shiva and Parvati. Avadayar Koil: Avadayar Koil, previously known as "Thiruperunthurai", is an important Shivasthala located at a distance of 8 miles from the Arantangi railway station and about 94-km from Trichy. The sculptural work of the temple is exquisite. It is perhaps the best architectural marvel in South India. Kodumbalur: Also known as "Moovarkoil", Kodumbalur is 36-km from Pudukkottai and 42-km from Tiruchirappalli. It was formerly the seat of Irukkuvelirs, who were related to the Cholas. Of the three shrines of Moovarkoil only two exist now. Boodhi Vikramakesari built these temples in the 10th century AD. The architecture of the temple is unique among south Indian temples. The sculptures of Kalarimurthi, Gajasamharamurthi Ardhanariswara, Gangadaramurthi, etc. are interesting masterpieces of art. Nearby is the Muchukundeswarar temple of the early Chola period. Gunaseelam: Located at a distance of 22-km from Trichy is Gunaseelam, a place famous for its temple for Lord Vishnu, known as "Prasanna Venkateswara". St. John's Church: Built in1812, St. John's Church has louver doors, which open to convert it into an airy pavilion. The surrounding cemetery is also interesting. Avur: Located at a distance of 30-km from Trichy is Avur, which is famous for an old church constructed by Father John Venantius Bouchet. Elakurichi: At a distance of 65-km from Trichy is Elakurichi, a place famous for the ancient church built by the famous Catholic Missionary, Constantine Joseph Beschi, popularly known as "Veeramamunivar"?
HOW TO GET THEREAir - Tiruchirappalli has an airport (5-km) from the city. Various airlines connect Tiruchi with Chennai, Sharjah, Kuwait and Colombo. Rail - Tiruchi is an important junction on the Southern Railway. It connects Chennai, Thanjavur, Madurai, Tirupati, Tuticorin and Rameshwaram on the meter gauge, and Bangalore, Coimbatore, Mysore, Kochi, Kannyakumarai and Mangalore on the broad gauge. Road - Tiruchi is well connected by road with important places of South India. City bus service, tourist taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available for local transportation. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: The Float Festival celebrated during the months of March-April at the Rock Fort Temple draws crowds in huge numbers. Mohini Alangaram, Vaikunta Ekadasi, Garuda Seva, Flower Festival and the Car Festival (December-January) are the other main festivals celebrated at Srirangam. GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 23.26-sq-kms Population: 7,77,890 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 10o 16' to 11o22' Longitude: E 78o 15' to 79o 16' Altitude: 78 metersClothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max. 37.1°C Min. 26.4°CWinter- Max. 31.3°C Min. 20.6°C Rainfall: 835 mm
TIRUNELVELILocation: On the Banks of the River Thamirabarani, In Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu Earlier Called As: NelveliImportant City Have: Pandya KingdomAn Industrial City Specialized In: The Manufacture Of Textiles, Cigars And Jewellery The district of Tirunelveli is bounded on the north by Virudunagar district, on the east by Tuticorin district and Travancore areas of Kerala State and Kanyakumari district on the west. The southern side is bounded by the Gulf of Mannar. In the west, hills of the Western Ghats ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 meters form the dominant boundary. Tirunelveli is the district headquarters of the district of the same name. The City Of Tirunelveli: Tirunelveli, a city of cultural tradition lies in the fertile alluvial valley of the Thamirabarani River, slightly upstream from the city of Palayankottai (Palamcottah). Next to Madurai, it was an important city of the Pandya Kingdom as it served as their capital for sometime. Tirunelveli was a commercial center during the Pandya dynasty. Thamirabarani River rises in the Western Ghats mountain range and flows eastwards to eventually empty into the Gulf of Mannar. The Tambraparni provides irrigation water for crops of rice and cotton. The locality's chief large-scale industry is cotton milling. With electricity supplied from the Papanasam dam on the Tambraparni River, Tirunelveli is now an industrial city specialized in the manufacture of textiles, cigars, and jewellery; it has motor workshops too. The Name Of The City: The city is surrounded on all sides by paddy fields and earlier the city was called as 'Nelveli' i.e., Paddy-Hedge. Since the temple in the town is dedicated to Lord Shiva, the town around the temple was called Tiru-nel-veli (derived from the Tamil words Tiru ("holy"), Nel ("paddy"), and Veli ("fence")) referring to a legend that the god Shiva protected a devotee's rice cro Visit Tamil Nadu The History: The history of Tirunelveli district is bound up with that of the Pandya dynasty just like Madurai and Ramanathapuram areas. Even earlier, a pre-historic race is said to have occupied this land. During the latter half of the 18th century, the East India Company was frequently at war with the Poligars on behalf of the Carnatic Nawab in Tirunelveli and Madurai. With the fall of Tipu in 1799, British concentrated their force in the south and suppressed the Poligars. At about this time, the Nawab of Carnatic became powerless and left the management of the territory to the British. The Nawab was pensioned off and the management of the revenues of Tirunelveli was taken over by the British in 1801 under a treaty. Thus the British rule started which lasted till 1947. Before the establishment of British rule, the Portuguese and Dutch occupied Tuticorin and other port areas. After the British rule began in 1801, Swaraj movement was started and a number of prominent persons of this district fought against the British and clamoured for independence of the country. In the year 1986 the district was divided into two parts namely, Tirunelveli and Tuticorin.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSKanthimathi - Nellaiyapper Temple: Kanthimathi - Nellaiyapper Temple is a Shivastalam with sprawling Mandapams decked with life-sized images situated in the town of Tirunelveli. It is one of the most beautiful temples in India and is hailed as one of the 5 Pancha Sabhas of Nataraja housing Tamra Sabha (the copper hall) - a beautiful hall with exquisite woodwork, where Nataraja is worshipped during Arudra Darisanam.
