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A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KINDERGARTEN

METHOD OF TEACHING ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG UPPER KINDERGARTEN

STUDENTS STUDYING IN SELECTED NURSERY

SCHOOL OF RAICHUR, KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FORDISSERTATION

PRAVIN PRAKASH .P

NAVODAYA COLLEGE OF NURSING

RAICHUR, MAY 2009

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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR

DISSERTATION

1. Name of the candidate : Mr. Pravin Prakash .P

M.Sc. Nursing, 1 st Year

Navodaya College of Nursing

Navodaya Nagar

Manthralayam Road, Raichur

. Name of the !nstitute : Navodaya College of Nursing

". Course of Study and Su#$ect : M.Sc. Nursing, 1 st Year

Child %ealth Nursing

&. 'ate of (dmission : 1)11) **+

. -itle of the -o ic :

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KINDERGARTEN

METHOD OF TEACHING ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG UPPER KINDERGARTEN

STUDENTS STUDYING IN SELECTED NURSERY

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SCHOOL OF RAICHUR, KARNATAKA.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

.!. NEED FOR THE STUDY

We find a delight and beauty

in the happiness of the children

that makes the heart too big for the body

-he child is the most recious ossession of mankind, most #eloved

and erfect in its innocence. -he child re resents a face of man /hich is

al/ays ha y and al/ays ne/. 0ith every child /e are #orn again and /e

lay in the courtyard of the /orld in the #right sunshine of love and

laughter. 1

Preschool children constitute a#out ercent of the total o ulation

and are vulnera#le for various infections. !n Raichur reschool children

constitutes a#out 1" of the total o ulation. %ence there should #e a motto

to guide each and every child to follo/ and ractice cleanliness, as

2cleanliness is ne3t to godliness4. (s there is more revalence of ignorance

and illiteracy among the u#lic, there is a great need to educate them,

es ecially the children a#out good hygienic ractices and to romote healthy

life style.

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-he children are the most im ortant segment of our o ulation and

intend to receive attention from family, school, society and government

Children are truly the foundation of a society #ecause healthy children gro/

to #ecome healthy and strong adults /ho can actively artici ate in thedevelo mental activities of a nation. 1

School is one of the most organi5ed secondary grou and social

institution /hich im lements strategies to meet the health needs of the

children. Schools have #een identified as the entry oint for hygienic

a/areness as art of the -otal Sanitation Cam aign 6-SC7 #eing

im lemented in the state #y the Ministry of Rural 'evelo ment8s drinking

/ater su ly de artment, re orts 9rassroots eatures. School is an

organi5ed community and easy to reach for im lementing any rogrammes

related to health and hygienic ractices. "

-he resent study includes one such im lementation of the health

rogramme related to ersonal hygiene. !t is a teaching rogramme named

2;indergarten Method of -eaching4.

-he kindergarten method of teaching refers to the method of teaching

/hich hel s the child to e3 ress himself and thus roduce develo ment.

!t consists of three coordinate forms of e3 ression

song action < movement

construction

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Play is the most im ortant /ay follo/ed in the kindergarten method

of teaching. Play ena#les children to achieve confidence and #alance in an

orderly fashion.

=y this method of teaching the child can e3 ress his feelings and ideas

through singing. -hen he can dramati5e the song in movements and gestures

and finally it is illustrated #y construction from a er clay, or any other

material. &

(s the Chinese rover# says >!f ! hear ! forget, !f ! see ! remem#er, !f

! do ! kno/?, lays im ortance for this method of teaching.

20hat /e remem#er from childhood /e remem#er for ever4. !t can #e

regarding good ractices, ha#its, social interaction etc. ( good ha#it of

ersonal hygiene is an integral art of daily life of an individual.

%ygiene refers to the set of ractices associated /ith the reservation

of health and healthy living. !t is a conce t related /ith cleanliness and

reventive measures.

Personal hygiene involves ractice of kee ing oneself clean in order

to revent illness and disease. ;ee ing oneself clean /ill not only rotect

one from germs #ut also allo/s to have confidence in relationshi s andsocial life. (ctions to ensure ersonal hygiene are sim le #ut most of the

eo le neglect to ractice the ha#its. @

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9ood message and healthy ractices can start /ith reschool children

and slo/ly make their /ay into their families and to other children in the

neigh#orhood. -he daily ha#it of ensuring and maintaining cleanliness

romotes healthy living.

