06UMTS Services and Applicationsnew

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Nokia Networks Oy 1 (53)

SYSTEM TRAINING

UMTS Services and Applications

Training Document


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2 (53) Nokia Networks Oy CTXX5326enIssue 3.0

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only theproduct defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is intended for theuse of Nokia Networks' customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which thedocument is submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form ormeans without the prior written permission of Nokia Networks. The document has beenprepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customerassumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia Networks welcomes customer comments aspart of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation.

The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability, capacity, orperformance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be considered bindingbut shall be defined in the agreement made between Nokia Networks and the customer.However, Nokia Networks has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructionscontained in the document are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. NokiaNetworks will, if necessary, explain issues which may not be covered by the document.

Nokia Networks' liability for any errors in the document is limited to the documentarycorrection of errors. Nokia Networks WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FORERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of thisdocument or the information in it.

This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright accordingto the applicable laws.

NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation.

Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respectivecompanies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.

Copyright Nokia Networks Oy 2003. All rights reserved.


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Contents

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Contents

1 Module objectives ..................................................................................5

2 Introduction to mobile applications .....................................................6

3 Potential applications..........................................................................103.1 Applications categorisation from the business area point of view..........103.1.1 Person-to-person communications.........................................................113.1.2 Mobile Internet .......................................................................................123.2 Potential application utilising the UMTS circuit switched service ...........133.2.1 Video call and video services.................................................................133.2.1.1 Video telephony .....................................................................................143.2.1.2 Video download......................................................................................153.2.1.3 Video streaming .....................................................................................153.3 Potential applications utilising the UMTS packet switched

service....................................................................................................16

3.3.1 Voice over IP..........................................................................................163.3.1.1 Push to talk over Cellular .......................................................................163.3.1.2 Voice and video over IP .........................................................................163.3.1.3 Point-to-multipoint, multicast via SGSN .................................................173.3.2 Data........................................................................................................18 3.3.2.1 Web browsing ........................................................................................183.3.2.2 Interactive games...................................................................................193.3.2.3 High-priority transaction services (E-commerce) ...................................193.3.2.4 Two-way control telemetry .....................................................................203.3.2.5 E-mail (server access)............................................................................203.3.2.6 Voice messaging and dictation...............................................................203.3.2.7 Presence ................................................................................................213.3.3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)...................................................213.3.3.1 MMS Architecture...................................................................................233.3.3.2 MMS Flow examples..............................................................................25

4 User Location .......................................................................................304.1 Location Service (LCS) ..........................................................................304.1.1 Cell ID based method.............................................................................314.1.2 OTDOA-IPDL .........................................................................................314.1.3 GPS........................................................................................................32 4.2 Location Based Services (LBS)..............................................................32

5 Virtual Home Environment (VHE) .......................................................355.1 What is a Virtual Home Environment? ...................................................35

5.1.1 Mobile applications from the USIM and terminal point of view...............375.2 (UMTS) SIM Application Toolkit - (U)SAT..............................................385.3 Mobile (Station Application) Execution Environment (MExE).................415.3.1 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/ Wireless Telephony

Application (WTA) ..................................................................................42


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5.4 Customised Application for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic(CAMEL)................................................................................................ 43

5.5 Open Service Access (OSA) conception............................................... 455.6 Nokia Mobile Internet solution (optional topic)....................................... 485.6.1 Mobile Business (mBusiness) ............................................................... 49

5.6.2 Mobile commerce (mCommerce) .......................................................... 49

6 Review questions ................................................................................ 51

Further information ............................................................................................. 53


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Module objectives

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1 Module objectives

The aim of this module is to give the student the conceptual knowledge needed for

explaining what the GSM/UMTS mobile applications are. Topics to be covered in

this module include the differentiation between UMTS services and applications, ageneral discussion of the Virtual Home Environment, and the introduction of the

most important service platforms.