77
The image above is that of the approach to the Tamrasabha, with the Sandana Sabhapathi shrine behind the dance hall. Rare Jewels, the Golden Lily Tank, Musical Pillars, the hall of thousand pillars and abundance of sculptures in stone and in mortar are worth seeing. Courtallam: Located at a distance of 59-km from Tirunelveli, Courtallam is the main place of tourist importance of the district of Tirunelveli. It is famous for its season and the beautiful waterfalls. Kalakadu Wildlife Sanctuary- Mundanthurai Tiger Sanctuary: 47-km from Tirunelveli, the Kalakadu wildlife sanctuary is very popular with botanists and ornithologists as it has a great variety of fauna and bird life. Situated closely is the Mundanthurai wildlife sanctuary that boasts of dry deciduous to tropical wet evergreen forest patches of pure reeds. There is nothing to differentiate this sanctuary from that of Kalakadu, except the absence of Elephant and the Gaur. Sankarankovil: Situated 56-km from Tirunelveli, Sankarankovil is famous for the Sankara Narayan Temple. The city burst's with people during the Car festival and 'Adithabasu Vizha' in June-July. Papanasam: Papanasam is a small village located at a distance of 60-km from Tirunelveli, where the river Thamirabarani flowing from the Western Ghats reaches its plains and drops to form a small waterfall. It is believed that people who bathe in this waterfall are relieved of all sins as Papanasam means absolution of sins. Agasthiyar Temple And Falls: This Temple adjoining the falls named Agasthiyar falls is located half way to Panatheertham, which is at a distance of 4-km from the Papanasam Shiva Temple. Manappad Church: Manappad, 71-km from Tirunelveli is a remote village and an important place for Christians. It is a place, which lead to the origin of Catholicism in South India. It is believed that St. Francis Xavier lived in this cave and preached the gospel to the fisherman during the early 14th century. Tuticorin: Tuticorin, 48-km from Tirunelveli, is the district head quarters of the district of the same name. It is one of the major ports in the country and was at one time known for its pearls and was one of the most prosperous cities on the Fisheries Coast. Panchalankurichi: Just 3-km from Ottappidaram and 68-km from Tirunelveli is Panchalankurichi, the home of the Patriot Veerpandiya Kattabomman, a 17th century freedom fighter. The Government of Tamil Nadu constructed the Kattabomman Memorial Fort in 1974, while the original fort now in ruins is under the protection of the Archaeological Survey of India. Also near the fort is a cemetery of British soldiers and the Jakkammal Temple dedicated to the family deity of Kattabomman. Shengaltheri: Shengaltheri, which is situated at a distance of 68-km from Tirunelveli, is located in Kalakadu Mountain area. This area comes under Kalakadu Wild Life sanctuary. This place is a very famous picnic spot and also popular for its natural beauty and lovely climate, and water falls. For going to Shengaltheri prior permission has to be obtained from Deputy Director of Wildlife-Ambasamudram, Mundandurai and Kalakadu wild life sanctuary. Pathamadai: Pathamadai is situated at a distance of 13-km from Tirunelveli. It is the birthplace of Swami Sivanandha of Rishikesh. It is a small town but has very good cottage industry. One can see the beautiful Korai mat-manufacturing unit. Thirukkurangudi: Thirukkurangudi, located in the Western Ghats in Tirunelveli district is 52-km south of Tirunelveli. It is one of the 108 divine Vaishnavite shrines. Thirukurangudi Alwar attained the feet of the Lord from this place. Among twelve Alwars of Vaishavism, four Alwars had sung the glory of the Lord at Thirukurangudi and Malai Nambi Koil.
78
Kunthakulam Bird Sanctuary: Kunthakulam bird sanctuary is situated 33-km south of Tirunelveli in Nanguneri Taluk (also spelt as Taluka). Kunthakulam is a small and natural scenic village, which is covered with natural forests and ponds. During the season January to April every year more than 10 thousand birds from various countries like Pakistan, Myanmar, SriLanka, USA, Australia migrate here and when the season is over the birds return. Every day more than 5,000 people come here and enjoy. Ariyakulam, 13-km east of Tirunelveli has another bird sanctuary. Ovari: Ovari, a village 72-km from Tirunelveli is located on the seashore of Bay of Bengal. Nadar Ovari is very famous for the ancient temple of Swayambulingaswami (Shiva Temple). Bharathar Ovari is a Roman Catholic center where one can visit an ancient church and also modern church (the structure is just like an airplane). Tenkasi: Tenkasi meaning 'Kasi of the South' is located at a distance of 58-km from Tirunelveli. There is a beautiful Shiva temple here, which has a flagstaff that is 400 years old and beautifully sculptured. Thirumalai At Panpozhil: Thirumalai at Panpozhil, located 74-km from Tirunelveli, is worth visiting for the beautiful temple of Lord Muruga, which is situated on the top of a hillock. Ettaiyapuram: Ettaiyapuram, 72-km from Tirunelveli is the birthplace of the great revolutionary poet Subramanya Bharathi, who is ranked as the best Tamil poets of modern era. His home has now been converted into a memorial. Kazhugumalai: Kazhugumalai, 76-km from Tirunelveli has Jain temples that are the oldest in the country and are of great importance to the Jains. The bas-relief sculptures found here are the contribution of Jains and are among the earliest of such works. The rock-cut cave temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is also worth visiting.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, 151-km away. Rail: Tirunelveli is an important railway junction on the southern railway and is connected to all major cities of South India. Road: a good network of roads serves Tirunelveli. There are bus services to Chennai, Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, etc. For local transportation taxis and auto rickshaws are available. Fairs and Festivals: "Kodaivizha" popularly known as "Kodal", is the famous festival celebrated in Tirunelveli district. The festival is intended for the propitiation of village deities. It usually commences from the month of "Thai" i.e. after the 15th January and is celebrated throughout the district. There is no particular day for this festival. Car festival of the Tirunelveli Kanthimathi - Nellaiyapper temple attract large number of devotees.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 87.64 sq.km Population: 79,3,810 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 8 o 4' to 9o 27' Longitude: E 77o 06' to 78o 0' Altitude: 100 mClothing: Light Cottons Language Spoken: Tamil and TeluguClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer - Max 34.8ºC, Min 25.6ºCWinter - Max 21.6ºC, Min 17.8ºCRainfall: 811mm
TiruttaniLocation: Near Vallimalai Hills, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped: Lord SubramanyaSignificance: One Of The Six Padai Veedu Shrines Of SkandaFestivals Celebrated: December 31st Step Festival And The Aadi Krittikai Festival in July-August Tiruttani constitutes one of the 6-padai veedu shrines of Skanda (Lord Subramanya), and it represents the site where Subramanya stayed after destroying the demon Surapadman. Tiruttani is said to be the place where the Lord Subramanya married Valli - one of his two consorts. This sacred place is on the Chennai-Mumbai route, 13 kilometers from Arkonam and 84 kilometers from Chennai. About The Temple: The beautiful temple of Lord Muruga at Tiruttani crowns a single rock 700 feet above sea level. It is situated amidst a range of hills with a dramatic panoramic view. The hill temple (the hill is called Tanikai hill) here is reached by a motorable road, and is also accessed through a flight of 365 steps. It has 4 Prakarams and a series of towers. There is a shrine to Aabat Sahaaya Vinayakar who is said to have come to the aid of Skanda in winning Valli's hand in marriage. The processional image of Skanda is housed in a Rudraksha Vimanam with his consorts. The "Shadkona Padakkam" or the hexagonal medallion adorning the image of Skanda is decorated with green stones and is of great beauty. Also of significance here is a golden Vilva garland.
