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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1. NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE AND
ADDRESS
MS. SILPA. S. DHARAN
GOUTHAM COLLEGE OF NURSING,
MANJUNATH NAGAR, WEST OF
CHORD ROAD, RAJAJINAGAR,
BANGALORE 560010.
2. NAME OF THE
INSTITUTE
GOUTHAM COLLEGE OF NURSING,
MANJUNATH NAGAR, WEST OF
CHORD ROAD, RAJAJINAGAR,
BANGALORE 560010.
3. COURSE OF STUDY AND
SUBJECT
M.SC NURSING
1 YEAR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO
COURSE
25/09/2010
5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC “A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF REIKI THERAPY
ON REDUCTION OF DEPRESSION
AMONG DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS IN
SELECTED HOSPITAL AT
BANGALORE”.
1
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 NEED FOR STUDY
“Depression is nourished by a lifetime of un grieved and un forgiven hurts”.
Depression is more than just the ‘’blues’’ being ‘’down in the dump’’
or experiencing temporary feeling, sadness in the time to time in our lives. It
is a serious condition that affects a person’s mind and body impacts all
aspects of everyday life. The World Health Organization has predicted that
Depression is the 4th leading contributor to the global burden of disease in
2000. By the year 2020, Depression projected to reach 2nd place of ranking of
DALYS [ Disability adjusted life years] calculated for all ages , both sexes.
Depression estimated to affect 340 million people globally.1
World Health Organization, statistics says that Depression is common,
affective about 340 million people in world wide. Depression is the number
one occupation disease of the 21st century . At its worst, Depression can lead
to suicide atargic fatality associated with the loss of about 850000 lives every
year. In a year nearly 13 million and 14 million people are experiencing
Depressive disorder. 97% people Depression are due to their work, home life
and relationships. Depression among the youth has increased from 2% to12%
in the last five years. Globally 3 out of every 5 visits to the Doctor are for
stress related depression problems. 10% of women experiencing post partum
Depression after birth of a child. 16% adult are affecting in an year. 6 million
elderly people suffer from Depression in world wide.2
NHANES [National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey ] the
prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder [MDD] was significantly greater in
White individuals compared with African Americans[10.4%,7.5%].3
National Institute Of Mental Health ( NIMH) explains this from the
research studies done Americans approximately 6.5% women are suffering
from Depression in every year. Male population 3.3% that will suffer from a
Major Depressive Disorder,4% of childrens also suffering from Depression
combained totaling of 5.3% Americans are suffering from Depression.4
In United States,8.3% of adolescents suffer from Depression and 7
2
million women are clinically Depressed and 2.5% of childrens are suffering
from Depression in every year.5
In Countries, prevalence rate of Depression lowest rates are reported
Asian and Southeast Asian Countries. For eg, Taiwan reports less than 2% and
Korea 3% Western Countries typically report higher rates, such as Canada7%,
Newzealand11% and France16%.Also, Countries plagued by protracted civil
war, such as Bosnia and Northern Ireland, reports higher rates of Depression.6
In India the studies have been found that over all prevalence of
Depression was 15% higher in females in 16.3% and in males 13.9% .
Depressed mood is the most common problem of Depression that is 30.8%
tiredness, 30.0% while more severe symptoms such as Suicidal thoughts
[12.4%] speech and motor retardation is 12.4% were less common. The
prevalence of Depression was higher in low income group [5.9%] Prevalence
of Depression is also higher among Divorced 26.5% and Widowed 20%
compared to currently married that is 15.4%. 15% Employees in India are
under stress.7
In Karnataka Statistics says that the prevalence rate of Depression was
11.2% and the overall prevalence of Depressive Disorders among the elderly
of 60 yrs and above was found to 21.7%. The prevalence rate of Depression
among males and females were 19.9% and 22.6% respectively.8
In Bangalore the Garden City of India. Where 9.1% peoples are
estimated to be suffer from Depression. The study findings shows that 25%
men in the Bangalore were Depressed, but only 18% of women were
Depressed and in college age population 20.7%. 9
Reiki therapy is refered to as the ‘’universal life force’’. To bring over
all healing to the body, mind, and spirit. Reiki therapy can help patients
suffering from Depression in several ways. Depression often causes, stress,
fatigue and painful physical symptom that Reiki therapy can help patient learn
to relax and find ways to lower stress levels. Relaxation Techniques can bring
3
about a general sense of well being that can ease Depression symptoms.10
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Reiki therapy in
reducing Depression in Depressive patients. The study, reports and claims
regarding the use and efficacy of Reiki are enumerated and evaluated with the
aim of trying to establish whether Reiki has been used and there for could be
used to treat Depression patients. Depression is a most common mental health
problem, with higher prevalence rates in women and men. The study
concluded that Depression seems to be among the most common conditions
for which patients seeks alternatives like Reiki therapy.11
Considering the above facts and review of literature, investigator felt
that Reiki therapy will reduce the Depression among Depressive patients .So
the researcher has interested to see the effectiveness of Reiki therapy to reduce
Depression among Depressive patients.