-he resent study includes the education on ersonal hygiene /ith

regard to oral care, #athing, hand /ashing and toileting.

If your children will soon need braces you will now want to start

the search for good dental insurance plan

Aral hygiene refers to the total care of the mouth. -he ur ose of oral

hygiene is to minimi5e any etiologic agents of disease in the mouth. -he

rimary focus of #rushing and flossing is to remove and revent the

formation of laBue. PlaBue consists mostly of #acteria. (s the amount of

#acterial laBue increases, the tooth is more vulnera#le to dental caries /hen

car#ohydrates in the food are left on teeth after every meal or snack. (

tooth#rush can #e used to remove laBue on accessi#le surfaces, #ut not

#et/een teeth or inside its and fissures on che/ing surfaces. 0hen used

correctly, dental floss removes laBue from areas /hich could other/ise

develo ro3imal caries.

Statistical information sho/s that a#out +*)D* ercent of the childrenin the /orld have dental caries. (#out ". *f the reschool children in

Raichur is having dental caries. "

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Effective oral health ractices are essential for the overall health of

the children. 'ental care is the most revalent unmet health need among

children. Poor oral health can have significant negative effects on systematic

health. Com rehensive health care is not ossi#le if oral health is unmet. Soevery arents and teachers should encourage children to ractice oral

hygiene from an early age. +

%and /ashing is the #est /ay to revent the s read of illness. %and

/ashing hel s to decrease the num#er of germs that can #e s read. Children

should #e taught and encouraged to /ash hand #efore and after meal in order

to avoid s read of infections. D

=athing involves the total care of the #ody. =athing is racticed as

one of the hygienic measures and it hel s the #ody and mind to #ecome

fresh. =athing revents accumulation of dandruff and multi lication of lices

in the head. !t also revents various skin infections like dermatitis, sca#ies

etc. !t is very essential to educate the children regarding #athing as it

romotes #oth hysical and mental hygiene. 1*

-oileting ha ens to #e one of those areas /here each child /ill have

their o/n schedule. Successful toileting relies most on a child4s readiness

and /illingness. Even if a child sho/s signs of readiness there are times

/hen it is #est to /ait. Some children may #e very interested in toileting, #utsome are afraid. (llo/ the child to safely e3 lore the toilet and train and

educate them regarding toileting. 11

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Fnhygienic ractices during toileting leads to s read of infection. -he

infection can mainly caused #y %ook/orm. %ook/orm is a arasitic

nematode that lives in the small intestine of every mammal. -he ortal of

e3it of hook/orm is anal route and ortal of entry is mouth. -he s read ofthe infection can #e reduced #y good ersonal)hygiene and thus revents

s read of infection.

!t is estimated that @) &* million individuals in the /orld are

infected /ith %ook/orm today. !n South (sia a#out D million children are

infected /ith hook/orm. 1 @ of reschool children in Raichur is affected

/ith hook/orm infestation. "

Preschool children need to #e motivated and ena#led #y a s ecific

learning rogramme to hel them to follo/ #asic hygiene rules as im ortant

element of health romotion. Children /ill res ond in a #etter /ay to health

education and to develo favora#le ositive attitudes, thus they inculcate and

formulate desira#le healthy ractices. 1"

Fsing different methods of teaching is very effective and influences

the kno/ledge of the children. !n kindergarten method of teaching learning

/ill #e associated /ith s ontaneity, freedom and laughter through ractical

activities and it #ecomes meaningful and significant.

%ence the researcher felt the need to assess the effectiveness of

kindergarten method of teaching on kno/ledge regarding ersonal hygiene

among u er kindergarten students studying in St.Gohns Nursery School of

Raichur.

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.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

( revie/ of literature on the research to ic makes the researcherfamiliar /ith the e3isting studies and rovides information /hich hel s to

focus on a articular ro#lem, lays a foundation u on /hich to #ase ne/

kno/ledge. !t creates accurate icture of the information found on the

su#$ects. 1&

( study /as conducted to evaluate the outcomes of short H1 minutesI

oral hygiene vs. hand hygiene education for reschool children in MichiganJ

F.S.(. @1 reschool children /ere randomly selected from four kindergarten

classes. "* children from t/o classes had given s ecific instructions on oral

hygiene and for remaining "1 children /ere given instructions on hand and

nail cleaning. -he oral hygiene status /as assessed #y using laBue control

record HPCRI, the cleanliness of hands and finger nails /as determined #y

using hand hygiene inde3 H%%!I and nail hygiene inde3 HN%!I. -he resultsho/ed that after the education rogramme the PCR had im roved for all