SPECIALITIES OF TIRUTTANISaravana Poikai: The sacred tanks of the shrines of the Lord are all known as "Saravanapoikai" (sacred pond of the reedy marsh where Lord Kartikeya was born). The tank at Tiruttani, which (unlike in other places) is at the very foot of the hill, is particularly renowned for its sacred water (Teertham) having curative effect for ailments both bodily and mental, as it is rich in minerals such as sulfur, iron, etc. A bath in this holy tank refreshes the devotee and makes him hale and healthy. Sapta Rishi Teertham: At the lovely garden on the south side of this sacred hill amidst a thick cluster of shady trees and seven cool sprints, the Seven Rishis (who today form the Great Bear stellar constellation) are said to have worshipped Lord Muruga (Lord Subramanya) and the Sapta Kannikas (Seven Virgins) enshrined at this place in a tiny temple. On the outskirts of the Tiruttani town, on both sides of the Nandi River, are the ancient temples of Lord Vijayaragama Swami, Arumuga Swami and Veerateeswarar, the latter two of which are more than a thousand years old. In the temple of Arumuga Swami, there is Surya puja every year for three days in March when the rising sun is said to worship Lord Subramanya by casting its rays upon the holy Feet of the deity on the first day, Breast on the second day and Head on the third day through a hole in the wall, which reveals the marvelous intellect of the architects of ancient days. History Of The Temple: The origins of this temple are buried in antiquity. Nakkeerar has mentioned Tiruttani in the Sangam period work Tirumurugaatruppadai composed. The Vijayanagar rulers and local chieftains and Zamindars have patronized it. Legends Connected With The Temple: Legend has it that Subramanya married Valli who hailed from the Vallimalai hills nearby. The same legend is associated with Velimalai in Kanyakumari district.
80
Legend also has it that Indra the king of the Gods gave his daughter Deivayanai in marriage to Skanda, and along with her presented his elephant Airavatam as part of his dowry offering. Upon Airavatam's departure Indra found his wealth waning. Subramanya is said to have offered to return the white elephant, however Indra bound by protocol refused to accept a gift that he had made, and insisted that the elephant face his direction, hence the image of the elephant in this temple also faces the east. Another legend has it that Indra presented a sandal stone as a part of his daughter's dowry. The sandal paste made on this stone is applied to the image of Subramanya and the applied paste is said to acquire medicinal value. Legend also has it that Skanda bore the discus thrown by the demon Tarakasuran on his chest, and hence there is a hollow in the chest region of the image of Subramanya in this temple. Legend also has it that Skanda gifted the discus to Vishnu. Legend also has it that Skanda imparted knowledge of Tamil to the sage Agasthyar and he is regarded as Veeramurthy, Gnanamurthy and Acharyamurthy in this shrine. Puranic Importance of Tiruttani: Of Lord Murugan's six padai veedus, Tiruttani ranks prominent as the crown jewel of the Lord. As its very name indicates, when we propitiate the Lord in this holy shrine, He blesses us with mental peace and bodily happiness. His righteous indignation towards the Asuras for their cruelty is said to have been quelled and cooled at this place and is therefore known as "Shantipuri" (Abode of Peace). As the prayers and desires of the devotees who worship Lord Subramanya on this hill with faith and intense devotion are fulfilled in no time, this hill is also called "Chanikasalam". When the Lord came to this hill after wedding Goddess Valli at Vallimalai, She implored Him to enlighten Her on the importance and greatness of this hill. In reply, the Lord said that if one worshipped Him with heart and soul for five consecutive days in this hill temple, that person would be blessed with all that is best in this life and hereafter. In Treta Yuga, Lord Rama, after putting an end to Ravana, worshipped Lord Shiva at Rameshwaram, at whose request Rama came to Tiruttani and found perfect peace of mind by worshipping Lord Subrahmanya here. In Dwapara Yuga, Arjuna got the blessings of the Lord here by offering prayers to Him on his way to the South for Teertha Yatra (pilgrimage to take sacred immersion). Lord Vishnu prayed to the Lord at this place and got back His powerful Chakra (sacred wheel), Shanku (sacred conch), which were forcibly seized from Him by Tarakasura, brother of Soorapadma. Lord Brahma propitiated the Lord here at the holy spring (by the sides of the steps to the shrine) known as "Brahmasonai" after his imprisonment by the Lord for his failure to explain the Pranava ('Om' mantra) and got back his creative function of which he was deprived by the Lord due to his egotistic impudence in neglecting to worship Lord Subrahmanya on his way to Mount Kailasa to worship Lord Shiva. Lord Indra planted and reared in the pool known as "Indrasonai" adjoining this hill temple the rare plant known as "Karunkuvalai", which gave three flowers a day and worshipped the Lord thrice daily with these flowers and, thus, got back the precious wealth of Deva Loka such as Sanghaneeti, Padmaneeti, Chintamani etc seized by the Asura Titan. Literary Importance of Tiruttani: Apart from the puranic greatness of Tiruttani, Saint Arunagirinathar, the illustrious devotee of Lord Muruga who lived 600 years ago, praised this hill as the chosen place for worship by devas and the favorite abode of saints performing prolonged tapas (austerities). He also compared this hill to Shivaloka (Bhuloka) and as the very soul of the world. Saint Ramalinga Swamigal (Arutprakasa Vallalar), who lived 150 years ago, was invited to come here by the Lord, Who appeared before the saint in the mirror of his puja room at Chennai after which the sour-stirring arutpa songs flowed from his lips in chaste Tamil like a torrential stream.