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

Outline the Virtual Home Environment concept (VHE)

Briefly explain the difference between a tele-, bearer- and supplementary

service within the VHE concept

Name the UMTS services

Sketch the ideas of (U)SAT, MExE, CAMEL, and OSA

without using any references.


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2 Introduction to mobile applications

In our everyday life we are familiar with the concept of a mobile service. For

example, a mobile phone call is a mobile service. A short message (SMS) is another

type of application. As operators and subscribers evolve into the future, the need fordifferent types of applications is increasing. Today the subscribersexpect an

increased number of applications and greater value. For an operator with a large

subscriber base, more usage timeis one way of ensuring continuing growth. Thisusage time, for example phone calls, has a limit on the amount everybody is willing

to use. Therefore, when defining the 3G Specifications, the emphasis is on the

unlimited prospect of seamless services and applications that can be provided.

One common misconception that people have is that applications are introduced in

UMTS. This is not true, as GSM already offers both integrated network and IN(Intelligent Networks) applications. GPRS in today's network adds the facility of

supporting packet data(e.g. Internet) with relatively quick set-up and transfer times.

UMTS Services

The term application refers to services as seen by the subscriber. Applications

have not been standardized in UMTS. The (GSM/UMTS) network offers serviceelements, which are used by applications. The applications form the value added for

the subscriber (see also Next Generation Network Group). A set of services have

been made available by UMTS, which are:

Circuit switched services, which are the teleservices, such as speech call,facsimile call, CS data.

Packet switched services, which are based on the PS connectivity provided

by PDP contexts.

message services, including SMS and CBS.

The services speech call, facsimile, and SMS are both services and applications.

Circuit switched data is only a service the subscriber gets a circuit switchedbearer for data transport. The bearer itself adds no value to the subscriber. The

subscriber requires the CS data bearer to run a data application, where content is for

instance exchanged between the handheld device and an application related contentserver. The same is true for packet switched services, which are used to establish a

packet switched bearer. Again, the PS bearer alone adds no value to the subscriber.

But when the subscriber can use the bearer in combination with an application, thena value added is generated. For instance, a subscriber can use a PS bearer between

the handheld device and the Internet to gain content via the application

HTTP/TCP/IP.

Consequently, the GSM/UMTS services must be selected in such a way, that the

application running on top of it can be served in the best possible way.


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Introduction to mobile applications

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Service model

Therefore, the spirit of the UMTS specifications is to separatethe applications and

the network from each other as completely as possible. This can be expressed in the

model drawn in the following picture.

Service Platform Service Platform

Content Content

Access Methods:

-WCDMA

- GSM900/1800

- etc.

Open / Proprietar y Interface

Open Interface

UE Node B RNC

Uu Iub/Iur Iu

Core Network

Applications Applications

Terminal & USIM 3G Network

Figure 1. Service model

In principle, the radio access network (RAN) could be implemented with anytechnology but the core network (CN) and the user equipment (UE) must support the

access method used.

The terminals and the network together form the physical platform. The serviceplatformlayer maintains the applications offered and it is located on top of thephysical platform. It should be noted that this model is logical and in real life the

physical platform and service platform are somewhat mixed up together in the same

equipment. On the core network side, the service platform is often distributed on

many different pieces of equipment, for instance in the Home Location Register(HLR).

The interfaces between the physical platform and the service platform are either

open orproprietary. Where possible, the Nokia solutionsupports standardised

interfaces.

Service platforms offer completely open interfaces towards applications. Actually,

one of the requirements of UMTS is that the system must offer open interfaces forapplication development and this is it. For instance, WAP (Wireless Application

Protocol) is one occurrence of open application development interfaces.


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Application provider model

Due to the layered structure presented previously, the commercial points related to

the application creation and provision will remarkably change compared to GSM. In

the early phase of GSM, every application for the end user basically came from the

equipment vendor. Either it required fine-tuning of the equipment or the operatorwas not able to establish a service itself. In UMTS, the open interfaces enable a

situation where basically anyone may create a applications and create applicationrelated content to be supplied to the end-users.