the children from D.D ercent to ." ercent HPK*.**1I. -he N%! had

im roved from &.D1 ercent to @1. 1 ercent HPK*.**1I. -he study

concluded that arents and teachers should #e encouraged to educate

children from an early age a#out oral hygiene romotion. 1

( study /as conducted to assess the effectiveness of tooth #rushing

education on oral health of reschoolers in Seoul, ;orea. -he study

consisted of randomly selected + reschoolers from t/o kindergartens. "D

reschoolers from one kindergarten /ere assigned to e3 erimental grou

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and "D from the other kindergarten to the control grou . 'ata /ere collected

#y structured intervie/. -he result sho/ed that there /as a significant

increase in the use of tooth aste and the ractice of correct tooth #rushing

and a decrease in laBue and develo ment of dental caries in e3 erimentalgrou . -he study concluded that tooth #rushing education /as artially

effective in im roving oral health of the reschoolers. 1@

( descri tive study /as conducted to assess the a/areness of hygienic

ractices among children in 9overnment School in %ydera#ad. "* reschool

children /ere selected non randomly. -he data /as collected #y structured

intervie/. indings revealed that ma$ority of children had moderately

adeBuate a/areness 6 * ercent7. (ccording to age /ise analysis of data

@ . ercent of year old children and 1 . ercent of & year old children

had moderately adeBuate a/areness. & . ercent of " year old children had

inadeBuate a/areness. -he study concluded that regular education has to #e

given to reschool children regarding hygienic ractices. 1

(n e3 erimental study /as conducted to assess the effectiveness of

school #ased health education on the ractice of ersonal hygiene #y

children in rimary schools in Nigeria. "D and "D+ reschool children /ere

selected randomly as intervention grou and control grou . Less than &

ercent /ere rated clean #efore health education in #oth grou s. (fter health

education @ ercent /ere rated clean. -here /as no change in the controlgrou . -he study concluded that school #ased health education im roved the

ersonal hygienic ractices of the reschool children. -here is need for

regular reinforcement to sustain the gains. 1+

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( longitudinal study /as carried out to assess the im act of health

education to school children on their kno/ledge, attitude and ractices in

regard to ersonal hygiene in =urd/an. " & rural school children #et/een

1* 1& years in t/o secondary schools /ere selected randomly. -hekno/ledge, attitude and ractices of the students /ere assessed in

re)designed and ost test rofoma #efore im arting the health education.

-he results indicated that the kno/ledge of the students regarding ersonal

hygiene /as im roved after the health education. -he study concluded that

the im rovement in health ractices /as not commensuration /ith the

im rovement of kno/ledge and attitude after education. 1D

( study /as conducted on im act of tooth #rushing on dental laBue,

dental caries and eriodontal condition in school children at Gordon. !t /as

revealed that #oth DD ercent males and +D ercent of females re orted to

#rush their teeth on regular #asis. -he mean scores /ere lo/er in those /ho

#rushed than those /ho did not #rush their teeth. -here /ere slight

differences in dental caries e3 erience among males and females. -he oralhealth status among them found to #e oor. -he study concluded more

em hasis should #e laced on ro er oral hygiene and also im lementation

of school #ased oral health education rogramme is urgently needed in order

to revent ro#lems. *

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A "#$%& #' ("")"" #*) )++) #- )/)"" '+ -/%)1 (1#)/ 3)#*'% '+

#)( *-/ '/ /'45)% ) 1) (1%-/ 6)1"'/(5 *& -)/) (3'/ $66)1

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-/%)1 (1#)/ "#$%)/#" "#$%&-/ -/ ")5) #)% /$1")1& " *''5 '+ R(- *$1,

K(1/(#( (.

.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

-o assess the e3isting level of kno/ledge of u er kindergarten students

regarding ersonal hygiene in selected nursery school.

-o develo and administer kindergarten method of teaching regarding

ersonal hygiene among u er kindergarten students studying in selected

nursery school.

-o evaluate the effectiveness of kindergarten method of teaching

regarding ersonal hygiene #y com aring re)test and ost)test kno/ledge

scores.

-o identify the association #et/een the kno/ledge of the students

regarding ersonal hygiene /ith selected varia#les.