81
Sri Muttuswami Deekshitar, who lived 200 years ago (one of the trinity of Karnatic music) had his inspiration in Tiruttani when the Lord (in the guise of an old man) met him on the steps and sweetened his tongue with the prasadam of this temple, which impelled him to sing his first song on the Lord. Many a miraculous event takes place at this shrine from time to time by the grace of the Lord. Festival Celebrated: Four worship services are offered each day here. Besides the monthly Krittikais, which attract a large number of devotees to this shrine, the two outstanding annual festivals are the Aadi Krittikai and the 31st of December New Year Step Festival. Other festivals celebrated are the Bhramotsavam in the month of Maasi, during which Valli Kalyanam is celebrated on the 8th day, and the Skanda Sashti is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aippasi. The gold and silver peacock Vahanams (also spelt as Vahanas) are of great beauty here. Aadi Krittikai: Aadi Krittikai festival (in July-August) lasts for three days with Float Festival when lakhs and lakhs of devotees come to this holy place from far and near. The streets are thronged to the full. About one lakh and fifty thousand flower Kavadis (which increase with each year) are offered to the deity. The sight of the devotees who carry them, uttering the sacred and inspiring "Haro Hara!" (Hallelujah) as they march and dance in long row touches the very core of our hearts and makes us spellbound. One should see it to believe it. December 31st Step Festival: When the old (Gregorian) year is rung out and the New Year sets in (i.e. at the stroke of midnight on December 31st each year), lakhs of devotees are present on the sacred Tanikai hill to have the Darshan of there Lord. They come to Tiruttani to offer their heart-felt prayers to the Lord on that day and night to be blessed with peace and plenty during the New Year. Nearby Attractions: Around Tiruttani is famous religious places such as Kanchipuram (Banares of the South) on the South, Sholingar and Vallimalai on the West, the popular and renowned pilgrimage center, Tirupati (otherwise called Balaji) and Kalahasti (with its Vayu Lingam) on the North and Tiruvalangadu (of puranic fame) with Lord Nataraja on the East.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Chennai (84-km). Rail: Tiruttani is situated on the Chennai-Renugunta railway line. There are many trains from Chennai going via Tiruttani. Road: Several buses ply between Tiruttani and Chennai (86-km) and between Tiruttani and Tirupati (66-km).
TUTICORINLocation: Tuticorin District, Tamil NaduFamous For: It's PortPopular Festival: Kodai VizhaPreviously Called: Thoothukudi TUTICORIN -A PORT CITY OF INDIA: The district of Tuticorin (previously Thoothukudi) is situated in the extreme southeastern corner of Tamil Nadu state. It is bounded on the north by the districts of Tirunelveli, Virudunagar and Ramanathapuram, on the east and southeast by Gulf of Mannar and on the west and southwest by the district of Tirunelveli. Tuticorin is the district headquarters of the district of the same name. One of the major ports in the country, Tuticorin was at one time known for its pearls and was one of the most prosperous cities on the Fisheries Coast (It is a major pearl fishing center with Hyderabad now taking over as the center of the artificial pearl industry in the south). Tuticorin, now better known for its fertilizer and heavy water plants, as well as its thermal power station is also a major salt production center.
82
THE HISTORY OF TUTICORIN: The district of Thoothukudi (presently Tuticorin) was carved out as a separate district in the year 1986 as a result of bifurcation of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu State. It was under different rulers like the Pandyas and Cholas. Then fell into the hands of the Portuguese and Dutch. It finally came under the administration of the British. The early years of the 19th century saw the commercial rise of Tuticorin. The natural harbour and the rich hinterland of the Tuticorin Port prompted the East India Company to plan the development of the harbour. A lighthouse was built in 1842. Tuticorin became the citadel of freedom struggle in the early 20th century. In 1906 the great freedom fighter of India, V.O. Chidambaram Pillai launched the first Swadeshi ship in British India.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSTuticorin Port: Tuticorin Port is situated on the East Coast of India about 540-km southwest of Chennai. Located in the Gulf of Mannar with Sri Lanka on the Southeast and the large landmass of India on the West, Tuticorin Port is well sheltered from the fury of storms and cyclonic winds. It is strategically located very close to the major International sea routes. The minor Port of Tuticorin has a flourishing trade handling a variety of cargoes meant for the neighbouring countries of Sri Lanka, Maldives etc. and the coastal regions of India. Tiruchendur Temple: The Tiruchendur temple is an impressive shore temple dedicated to Lord Subramanya. It is one of the six Aarupadai veedu shrines of Murugan while the other five 'Padaiveedu' shrines are situated on hills or mounds. There are several literary works singing the glory of Tiruchendur. Panchalankurichi: Panchalankurichi is a tiny village located 3-km from Ottapidaram and 18-km from Tuticorin. This village is of great historical importance as the great warrior Katta Bomman known as "Veerapandiya Kattabomman" raised his voice against the British regime in the 17th Century AD here. Kattabomman Memorial Fort: The Government of Tamil Nadu in 1974 constructed the Kattabomman Memorial Fort. The Archaeological Survey of India protects the remnants of the old fort. The hereditary Goddess of Kattabomman was Sri Devi Jakkammal. A temple dedicated to Sri Devi Jakkammal is located near the fort. Nearby there is a cemetery of British soldiers. Ettaiyapuram Palace: Ettaiyapuram Palace located in the town of Ettaiyapuram in Tuticorin district is a famous tourist spot. During the region of Pandyas at Madurai, people from Chadragiri near Chittoor of Andhra Pradesh were brought and posted as "watch keepers (DhisaiKavalars) of Ilasanadu". This was latter called Ettayapuram. When the local chiefs refused to pay the taxes to the Pandya kingdom, Ettappar at Ilasanadu collected the taxes with the help of his army. Later Pandya king appointed Ettappar as a ruler of the place. After the rule of 150 years Ettayapuram was formed in 1565 in this place. Bharathi Mani Mandapam: In memory of the National poet Subramania Bharati Kalki Krishna Murthi in Tuticorin built a memorial in the year 1945 and Mahatma Gandhi showered his blessings on the occasion of opening. The Basilica Of A Lady Of Snows: This Church at Tuticorin is the first one ever raised in the honour of Mother Mary on the South East Coast with its existence over 400 years (1582). Considering its antiquity and popularity, Pope John Paul II raised this Church to the status of "Basilica" in 1982 in memory of its fourth centenary celebrations. Devotees of all creeds and communities from Tamil Nadu and even from Sri Lanka visit this church. Kalakadu Wildlife Sanctuary - Mundanthurai Tiger Sanctuary: Kalakadu wildlife sanctuary is situated in an area of 223-sq-kms in the Tirunelveli district, including the