Bearer/Carrier Provider(3G Network)

Application Provider

Content Provider Content Provider Content Provider

Application Provider Application Provider

End-Users

Figure 2. Application Provider Model

From the point of view of the telecommunications business, the emphasis is moving

rapidly from equipment to application and content. This model, indirectly specified

in UMTS, fastens that development. Indications of this development can already beseen in the existing GSM networks.

For instance, stock exchange rates can be queried through the GSM network. In this

case, the carrier provider (operator) and application provider are the same, but thecontent for the service is queried somewhere else, such as from the stock exchange

database.

Service platforms

Service platforms are entities, which offer the implementation means for

applications. A service platform is a logical entity often containing several pieces of

equipment. As the majority of existing applications (December 2002) were adoptedfrom GSM:

VMS (Voice Mail System) for Voice Call Completion

Service Delivery Platform: A set of service enabling servers that support

different types of applications. A typical example is the SMSC (ShortMessage Service Centre) for Short Message Delivery.


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Introduction to mobile applications

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Service Creation & Execution Platform is built upon the principles of IN

(Intelligent Network) and is almost obligatory to provide the envisionedservices.

Fiber Fiber

AXC

MWR

ATM Access

Internet

RANCore Network

Control Plane

Gateway PlanePSTN

2G

SGSN

3G

SGSN GGSNRNC

BSC

Node B

BTS

Node B

HLR

3G

MSC

NMS

VoiceServers

Service Creation& ExecutionPlatform

SCP

Service DeliveryPlatform

Figure 3. Core network service platform elements

The new WCDMA radio interface will improve the quality and convenienceof these

applications. It will also enable higher packet data rates, which is highly importantfor the new e-mail and Internet services. The circuit connections can initially be

made to the GSM switches to provide speech and other circuit switched services of

up to 64 Kbps.


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3 Potential applications

Applications are the end user services. They are no longer standardized. It is up to

operators and value added service providers to determine the need for an application

and implement them. GSM/UMTS offer the bearer and call control to exchangecontent and content related signaling information between the mobile device and the

application driven content server.

Potential applications

The following is a list of the applications that have been planned for GSM/UMTS to

realize:

News and traffic flashes

Public video phoning

Ticketing services and interactive shopping

Desktop video conferencing

Voice recognition and response

Interactive and virtual school

Universal SIM with credit card function

Virtual banking

Currency downloading

Video on demand

On-line library and books

In addition to these, the supplementary services used in GSM are available from the

very beginning of the 3G.

3.1 Applications categorisation from the business areapoint of view

The different potential applications can be categorized into five distinct groups:

Person-to-Person Multimedia Communications

Mobile Internet

Business Solutions Mobile Commerce

Location Based Services


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Although it is difficult to predict, which services will be the most popular; it is

foreseen that the more lucrative services will be those that are working together.

Micro-Payment

Transact Transact PIM

ChooseTheatre

MakeBooking

MakePayment

ChooseRestaurant

GetMap

GetTrain

GetBus

FindParking

MakeBooking

MakePayment

Enterin Diary

CreateReminder

CheckAvailability

Entertainment

Common Enabling Layer

Check- location- preferences- diary

Check- Credit CardDetails

Check- FundAvailability

Check- Home Location- Preferences- Theatre Location

Travel

Figure 4. Sample of using a multitude of services

In the previous figure, we use searching based upon our location to find a theatre.

The mobile network allows users to make an instant reservation (Nokia mCommerce

solution). Then, as the user travels to the chosen theatre, the mobile network

provides a map application, assisted with location based services suggesting meansof traveling towards the destination. Finally the user updates a Personal Information

Management application (PIM) with the information of the travel and theatre.