6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is key step in research process. The typical
purpose of analytical a review existing literature is to generate research
question to identify what is known and what is un known about the topic. The
major goal of review of literature is to develop a strong knowledge base to
carry out research scholarly activity.
The extensive review of literature has been done and organized
according to the following three aspects.
1. Studies related to Depression.
2. Studies related to Reiki therapy.
3. Studies related to effectiveness of Reiki therapy in Depressive patients.
1. Studies related to depression:
A Study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of
Depression. The Study sampled 8449 people between the age group of 15 and
4
40 years. The study design controlled for age, gender, educational level and
marital status, allowing researchers to pinpoint differences that could be
accounted to by race/ ethinicity. Based on their responses to the DSM-IIITR
Questionnaire. Depressed subjects were characterized as Major Depressive
Disorder[MDD],Chronic Dysphoric Mood [CDM] Dysthmic Disorder [DD].
Though prevalence of MDD significantly greater in White individuals
compared with African Americans [10.4%,7.5%] DD[7.5%,5.7%] & CDM
[13.5%,7.6%] than White participants .Recurrent Depression was more
common in White participants [18.2%]than in African American participants
[13.3%]. The study was concluded that the Depression is an major life
threatening disease seen in the population.12
A Study was conducted among 627 elderly individuals of 60 years and
above in the rural area of Udupi Taluk. The objectives was to determine the
prevalence of Depression and to study correlates of Depression
Among elderly. In this study, the prevalence of Depression among elderly
population was determined to be21.7%. The prevalence in the age group of 80
years and above and those individuals who had a history of death in the family
with in the sixth months were found to be 34.4% and 52.4% respectively. The
study concluded that these two correlates were indepently associated with
Depressive disorders in elderly population.13
2. Studies related to Reiki therapy.
A study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Reiki as a
mechanism for reducing stress and achieving relaxation and involved an
examination of physiological and biochemical effects patients after receiving
30 minutes of Reiki. Random sampling was used for 23 people in a state of
good health. Biological indicators related to the response of stress reduction
includes ; anxiety, degree of salivation and cortisol, blood pressure, galvanic
response epidermal,(GSR), muscle tension and skin temperature. Data were
collected before during and immediately after the session. Comparing before
and after measures, anxiety was significantly reduced, t(22)=2.45 p=0.02
salivary IgA levels rose significantly t(19)=2.33,p=0.03,however,salivary
cortisol was not statistically significant .There was a significant drop in
5
systolic blood pressure(SBp) ,f(2,44)=6.60P<0.01.Skin temperature increased
and elecro myo graph (EMG) decreased during the treatment, these study
suggested that both biochemical and physiological changes in the direction of
relaxation.14
A study was conducted to examine the effects of Reiki on fatigue,
pain, anxiety and overall quality of life. this study was a counter balanced
cross over trial of 2 conditions.(1) in Reiki condition, participants received 5
consecutive daily sessions, followed by a 1 week wash out monitoring period
of no treatment, then 2additional Reiki sessions and finally 2 weeks of no
treatment, and (2) in the rest condition participants were rested for
approximately 1 hour each day for 5 consecutive days, followed by a 1 week
wash out monitoring period of no scheduled resting and additional week of no
treatment. In both conditions participants completed questionnaires
investigating Cancer- related fatigue(Functional Assessment of Cancer
Therapy Fatigue Subscale[FACT-F]) and overall quality of life (Functional
Assessment of Cancer Therapy, General version [FACT-G]) before and after
all Reiki or resting sessions. They also completed a visual analog scale
[Edmonton Symptom Assessment System[ESAS] assessing daily tiredness,
pain and anxiety before and after each session of Reiki or rest. 16 patients
(13women) participated in the trial.8 were randomized to each order of
conditions (Reiki then rest; rest then Reiki ) They were screened for ESAS
tiredness item, and those scoring greater than 3 on the 0 to 10 scale were
eligible for the study. Fatigue on the FACT-F decreased with the Reiki
condition (P=.05) over the course of all 7 treatment. In addition participants in