.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

a. E++) #- )/)""

!t refers to the e3tent to /hich the kindergarten method of teaching

im roves the kno/ledge of the u er kindergarten students regarding

ersonal hygiene.

b. K-/%)1 (1#)/ M)#*'% '+ T)( *-/

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!t refers to the method of teaching /hich hel s the child to e3 ress

himself and thus roduce develo ment.

!t consists of three coordinate forms of e3 ression song

action < movement

construction

c. K/'45)% )

!t refers to the level of understanding of the u er kindergarten

students /ith regard to ersonal hygiene as measured #y their correct

res onse to kno/ledge items of the structured intervie/ schedule.

d. P)1"'/(5 H& -)/)

Refers to the ractice of kee ing oneself clean to revent diseases.

!n the resent study the ersonal hygiene includes

#athing, #rushing, hand /ashing and toileting.

e. U66)1 K-/%)1 (1#)/ S#$%)/#"

Refers to children under age grou of &)@ years /ho are

studying in selected Nursery School of Raichur.

f. N$1")1& S *''5

!t refers to the school for children #et/een ages of ")@ years, staffed

#y Bualified teachers /ho encourage and su ervise educational lay

rather than sim ly roviding child care.

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.: HYPOTHESES

An the #asis of the o#$ectives of the study the follo/ing hy otheses

have #een formulated.

H ;: -here /ill #e significant difference #et/een the re)test and ost)test

kno/ledge scores of the u er kindergarten students regarding ersonal

hygiene.

H : -here /ill #e significant association #et/een the kno/ledge scores of

the u er kindergarten students regarding ersonal hygiene /ithselected varia#les.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Raichur is one of the #ack/ard districts located in Northern

;arnataka. !t has an area of @*sB.mt.

-here are a#out " nursery schools in Raichur 'istrict. (mong these

St.Gohns Nursery School is selected for the study. -his school is located inSavithri Colony, Raichur. -his school /as esta#lished in the year 1DD@.

(#out 1** students are studying in this school and among this &* students

are studying in u er kindergarten.

P'6$5(#-'/

-he o ulations included in this study are the students /ho are

studying in u er kindergarten in St.Gohns Nursery school of Raichur.

S(365)

Sam le for the study consists of "* u er kindergarten students /ho

are studying in St.Gohns Nursery school of Raichur.

S(365-/ T) */->$)

Pur osive sam ling is also called Gudgmental sam ling. Researcher

#elieves that ur osive sam lings are ty ical or re resentative of the

accessi#le o ulation.

or the resent study Non) random ur osive sam ling techniBue

/ill #e used to select the school. Convenience sam ling techniBue /ill #e

used to select the sam les.

I/ 5$"-'/ C1-#)1-(

-he study includes students 4*' (1)

studying in u er kindergarten in St.Gohns Nursery School, Raichur

/illing to artici ate in the study

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availa#le at the time of data collection

E? 5$"-'/ C1-#)1-(

-he study e3cludes students 4*' (1) /'#

studying in u er kindergarten in St.Gohns Nursery School, Raichur

/illing to artici ate in the study

availa#le at the time of data collection

S)5) #)% V(1-(@5)"

aria#les include in the resent study are

D)6)/%(/# V(1-(@5)

;no/ledge of u er kindergarten students regarding ersonal hygiene

I/%)6)/%)/# V(1-(@5)

;indergarten method of teaching regarding ersonal hygiene

E?#1(/)'$" V(1-(@5)"

( A )

Refers to the chronological age of the students studying in u er

kindergarten

or the resent study age is categori5ed as

i7 & years

ii7 years

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iii7 @ years

@ G)/%)1

Refers to the se3 of the res ondent !t is categori5ed as

i7 Male

ii7 emale

O1%)1 '+ B-1#*

!t refers to chronological order of the child #irth in the family

!t is categori5ed as

i7 1st child

ii7 nd child

iii7 " rd child and a#ove

% E%$ (#-'/(5 $(5-+- (#-'/ '+ P(1)/#"

!t refers to the kno/ledge levels of father and mother /hich hel the

children to cultivate sound healthy ractices and mental a#ility.

or the resent study the educational Bualification of the arents /ill

#een evidenced from the school admission records of the students.