3.1.1 Person-to-person communications

Person-to-person communications is the interaction and sharing of end user created

information between the individuals. Today, person-to-person communication ismainly related to voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS). In 3G, person-to-

person communications will evolve to new types of messaging and telephony,

including:

Chat (one to many)

Calendar and email (including synchronization)

Rich call and video telephony

Picture messaging and multimedia messaging

Evolution of messaging will bring richer content into the messages. With multimediamessaging, it is possible to combine the conventional short messages with much


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richer content type photographs, images, and eventually also video clips. In

addition to sending messages from one hand set to another, it is also possible to sendmessages from handset to email.

SMS

PictureMessaging

MultimediaMessageService

MobileMultimedia

Text Text &Graphics

Digitalimageinput

Newcontenttypes

Time

Versatility of Contentand User Benefits

Figure 5. Development of person-to-person messaging

Student Facts:During the month of June 2001, around 20 billion SMSs were sent globally. InSeptember 2002, 27 billion of them were sent. During 1999 and 2000, Norwaysaw an increase of 1000% SMSs. Italy saw an increase of 700% during 7months.

3.1.2 Mobile Internet

The introduction of Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has shaped the mobile

industry into the direction where mobile technology is combined with the Internet.The added value provided by Mobile Internet (as opposed to fixed Internet) could be

summed up with four key words:

Personalized thus always relevant to me

Available wherever I need it

Immediacy information when I need

Real time latest version, as it happens

The question to ask is: "What can I do with it?" The figures below give an exampleof how the Mobile Internet can be used for a subscriber's life style. The categories of

services can be divided into information and entertainment.


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INFOR-

MATION

NEWS

General Headlines Financial &

Business Politics Tabloids Culture &

Entertainment Sports Lottery

BANKING & FINAN-CIAL SERVICES

Stock indexes Stock prices Metal prices Stock alert Currency rates Interest rates Account balance Credit/debit balance Cheque balance Money transfers Bill payments Automatic call Account status

flash Stock purchase Financial products

purchase

LOCAL SERVICES(CITY GUIDE)

Taxi Restaurants Cinema Theatres Concerts Exhibitions

Night Clubs Emergency services Pharmacies Household

assistance Weather Time Directory services ATM Locator

BUY & SELL

Classifieds- Cars- Properties- Jobs

Auctions Shopping

-

Small dailyitems- Specific

promotions Tickets

TRAVEL

Traffic (traffic jams,radar, control,)

Publictransportation

Navigation services Train schedules

Flight schedules Hotels Holiday packages

SpecialInterest

Mobile telephones Internet sites and

services Computers and

hardware Automobile

MUSIC

Ringtones Short clips

(e.g. MP3)

TV

Program-me schedules

Highlights

LIFESTYLE

Gastronomy Hobbies Fashion Parties

FUN

Jokes Sayings Dream

analysis

CHATS

Topicspecific

Private

PICTURES

Icons Logos Photos Postcards

GAMES

Puzzles Quizzes Tamagotchi Games Gambling/Betting

ASTROLO-GY

Horoscopes Astrolove Biorhythm Specific

Horoscopes

DATING

Chats Dating

services

ENTER-

TAINTMENT

Figure 6. Mobile Internet services

As mentioned previously in this module, there is a misconception that these servicesare only introduced in UMTS. However, there is nothing limiting the

operator/content provider in introducing these services today. Although in circuitswitched networks there are limitations in terms of speed and connection set-up. The

advantage of GPRS should overcome, or reduce, these limitations.

3.2 Potential application utilising the UMTS circuit

switched service

3.2.1 Video call and video services

A likely evolution of mobile video services is that they will evolve from the currentmultimedia messaging of still and animated pictures and presentations, to video

messaging and playback. Video download and video streaming services will followshortly after, though exactly when these services will be introduced will naturally

differ from country to country. Nokia believes that See What I See (SWIS), video

telephony and broadcasting will be interesting applications in the future.