the Reiki condition experienced significant improvement in quality of
life(FACT-G) compared to those in the resting condition(p<.05)on daily
assessment (ESAS) in the Reiki condition . pre session versus post session 5
scores indicated significant decrease in tiredness(p<.001), pain(p<.005),and
anxiety (p<.01) which were not seen in the resting period. The study
suggested that Reiki therapy has an positive effect on Cancer related fatigue,
pain, anxiety and overall quality of life.15
6
3. Studies related to effectiveness of Reiki therapy in Depressive patients.
A Study was conducted the effectiveness of Reiki therapy in
Depression. The research design used in this study was pretest\ posttest
treatment and wait list control design.76 self selected participants from
general population were selected. They were randomly divided in to two
groups. one was received Reiki therapy another group was not received. Zung
Self – Rating Depression scale was used for measuring Depression. 82% of
patients were reduced Depression and 18% of patients are still like that. The
study concluded that Reiki therapy effective for treating Depression.16
A Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Reiki in Depression
patients. 20 participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or
wait list control group. The pre and post test measures by Beck Depression
Inventory Scale. The research design included an experimental component to
examine changes in these measures and a descriptive component [semi
structured interview] to elicit information about the experience of having
Reiki treatment. There was76% reduction occur in experimental group and
24% have no changes. The study concluded that a significant differences
were observed between the experimental and control groups on
measurement.17
A Study was conducted for Long term effects of Reiki therapy on
Depression.45 participants with symptoms of Depression volunteered for this
study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups; Hands on
(touch)Reiki, Distance (non touch) Reiki, and Distance Reiki placebo. The
study suggested that Reiki therapy have an significant reduction in
Depression. participants were not received aware of which group would be
receiving placebo Reiki.12 Reiki masters, and three second degree Reiki
practioners were chosen to conduct the one to one and one- half hour sessions.
Each participants received one treatment weekly for 6 weeks. Three tests,
designed to measure levels of Depression, were administered each participants
before and after the series of 6 sessions.1 year later, the participants retook the
three tests. After testing was completed, the control placebo group received
another 6 weeks of Reiki treatments, this time with actual Reiki, and three test
7
were administered to this group again findings of the study demonstrated that
there were no changes in the control\ placebo group until they received 6
session of actual Reiki a year after the first 6 placebo sessions. Both the hands
on and the distance Reiki were effective in relieving symptoms of
Depression. The study concluded that Reiki therapy have an long term effects
in reduction of Depression.18
6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on reduction of
Depression among Depressive patients in selected hospital at Bangalore.
6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROBLEM
1. To assess the existing level of Depression among Depressive patients in
selected hospital at Bangalore.
2. To determine the effectiveness of Reiki therapy on reducing Depression
among Depressive patients in experimental and control group.
3. To find out the association between interventional scores with selected
demographic variables among experimental and control group.
4.
6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Evaluate : It refers to the process of evaluating the subjects and rating it
based on its important features.
Effectiveness : It refers significant difference between pre and post
interventional scores on Depression after administering Reiki therapy.
Reiki therapy: It refers to a gentle non invasive methods of hands on healing
that provides balance to the physical, emotional, spiritual and mental issues in
life.
Depression: Refers to an emotional state of mind characterized by feeling of
gloom and inadequacy, leading to withdrawal. It is measured by modified
Beck Depression Inventory Scale.
8
6.6 HYPOTHESIS
H1: There will be a significant difference between the pre and post
interventional scores regarding the Depression among Depressive patients of
experimental group of after administering Reiki therapy.
H2: There will be a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores
regarding Depression among Depressive patients of control group.
H3: There will be a significant difference between pre and post
interventional scores in Reiki therapy on reducing Depression among
Depressive patients of experimental and control group.
H4: There will be a significant association between interventional scores with
their selected demographic variables among experimental and control group.
6.7 ASSUMPTIONS
1. It is assumed that Depression patients may have inadequate knowledge
regarding Reiki therapy.
2. It is assumed that Depression may reduced after giving Reiki therapy
6.8 DELIMITATIONS
1. The study is delimited to Depression patients only.
. 2. The study is delimited to 40 patients only.
3. The study is delimited to only selected hospital at Bangalore.
7. MATERIALES AND METHODS
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA The subject who diagnosed as Depressive
patients admitted in selected hospital at
Bangalore.
7.2 METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA
7.2.1 SAMPLING CRITERIA
INCLUSION CRITERIA
1. The study includes Depression patients
of both gender.
2. The patients who are available during
9
the period of study.