!t is categori5ed as:

Sl.n

o

!"l#$#%"on F"&'() Mo&'()

i7 !lliterateii7 Primary educationiii7 Secondary educationiv7 9raduation and a#ove

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) T&6) '+ F(3-5&

Refers to the family ty e

or the resent study it is categori5ed as:i7 Nuclear family

ii7 Goint family

+ S'$1 )" '+ I/+'13(#-'/

Refers to the information /hich can shed light on the kno/ledge of

the students regarding ersonal hygiene. or the resent study it includes

i7 Parents

ii7 -eachers

iii7 Si#lings

iv7 riends

v7 Mass media

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D(#( C'55) #-'/ M)#*'%

(fter o#taining rior ermission from concerned authorities andconsent from the sam les, the !nvestigator /ill assess the kno/ledge of the

u er kindergarten students regarding ersonal hygiene #y using structured

intervie/ schedule.

'ata collection /ill #e carried out in " hases:

First phase: Pre)test /ill #e given to assess the initial kno/ledge of the

u er kindergarten students regarding ersonal hygiene. Second phase: !m lementation of kindergarten method of teaching

regarding ersonal hygiene to the u er kindergarten students.

Third phase: Post)test /ill #e conducted for the u er kindergarten students

regarding ersonal hygiene a /eek after kindergarten method of teaching.

P5(/ +'1 D(#( A/(5&"-"

'ata analysis is the systematic organi5ation and synthesis of research

data, the testing of the research hy otheses #y using the o#tained data. -he

follo/ing methods are lanned to analy5e the data.

'escri tive statistics like ercentages and freBuencies /ill #e used to

descri#e sam le characteristics.

Mean, standard deviation and aired2t4 test /ill #e used to assess the

effectiveness of kindergarten method of teaching.

Chi)sBuare test /ill #e used to find out the association #et/een the

kno/ledge and selected varia#les.

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. LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Child, 0!;!PE'!(, the free Encyclo edia.

. Park. ;: -e3t =ook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 1+ th edition, M

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D. (#out Personal 9ro/th. Com. ( guide to your ersonal gro/th.

1*.=athing, 0!;!PE'!(, the free Encyclo edia.

11.-oileting, 0!;!PE'!(, the free Encyclo edia.

1 . 0iki edia, the free encyclo ediaJ Necator americanus and (ncylostoma

duodenale

1".Maha$an. .;: -e3t =ook of Preventive and Social Medicine, nd edition,

Gay ee =rothers Medical Pu#lishers: 1DD .

1&.'enise Polit, Nursing Research Princi les and Methods, Philadel hia,

Li incott, th editionJ **&.

1 .Ramseier C(, Leiggener G, Lang N P, =agramian R(, Short term effects

of hygiene education for reschool 6;indergarten7 children, Aral %ealth

Prev. 'ent: ** .

1@.;ang =%, Park SN, Sohng ;.Y, Moon G.S, Effect of tooth #rushing

education rogram on oral health of reschool children, G. ;orean (cad

Nurs. : **+ 'ec.

1 . Mohana ;umari. ': ( study to assess a/areness of hygiene ractices on

children in 9overnment Ra$ =havan School, %ydera#ad: 1DDD.

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1+. !lika (L: Personal hygiene ractice and school #ased health education of

children in (nam#ra state. Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Medical Gournal.

Medline D: ** .

1D. =is/as (.=: ( study of the im act of health education to school children

on their kno/ledge, attitude and ractice in regard to ersonal hygiene.

!ndian Gournal of Pu#lic %ealth. Ne/ 'elhi, 1DD*.

*. -aani. '.S, Muhsen ;, Cohen ': Caries free smile, oral health

education, Rev Salud Pu#lica: **".

9. S- /(#$1) '+ #*) (/%-%(#)

!0. R)3(1 " '+ #*) G$-%)

!!. N(3) (/% D)"- /(#-'/ '+

!!.! G$-%) Mrs. Shameem 9ulna5 Fnnisa M.Sc. 6N7 ice Princi al

'e artment of Child %ealth Nursing

!!.2 S- /(#$1)

!!.7 C' G$-%)

!!.8 S- /(#$1)

!!.: H)(% '+ #*) D)6(1#3)/# Mrs. Shameem 9ulna5 Fnnisa M.Sc. 6N7

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ice Princi al'e artment of Child %ealth

Nursing

!!. S- /(#$1)

!2. R)3(1 " '+ C*(-13(/ (/% P1-/ -6(5

!2.! S- /(#$1)