83
foothills of the Western Ghats and the adjoining area. It is very popular with botanists and ornithologists as it has a great variety of fauna and bird life. The Mundanthurai wildlife sanctuary also situated in Tirunelveli district boasts of dry deciduous to tropical wet evergreen forest patches of pure reeds. The sanctuary covers an area of 567-sq-kms. There is nothing to differentiate this sanctuary from that of Kalakadu, except the absence of Elephant and the Gaur.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Madurai airport is the nearest airport to Tuticorin. Rail: Tuticorin has a railway station, but trains used for goods handling are more than passenger trains. Road: Tuticorin has two bus stands. Old Bus stand caters the needs of both local people and outsiders. While the new Bus stand caters the need of tourists only. Tamil Nadu State transport buses help in connecting Tuticorin to cities in Tamil Nadu. Taxis and auto rickshaws are available for local transportation. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: 'Kodai Vizha' popularly known as 'Kodal', is the famous festival celebrated in the district of Tuticorin. The festival is observed for the propitiation of village deities. It usually commences from the month of 'Thai' i.e. after 15th January and is celebrated throughout the district. 'Visakam' and 'Skanda Shastri-Surasamhara' festivals of Tiruchendur attract large number of people.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 13-sq-kmsPopulation: 20,6,000 (1991 Census) Latitude: N 8° 4' to 9° 27' Longitude: E 77° 45' to 78° 20'Clothing: Light CottonsLanguage Spoken: Tamil and EnglishClimate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C) Summer- Max 35.4ºC, Min 25.2ºCWinter- Max 21.6ºC, Min 19.2ºCRainfall: 811mm
UDHAGAMANDALAM (OOTY)Location: Niligiri District, Tamil NaduDiscovered By: British In 1800Highest Peak: Doddabetta Famous Festivals: Summer Festival And The Tea And Tourism FestivalUdhagamandalam (Ooty), the capital of Nilgiri district, is popularly known as the "Queen of hill stations' among the tourist circuits. It is situated at a distance of 105 km away from Coimbatore. The height of the hills in the Nilgiri range varies between 2280 and 2290 meters, the highest peak being Doddabetta at a height of 2623 meters. History Of This Beautiful Hill Resort: It is believed that the name Nila, has been in use for over 800 years since, the King of the Hoysalas Vishnu Vardhana, who ruled from 1104 to 1141 AD seized the Nilgiris Plateau. His general Ponisia recorded this fact in 1117 AD with mention of Todas. The name Nilgiri was due to the blue haze, which envelops the range with most distant hills of considerable size.
84
This Nilgiri territory came into possession of the East India Company as part of the ceded lands, held by Tipu Sultan, by the treaty of Srirangapatnam in 1799. Rev. Jacome Forico, a priest was the first European who visited Nilgiris in 1603 and released his notes about the place and people of Nilgiris. In 1812 surveyor William Keys and Macmohan visited the top of the plateau. In 1818, Wishand Kindersley, Assistant and Second Assistant to Collector of Coimbatore visited this spot and submitted their experience report to the Collector of Coimbatore Mr. John Sullivan. Settlement in Udhagamandalam began in 1822 with the construction of the Stone House by John Sullivan, the then Collector of Coimbatore. The bungalow, which is locally called "Kal Bangla", is one of the landmarks of Udhagamandalam and is now the Chamber of the Principal of the Government Arts College. The Tea: The establishment of numerous tea estates made Ooty famous. Lofty mountains, dense forest, sprawling grasslands and miles and miles of tea gardens greet the passengers on most routes. The annual Tea and Tourism Festival attracts crowds in huge numbers. Visit Ooty during this festival, when tea lovers from all over the world converge.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSBotanical Gardens: Botanical gardens are a major tourist attraction for those who visit Ooty, one of the most popular hill stations of India. They sprawl over 50-acre and lie on the lower slopes of Doddabetta peak, which is the highest point in Ooty. Marquis of Tweeddale established these gardens in the year 1848. The gardens are formally laid out with lily ponds, and there are clipped bushes in the form of elephants, with raised trunks. One can find a thousand different species of plants including some thirty types of eucalyptus in these gardens. There is also a fossilized tree trunk, which is said to be 20 million years old. Towards the eastern part of the garden there is a wooden house made of logs known as "Toda Mund", which provides an excellent view. Rose Garden: Rose Garden is situated about 3 to 4-km away from Charring Cross. They are spread over an area of 10 acres of land with 2000 variety of roses. Rose Gardens lie on the way to the boathouse. Mini Garden: Mini garden is also situated on the way to the boathouse where the children amusement park is housed. A snack bar is also available. Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited maintains these gardens. Ooty Lake: About 1-km distance there is an artificial lake with a charming look, which was formed in 1824 by Mr. John Sullivan, the then Collector of Coimbatore. St Stephens Church: Situated in the hilly area on Club Road, St Stephens Church is said to be the oldest in the Nilgiris. The church was built in 1829 and consecrated in 1830. The beam of the church was taken from the palace of Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatnam. The cemetery close by houses the grave of John Sullivan, the founder of Ooty. Doddabetta: Doddabetta is the highest peak (2623 meters) in the Nilgiris, which is about 10-km from Ooty. It is a beautiful place lying between the junction of the Western and Eastern Ghats and offers a beautiful view of the Nilgiri hill ranges. It is surrounded by dense Sholas. Deer Park: At a distance of 1-km from the Lake there is a Deer Park, which is worth visiting. Government Museum: The government museum, Mysore Road, Ooty has items of tribal objects, district's ecological details and representative sculptural arts and crafts of Tamil Nadu. It was set up in 1989, with a view to provide education benefits to the residing and visiting population of Nilgiris district.