3. The patients who are able to
understand Kannada and English.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA 1. The patients who are not willing to
participate in this study
2. The geriatric depressive patients.
7.2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design adopted for the present
study is True Experimental Design Pretest
and posttest control group design.
7.2.3 VARIABLES UNDER THE
STUDY-
1. INDEPENDET VARIABLE
Reiki therapy
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Reduce the Depression among
Depressive patients.
3. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE
Age, Gender, Socio economic status,
Occupation, education, dietary pattern,
alcoholism, smoking, marital
status ,Duration of hospital stay, family
history of psychiatric diseases
7.2.4 SETTING Study will be conducted in psychiatric wards
of selected hospital at Bangalore.
7.2.5 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE The technique adopted for the present study
is simple random sampling by using lottery
method without replacement, 20
experimental group and 20control group.
7.2.6 SAMPLE SIZE The sample size consist of 40 depression
patients (experimental group 20,control group
20)
10
7.2.7 TOOLES OF RESEARCH Section 1: Structured self administered
questionnaire will be developed by researcher
to assess demographic variables among
depressive patients.
Section 2:Modified Beck Depression
Inventory Scale is used to assess the
Depression.
7.2.8 COLLECTION OF DATA 1.A Prior formal permission will be obtained
from Hospital authority.
2.Informed consent will be obtained from
subjects after explaining the purpose of the
study.
3. Structured self administered questionnaire
is used to collect the demographic variables.
4.Modified Beck Depression Inventory Scale
used to assess pretest scores among
experimental group and control group.
5.Administering Reiki therapy for the
experimental group for 30 minutes once per
day for one week. No treatment for control
group.
6.Post test will be conducted after 7 days with
same scale among experimental group and
control group.
7.BeckDepression Inventory Scale used to
assess pretest scores among experimental and
control group .
8.Duration of data collection will be 30 days.
7.2.8 METHOD AND DATA
ANALYSIS AND
PRESENTATION
The investigator will obtain data using
descriptive and inferential statistics and the
plan of data analysis will be as follows.
11
1.Organize the data in a master sheet and a
computer.
2.Frequencies and percentage for the
analyses of background data.
3.Assessment of pretest by using data
sheet ,mean and standard deviation
4..Effectiveness of interventional program
analyzed by ’’t’’ test.
5.Association with demographic
variables analyzed by ‘ χ2 ’ (chi- square)
7.3 DOES THE STUDY ENQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR
INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER
HUMAN OR ANIMALS ? IF SO DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.
Yes, the study requires Reiki therapy as an invention to reduce
Depression among Depressive patients in selected Hospitals at Bangalore.
7.4 HAS THE ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR
INSTITUTION IN CASEOF 7.3?
Yes, informed consent will be obtained from the institution authorities
and subjects . Privacy ,confidentiality and anonymity will be guarded .
Scientific objectivity of the study will be maintained with honesty and
impartiality.
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2000, Page No.1498-1504.
2. The WHO, World Mental Health Consortium, Prevalence and Severity
of depression,2006, Page No.2581-2590.
3. Nguyen T and Flack C, Third National Health and Nutritional Survey,
Comparative prevalence of Depression by race / ethnicity, Newyork
2004.
4. Bethesda MD ,Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institute
of Mental Health ,U.S 2001.
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American Patients , J Nerv Ment Disc 2004, Page No.324-327.
6. Sethi B.B ,and Sharma M, Depressive Disorders in the Developing
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Wide Epidemiological Survey2002, Page No.397-400.
10. Sasikala G, Nightingale Nursing Times, Volume 6,September 2010,
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11. Zuleikha Ahmed ,Effectiveness of Reiki on Depression, Alternative
Therapies in Health and Medicine, October 2003.
12. Neauh N and Sonawalla S, Screening for Major Depression in Asian
Americans , A Comparison of the Beck and Chinese Depression
Inventory ,AC-a Psychiar Scand 2002, Page No.252-257.
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Healing, J Advanced Nursing2001, Page No.439-445.
15. Alberta and Tsang KL ,Department of Psychology, University of
Calgary, Integr Cancer Ther 2007.
16. Vera A. Poter Phd Holos University Graduate Seminary,Reiki Effects
13
on Depression.
17. Richeson NE and Spross Ja, College of Nursing and Health
Professionals, University of Southern Maine, Portland, U.S.A 2010.
18. Shore and Adina G ,Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicines
2004, Page No.42-48.
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Lippincott Company,Philadelphia,2003,Page No:30-35.
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Hall of India Limited,New Delhi,1996, Page No:98-106.
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