06 Cell Range GC

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1 Nokia Siemens Networks RA41206EN20GLA0

LTE RPESSCoverage Planning - Cell Range


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Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

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Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

Understand the main propagation models

Calculate the cell range

Compare the cell range of LTE with other technologies


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Coverage Dimensioning

Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

Coverage Calculation

Example: Service Dependent Coverage

Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies


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Propagation Models

Empirical

Deterministic

Semi-empirical

Wave propagation is described by means ofrays travelling between transmitted andreceiving antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Thosemethods, generally based on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate descriptionof the wave propagation but require a large computation time.

An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created. Thosemodels can be used only in the environments similar to the examined one.The small changes in the environment characteristic can cause enormouserrors in the prediction of wave propagation.

Combination of empirical anddeterministic models (e.g. empiricalCOST Hata can be combined with thetheoretical knife edge model).


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Propagation Models used in NSN tools

Okumura-Hata The most commonly used statistical model

Walfish-Ikegami

Statistical model especially for urban environments

Juul-Nyholm

Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with

different equation for predictions beyond radio

horizon (~20km)

Ray-tracing

Deterministic prediction tool for

microcellular environments

Sta

tisticaltobe

tuned!

Dete

rministic


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Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model

In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G, some

additional measurements and adjustments were done in the framework of EuropeanCooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research (COST)

The validity range for the extended model:

Frequency f: 150 MHz 2000 MHz

Distance R: 1-20 km

BS height hBS: 10-200m

MS height hMS: 1-10m

The correction factor c present in the model depends on area type

area type

correction

factor [dB]

dense urban areas -3

city center areas 0

suburban areas 12,27

rural areas 32,52

94.44log33.18log78.4

4.528

log2

10

2

10

2

10

ff

fCorrection

Factorfor suburban areas

for rural areas



Propagation Models Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model

ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+

log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010

.............R

8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h

MHz2000



Link BudgetPropagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata (1/2)

clutter

MSBS Lkm

ds

m

ha

m

h

MHz

fBAL

loglog82.13log

Frequency A B

150-1500 MHz 69.55 26.16

1500-2000MHz 46.3 33.9

94.35log33.18lg78.4

94.40log33.18lg78.4

4.528

lg2

0

DU3

2

2

2

ROAD

RURAL

ff

ff

SUf

U

Lclutter

SU]8.0)flg(56.1[h]7.0)flg(1.1[

UDU,4.97)]75h3.2[lg(11.)h(a

MS

2

MS

MS

Clutter correction

Term Lclutter

UE Height Correction Factors a(hMS)



Link BudgetPropagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata (2/2)

km1d,log50

1

m

hlog82.13

MHz

flog9.1388.47

km1d,m

hlog55.69.44

sBS

BS

Slopes: 1 or 2 slopes model

1 slope for d 1km & 2 slopes for d < 1km

2 slope is an extension of 1 slope model for d < 1km

If cell range > 1 km results are the same for 1 slope & 2 slopemodels ( same formula used)

If cell range < 1 km then 2-slope model provides better results

Recommended: 2 slopes model for all clutter types



Propagation Models Walfish-Ikegami

Model for urban macrocellular propagation

Antenna close to roof-top level

Assumes regular city layout (Manhattan grid)

Total path loss consists of two parts:

h

w

b

d

NLOS roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss

mobile environment losses

LOS

line-of-sight loss


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Propagation Models COST Walfish-Ikegami model

This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model,

prepared especially for the typical antennas placement in 3G (below the roof top).The validity range:

Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz

BS height: 4 50 m (above roof-top)

MS height: 1 3 m

Distance: 0.02 5 kmPath loss with LOS between MS & BS

)(log26)(log206.42 1010 RfLLOS

............. RLOS: Line-off-sight


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Propagation Models Walfish-Ikegami

Line-of-sight path (LOS)

Use free space propagation Applicable for microwave & satellite links

Non-line-of-sight path (NLOS)

Heavy diffraction, refraction situations

Great uncertainties in modeling

COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction

Use ray-tracing models

Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)

Manhattan grid

model


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Propagation Models COST Walfish-Ikegami model