85
Hindustan Photo Films: The Hindustan Photo Films, one of the major industrial units of the district, is located about 5-km away from Ooty railway station over a sprawling area of over 300 acres, near the Ooty golf-links on the Ooty- Mysore road. The Mukkurthi Peak And National Park: About 40-km from Ooty, is a beautiful peak called "Mukkurthi". The Mukkurthi National Park is located on the Southern corner of the Nilgiri Plateau. The Kollaribetta and Nilgiris Peak are other major peaks around. A number of little perennial streams flow between these peaks, which fall into Bhavani Puzha. Silent Vally is located on the Western side in the Western Ghat, which is a feast to the visitor's eye. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary: This sanctuary is located where the Nilgiri Hills, the offshoot of the Western Ghats meet the Eastern Ghats. The Mudumalai Wildlife sanctuary has varied mixture of flat land, open grassland, swamp, valley and nullas. Pykara: Pykara is situated about 21-km from Ooty. Some of the tourist attractions of this place are well-protected fenced sholas, Toda settlements, undisturbed grassy meadows and also a good wildlife habitat. The Pykara Dam, Pykara falls and the reservoir attracts many tourists. A boathouse with restaurant and a rest house are available at Pykara. Best Time To Visit: The climate of Ooty is pleasant throughout the year. The best time to visit is between February to May and September to November.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: Coimbatore, 105 km from Ooty, is the nearest airport. Rail: Ooty is on the narrow gauge railway, connected to Mettupalayam (47 km), which is directly connected to Coimbatore and Chennai. The famous toy train connects Ooty with Mettupalayam and Coonoor. Road: A good network of roads and national highways connect Ooty with all major towns and cities. There are regular bus services to and from Coimbatore, Trichy, Bangalore, Madurai, Kanyakumari, Mysore, Palghat, Calicut, Tirupati and other important destinations in South India. Ooty is also well connected with major cities of Kerala and Karnataka. Local Transport: Taxis, tourist cabs, auto rickshaws are available in plenty. There are no standard rates except tourist cabs. Town buses are also available to all-important places. Conducted sight seeing the private operators and the Government Tourism Development Corporation arrange tours.
ENTERTAINMENT IN OOTYTrekking: The Nilgiris are a trekker's paradise. Landscaped by nature, the hills abound in trek for lovers of nature. There are treks and treks in whichever direction you turn and from whichever point you start. A trek can be full of thrill, excitement and adventure and a way of seeing and enjoying nature in all its beauty and splendour. Udhagamandalam (Ooty) offers several trek routes, which vary in distance, altitudes and terrain. There is a base camp at Parsons valley, from where one can start trekking to various points within Western Ghats. The down hills of Western Ghats on the North ends up with meeting the extensions of Eastern Ghats, where the sprawling Mudumalai Sanctuary lies which opens vistas for adventure tourists. Trekking pamphlets are available with the Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association (NWLEA). There are guides who have sound knowledge of certain areas. If necessary, their services may be hired. And for further details contact the Tourist Information Office at Charring Cross, Ooty. Hang-Gliding: Hang-gliding courses are also organized during March to May every year, with the assistance of the Department of Tourism. Contact the Tourist Officer, Ooty for assistance. Angling: Goad Trout, Carp and mixed water fishing is possible in various streams and lakes of Ooty. The Assistance Director of Fisheries issues the fishing license.
86
Summer Festivals: A summer festival is held each year during the month of May in the Botanical Gardens, which is an added attraction for tourists. The Flower Show is the pride of the festival. Cultural programs are organized for those interested in traditional classical arts. Adventure spots like trekking also form part of the festival. Tea And Tourism Festival: The annual "Tea and Tourism Festival" celebrated in the month of January is a draw for tourists.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea 36-sq-kms Population 8,1763 (1991 Census) Altitude 2,623 meters Clothing Light woolen in summer and heavy woolen during winter Languages Spoken Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and English Temperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 25ºC, Min 10ºC Winter- Max 21ºC, Min 5ºC Rainfall 121 CMS
VelankanniLocation: 12-km South Of Nagapattinam, Tamil NaduAlso Known: Sacred Arockia Madha ChurchDedicated To: Our Lady Of HealthImportant Festival: Velankanni Festival Celebrated Annually From 29th August to 8th September Velankanni (also spelt Velangani) also known as the "Mecca of South Asian Christianity" is located 12 km south of Nagapattinam, on the Coromandel Coast, in Tamil Nadu. The shrine is dedicated to Our Lady of Health, the Madonna of Velankanni and is popularly called as 'Sacred Arockia Madha Church' and people of all faiths and religions visit it. About The Church: The church has an imposing facade with tall spires and the wings present the shape of a cross. In a niche in the alter is enshrined the statue of Our Lady of Health. Many bring with them small gold and silver replicas of parts of the body to donate to the church. There is a small church museum which has a display of the offerings made by those whose prayers were conceded. Legend Connected Behind The Construction Of The Church: It is here that in 1560, Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to a shepherd, asking him for milk to quench the thirst of baby Jesus. When the shepherd returned to his master, after performing the good deed, his pitcher kept filling up with milk. Consequently, a small thatched chapel was built at the site. At the end of the 16th century, Virgin Mary materialized again, in front of a lame boy, who, after the divine visitation, regained the use of his limbs. This occasioned the construction of an actual church. The legends that go behind the construction of this Church are many-the most famous being that of the ship-wrecked Portuguese sailors, who in the 18th century, vowed to build a great shrine for the Virgin Mary, for saving their lives in a terrible storm. On 8th September 1869, a Portuguese ship sailing from Macao to Goa, got caught in a massive storm in the Indian Ocean. The sailors, prayed to Virgin Mary to rescue them, promising to build her a magnificent church if she did so. Some time later, their wrecked ship was deposited on the shores of Velankanni. The sailors not only built a Basilica in Velankanni, but also returned year after year, bringing from their trips, exquisite items to decorate the church. The Portuguese annexed the area and brought it under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Mylapore. To commemorate the miraculous escape of the Portuguese sailors, every year a fascinating festival is held here.
87
The Outstanding Feature Of The Shrine: The outstanding feature of the shrine is the miracle angle attached to it. Ever since the sailors were saved three centuries ago, by dint of their prayers, Velankanni has acquired a formidable reputation of curing sicknesses and maladies, thus earning the sobriquet, 'Lourdes of the East'. The tradition is to offer to Our Lady of Health, a candle in the shape of the respective ailment- a red heart in case of cardiac complications, a liver in case of jaundice, yellow lungs in case of tuberculosis and so on. In case of the ailment getting cured, the Virgin Mary and the church are to be thanked by offering a solid silver replica of the part of the body that has been cured. Festival Celebrated: Every year a fascinating festival (29th August to 8th September) is held and pilgrims from all over the country and even abroad flock to the site, bathe religiously in the sea, have their heads shaved, (the hair later being auctioned by the priests), and then walk on their knees or roll up to the shrine, lending a unique Indian touch to the entire ceremony. The shrine also has its share of Hindu pilgrims.