Path loss without LOS between MS & BS (continue)

)lg(9)lg()lg(111

bfkdkkLL fda

hhBS

,1925

7.04

,19257.04

,1518

,18

,5.0

)(8.054

),(8.054

,54

,0

),1lg(18

11

f

f

k

h

hhk

dhh

hhk

hhL

f

BSd

BS

BSa

BS

hhBS

hhBS

hhBS

hhBS

hhBS

hhBS 5.0d

and

and

5.0d

Medium sized cities and suburban centres

Metropolitan centres

Mean building spacing: b [m]

Mean building height: h [m]


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Propagation Models Microcell

Rx

Tx

Tx

Ray tracing Raylaunching

Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms computerpower consuming.

Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.


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Coverage Area Coverage Area in Dimensioning

After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated

When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account

R

A = 2,6 R12

Bi-sector

A = 1,73 R2

2

Tri-sector

A = 1,95 R32

R

R

Omni- or

6-sectored Site


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Three hexagons Three cells

Coverage Area Hexagons vs. Cells


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Exercise

Compare the UL & DL Pathloss and Cell Range for the following services:

DL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps1024 Kbps, 2048 Kbps and 4096 Kbps

UL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps

64 Kbps, 384 Kbps and 1024 Kbps

For the pathloss use the results and the assumptions from chapter 5: LTE LinkBudget

Building Penetration Loss, Shadowing Margin & Gain Against Shadowing areconsidered

For Coverage assume:BTS Antenna Height: 30 m

UE Antenna Height: 1,5 m

Propagation Model: Modified Cost 231-Hata with 2 slopes


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Solution DL

VoIP

12.2 kbps:

L = 148.06 dB

3.60 km

1024 kbps data:

L = 144.52 dB2.85 km

2048 kbps data:

L = 140.79 dB

2.24 km

4096 kbps data:

L = 134.02 dB

1.43 km


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Solution UL

64 kbps:

L = 138.14 dB

1.88 km

VoIp

12,2 kbps data:

L = 135.24 dB1.55 km

384 kbps data:

L = 132.46 dB

1.30 km

1024 kbps data:

L = 128.37 dB

0.99 km


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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies --- Assumptions

Bandwidth 10 MHz Frame Type 1 (FDD), Normal CP Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: eNB 2x20W / UE 23 dBm Antenna Gain: eNB 18 dBi / UE 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB

PC card: 0 dB body loss Other features

DL channel aware scheduling eNB: 2TX / 4RX (MRC) UE: 1TX / 2RX (MRC)

Throughput requirement DL 1024 kbps / UL 64 kbps

LTE2600 Parameters according to RAS06 CS64 service

VehA Equipment parameters: Tx Power: NB 2x10W / UE 23 dBm Antenna Gain: BTS 18 dBi / UE 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB PC card: 0 dB body loss

WCDMA2100

TRX type Flexi DTRX Combiner type 1DDU TU3 Equipment parameters:

Tx Power: BTS 60W / MS 28 dBm

Antenna Gain: BTS 18 dBi / MS 0 dBi Feeder Loss: DL 2 dB / UL 0 dB (TMA) Noise Figure: eNB 2 dB / UE 7 dB Handset 3 dB body loss

GSM1800

Given Propagation Cost 231 Hata

Antenna height: 30m MS height: 1.5m

Urban clutter type Penetration loss: 15dB Std. dev.: 8dB Cell coverage prob.: 94%


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GSM1800WCDMA2100LTE2600

DL coverage (MAPL)

GSM1800 WCDMA2100 LTE2600

UL coverage (MAPL)


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LTE 2.6 GHz can be successfully deployed on:

RAS06 2.1 GHz grid (designed for CS64 service at the cell-edge) GSM 1.8 GHz grid (designed for voice service at the cell-edge)

LTE deployment on existing grid should allow to achieve:

1024 kbps in DL & 64 kbps in UL at the cell-edge

LTE has an additional potential for improvement:

UL limitation can be reduced by features such as:

TTI bundling

enhanced frequency-selective scheduling

interference rejection/cancellation

enhanced/optimized power control

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06 Cell Range GC

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