HOW TO GET THEREVelankanni, an important tourist place is easily accessible. It can be accessed from Trichy, Chennai and Thanjavur by rail. Buses are available for Chidambaram, Chennai, Madurai, Pondicherry, Trichy and Thanjavur. Buses and trains frequently run from Nagapattinam.
VELLORELocation: Vellore District, Tamil NaduLies Along: Palar River Renowned For: Christian Medical College And Hospital, Vellore FortWas The Seat Of: Pallava, Chola, Rashtrakutas, Vijayanagar Rulers, and Muslim Rulers Of Deccan, Sultans Of Bijapur And Golconda, French, Mughals And The British Vellore district is bounded on the north by the Chittoor district (Andhra Pradesh) and a portion of Tiruvallur district and on the south by the Tiruvannamalai district. On the west are the districts of Dharmapuri and Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh) while Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur and Tiruvannamalai districts are in its eastern boundary. Vellore district is in the inland region and is of irregular shape. Headquarters of this district is Vellore. The City Of Vellore: Vellore city lies along the Palar River, southwest of Chennai. Vellore is now pursuing with activity as a commercial, administrative and medical center. Vellore is renowned for a Christian Medical College and Hospital, which attracts patients and research scholars from all corners. The people who come here from all over India for medical care gives this humble town a cosmopolitan feels. For tourists, it is noteworthy only for the Vijayanagar fort and its temple, which are in an excellent state of preservation and worth visiting. The History Of Vellore: The area constituting the present Vellore district is said to have formed part of the 'Tondai-mandalam region', known in early South Indian history. The region has witnessed many thrilling fights for supremacy between the local chieftains and rulers on one hand and the French and English invaders on the other. From the earliest times for which evidence is available the district formed part of the Pallava kingdom during the close of the 9th century AD. Kanchipuram in Chengalpattu district was then the capital of the Pallavas. In the succeeding periods, the district came under the rule of Cholas, the Rashtrakutas, the Thanjavur ruler, Rajaraja and the Hindu rulers of Vijayanagar. The Muslim rulers of Deccan overthrew the last ruling kings of the Vijayanagar dynasty. The decisive battle of Talikotta in 1565 brought the region under the sway of the Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda. During the 18th century, several battles have taken place between the English, the French and Mughals in the district. In 1781, the Nawab had assigned the revenues of the Carnatic to the East India Company and North Arcot then came under their
88
management. It was then ruled by the British, which lasted for nearly 150 years and ended in 1947 when India attained Independence.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSVellore Fort: The Vellore Fort is perhaps the most beautiful specimen of military architecture in South India and it is still in a good state of preservation. Sinna Bomma Reddi a vessel chieftain under the Vijayanagar king, Sada Sriranga Maharaja, built this historical fort in the 16th century. It was the scene of many historic sieges and battles. To the right of the fort, there are 3 churches, cemetery of dead British Soldiers in Sepoy Mutiny and a museum containing sculptures and hero stones dating back to the Pallava and Chola times. Jalakanteshwara Temple: Jalakanteshwara temple is situated within the Vellore fort. It has some beautiful sculptures on the ceiling and some richly, carved pillars and monoliths. The carving of roofs and pillars are wonderful examples of Vijayanagar type of sculptural architecture. The Gopuram of the temple, which is 30 m high and seven storied is superb. Government Museum: Situated adjacent to the main bus stand in the Lakshmanaswamy Town hall, the Government Museum is a multi purpose museum maintained by the Department of Museums of Tamil Nadu Government. It treasures ancient and present day articles relating to Anthropology, Art and Archaeology, Botany, Geology, Numismatics, Pre-history, Zoology, etc. Muthu Mandapam (Pearl Palace): Muthu Mandapam is a memorial built around the tombstone of Vikramraja Singh, the last candy Tamil ruler. Situated on the bed of Palar River, it is just one km north of Vellore town at a walking distance. C.M.C. Hospital: If Vellore attracts a floating population of 5000 every day, it is because of the world famous Christian Missionary Medical College and Hospital founded in the early part of the century by a dedicated American Medical Missionary, Dr. Ida Scudder. The one room clinic founded in 1890 has grown in size and stature treating thousands of both inpatients and out patients in all branches of medicine and surgery. Besides a world famous Cancer ward and Neurological ward, it has a Mental Hospital and a College of Nursing. Thiruvannamalai: The temple town of Thiruvannamalai, 85-km south of Vellore, is an important Shaivite town. Though Hindus seek god in the form idol, it is also their strong belief that god is also in the form of Light or Flame. These symbolic ideals are represented in Thiruvannamalai. The sculptures in the pillars and the idol lingam are very huge and enticing that they make one wonder at the artistic spirit of those artisans. The Deepam Festival in the month of Karthigai (November) is very popular and it attracts devotees in large numbers. Amirthi Forest: 24-km south of Vellore is the panoramic Amirithi forest rich in its variety of flora and fauna. A half of this jungle is cleared to serve as a tourist spot while the other half is developed as a wildlife sanctuary. Javadu Hills: Jamanamarathur, 40-km from Polur, is the main village in Javadu hills, which is famous for its sandalwood and fruit bearing trees. Its altitude varies from 300 to 1,000m. Jalagampaari Falls: Jalagampaari waterfalls situated 17-km from Tirupattur in Vellore district is a fine picnic spot. There is a Murugan temple beside the waterfalls, where the deity is in the form of VEL (a kind of spear). The Murugan temple attracts tourists throughout the year. Elagiri Hills: An isolated, attractive picnic spot in the Eastern Ghats is the Elagiri Hills, at an elevation of about 1000 meters. A salubrious climate; scenic surroundings and a quaint Murugan temple are some of the attractions of this place. These hills are an ideal location for a weekend where one could organize one day or two days' trekking.
89
Virinjipuram: This magnificent temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is famous for its devotees who throng here with ardent belief that a dream on the last Sunday of Karthigai month will reveal of their fortune of being blessed with an offspring. The Lion-faced Simmakulam tank is considered to be very sacred.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Chennai, 122-km away. Rail: Vellore's main railway station is five km north at Katpadi. This is the junction of the broad-gauge line from Bangalore to Chennai, and meter gauge line from Tirupati to Madurai (which runs via Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Tiruchapalli). The smaller cantonment station is for meter gauge and is in the south of the town (2-km). Road: Vellore is well connected by road with Chennai, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai Tiruvannamalai, Madurai, Bangalore, Tirupati, Thanjavur, Ooty, Kanchipuram and other important towns. Taxis and auto rickshaws are available for local transportation.
GENERAL INFORMATIONArea: 11.65-sq-kmsPopulation: 17,5,061 (1991 Census) Altitude: 204 above sea levelLatitude: N 12° 30' to 13° 10'Longitude: E 78° 28' to 79° 42'Climate: TropicalTemperature Range (deg C): Summer - Max 39.0ºC, Min 29.5ºC Winter- Max: 27.3ºC, Min: 17.0ºCRainfall: 1053 (average) Clothing: Light CottonsBest Season: Throughout the yearLanguage Spoken: Tamil, Telugu and English.
YERCAUDLocation: 33-km From Salem, Tamil NaduAlso Called As: Ooty Of The PoorPopular For: Coffee Plantations and Orange Groves Famous Festivals: Summer FestivalYercaud is a lesser-known hill station when compared to Ooty and Kodaikanal. Yercaud is situated at an altitude of 1,500 meters (4,920 feet), on the Shevaroy hills of the Eastern Ghats. The lofty hills are of extraordinary scenic beauty endowed with a salubrious climate. Although close (33-km) to the bustling industrial town of Salem, Yercaud has a spirited charm of its own. Yercaud is also called "Ooty of the Poor " and is known for Coffee Plantations and Orange Groves. Yercaud is still comparatively more peaceful and cheaper than the major southern resorts of Ooty and Kodaikanal, but every year the influx from the plains is growing larger. The highest point in Yercaud is Shevaroy temple, which is situated at a height of 5,326. Yercaud got its name from the Tamil words, yeri and kaadu, meaning lake and forest respectively. The British discovered it in the early 19th century. There are accounts of coffee plantations being introduced by a British officer in the area in the second decade
90
of the 19th century. Though first house was built in 1840, the first metalloid roads were laid only in the early 20th century. The cool climate attracted Christian missionaries and they established the Sacred Heart Convent for girls and Montfort School for boys. Schools like the Holy Cross Novitiate House, started by the Brothers of Don Bosco, followed these.
PRIME ATTRACTIONSYercaud Lake: The Yercaud Lake with a picturesque pool surrounded by gardens and well-wooded trees are the first things that attract a visitor. The garden surrounding the lake is well groomed and best seen during the month of May when the Summer Festival is organized. One can avail the boating facilities available here. Boats come in two options. Paddling ones for a couple or four and the other type where there is a guy rowing it for you as you relax. Boating in the cold water of the lake is enhancing as well as refreshing. Anna Park: Anna Park situated near the Yercaud Lake is very beautiful. Nearby, there are few other parks like Lake Park, Gandhi Park, and Children Park, which are worth visiting. Lady's Seat: Lady's seat is one of the best views that Yercaud promises. Tourists can get a panoramic view of the Ghats and all the distant vehicles dwindling their way in and out of trees along the winding Ghat road. It surely is a breath-taking view. The view is spectacular particularly in the night with the twinkling lights of Salem town in sight. Tourists can have a panoramic view of the plains below with the help of the telescope mounted at the Lady's Seat. Towards the extreme right in a distance one can see the Mettur Dam that generates power out of the river Kaveri. The best time to spot the river is from 3:00 p.m. onwards when the sunrays reflect off the river waters. Pagoda Point: Pagoda Point is also another viewpoint, which is worth visiting. Holy Trinity Church: Holy Trinity Church is a century old and is beautifully maintained. Other churches include the 100-year-old Trinity Church, the Sacred Heart, Lutheran, St Joseph's and The Retreat. National Orchidarium: National Orchidarium is located 2-km away from the lake, with India's third largest orchid house (after the ones in Calcutta and Shillong). It has over a hundred species of orchids, including nearly 30 very rare ones. These include Vernonia Shevarayensis, Paphiopedilum Deuryi (lady's slipper orchid), the intriguing insect-eating pitcher plant (Nepenthes Khasiana), etc. Killiyur Falls: Killiyur falls, 300 feet high waterfalls are situated amidst picturesque surroundings. The water comes via a stream all the way from the Big Lake. It is quite distant and worth the walk through the woods. The Servaroyan Temple: The Servaroyan temple is situated atop Servaroyan hill. This temple is of great prominence and the tribals living in these hills celebrate their annual festival in May every year. Small Lake: Small Lake is situated very close to town, which is famous for being fed by seven wells. A road bound the lake and towards one end of the lake is Montfort School and towards the other end is the town. Festival The summer festival has a 7-day set-up of flower shows, dog shows, boating races and a fair. Crowds flock to Yercaud during this season and hang around evening when the fair is rolling until 11:00 p.m. at night. CLIMATE: The hill station is most favoured by visitors from southern states during the summer and again during autumn. The coffee bushes blossom in April and offer a spectacular view. The climate is also particularly pleasant; residents say with pride that they never need to use a fan.
91
The climate of Yercaud is a moderate one. Winters are fairly mild, which starts in the month of September and ends in December. During winter, the hills are covered by mist and it looks beautiful. Best Time To Visit: The most popular seasons are February - June and September-November, while late November and December tend to be cold and misty. Around April there are the pleasant showers, which bring the coffee bushes into blossom. The monsoon season (June-August) is not the best time to visit as it rains heavily, hampering movement.
HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is Trichy, 163-km from Yercaud. Other options are Coimbatore or Bangalore for convenient air connections. Coimbatore is 190-km away. They are all connected to Chennai, which has an international airport. Rail: Ideal would be to take the Yercaud Express from Chennai. Salem Junction is 36-km away from Yercaud and Salem town is located at a distance of 33-km. Since Salem station is a junction, all southbound trains passing via Salem stop at Salem. Trains link Salem to Cochin, Erode, Trivandrum and Mangalore. Road: Yercaud 30-km away and an hour's drive from Salem can also be reached by bus or taxi. Regular bus services ply from Chennai, Salem and other important points. There are buses every half-hour from Salem. Yercaud is well connected by road to Trichy, Madurai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. Buses, both private and government-owned, ply throughout the day to Salem. Private taxis are also available.
GENERAL INFORMATIONPopulation 3,6863 (1991 Census) Altitude 1,500 meters Clothing Cottons in summer and light woolen in winter Languages Spoken Tamil and English Temperature Range (deg C): Summer- Max 30ºC, Min 16ºCWinter- Max 25ºC, Min 13ºCRainfall 1,500 mm. Minimum; 2,000mm. Maximum