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Figure 7 Evolution of mobile video technology

3.2.1.1 Video telephony

Thsi service refers to making or receiving a video call where the mobile user can seeas well as talk to the other person. In effect, it allows the user both visual and verbal

communications since users can see each other. The conversation experience can befurhter improved by allowing one or both users to see what the other person sees. It

is thus possible to not only see each other but a more general concept of sharing is

allowed for

Packet SwitchedNetwork

(GPRS or 3G)

CircuitSwitched

Network(2G or 3G)


(GPRS or 3G)


CircuitSwitched

Network(2G or 3G)

CircuitSwitched

Network

Video call supported via CS domain

I the future the CS and PS-domains may merge and video call could

thenbesu ortedviaeitherdomain

Figure 8 Video call application

The mobile devices display, including screen size and resolution, as well as localmemory, make mobile video content different from content from other media,

making it essential to design the content to suit the mobile device and the method of


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distribution. In order to ensure that video services take off, a vast database of video

content must be developed, one that is constantly improved with new ideas andsubstance. The video formats in which the video content has been encoded, such as

the open standards 3GPP file format, can be used throughout the evolution of videoservices.

Figure 9 Mobile video examples

3.2.1.2 Video download

This as the name implies, refers to the delivery of video clips to a mobile device,

usually through discovery such as browsing and then followed by a WAP or TCP/IP

session where the clip is sent to the device to be viewed or stored. Digital rightsmanagement will define the usage rules for commercial quality content, while the

available memory capacity of the device will determine storage possibilities

In video downloading cases, wireless profile of TCP/IP is a key enabler for the

download of larger files. Although large video files can be downloaded over the

WAP stack, the download time is substantially faster with the same networkbandwidth if the transfer is done over the TCP/IP stack. This is better for the user, as

there it reduces the waiting time while the file is being delivered from a server to

the users device. The evolution of the underlying network to EDGE and WCDMAwill secure capacity and cost-effectiveness. Similarly, roaming agreements between

operators are required.

3.2.1.3 Video streaming

Streaming commonly indicates immediate consumption of on demand or live video

content on a mobile device and where the content is not stored on the device. This

method allows the consumption of large video fi les without any dependence on


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device memory, since the file is not physically stored on the client. This can be

compared to the broadcast model of watching television programs.

Control of Quality of Service is needed in the radio access and core network to

ensure that video applications work properly. This can be done by network

dimensioning and configuration to ensure sufficient capacity for streaming users.Early GPRS is based on best effort, where capacity is shared evenly among the users

in a cell. In WCDMA and later EGPRS networks, it is possible to provide the userwith a guaranteed bit rate for good service performance.

3.3 Potential applications utilising the UMTS packetswitched service

One of the main reasons for the implementation of UMTS networks is the

anticipated demand for data services. This chapter presents different types of packet

switched services and some of the main requirements for these.

3.3.1 Voice over IP

The most well known use of voice telecommunication is telephony speech

(e.g. GSM), but with Internet and multimedia, a number of new applications will

require this scheme, for example voice over IP and video conferencing tools. Real-time conversation is always performed between peers (or groups) of live (human)

end-users. This is the only scheme where the required characteristics are strictlygiven by human perception (the senses).

3.3.1.1 Push to talk over Cellular

PoC is a direct, real-time voice communications service. The principle of the serviceis simple: just push to talk. Thanks to the direct connection, calls can be started to

both individuals and groups with just a push of a key. The half-duplex (one way at atime) call connection is almost instant.

The technology uses the capabilities of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) as

specified by 3GPP. It is based on a half-duplex, always-on VoIP (Voice over IP)service over the second generation GSM/GPRS network. Push to talk uses the SIP

(Session Initiation Protocol) service architecture as SIP messaging, making newapplications - such as voice chat and group chat messaging - possible. Groups can

also be created using SMS, which is familiar and easy for the user to control.

3.3.1.2 Voice and video over IP

Videophone implies a full-duplex system, carrying both video and audio, and is

intended for use in a conversational environment. As such, the same delay

requirements as for conversational voice will apply in principle, with the added


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requirement that the audio and video must be synchronized within certain limits to

provide 'lip-synch' (that is, synchronization of the speakers lips with the wordsbeing heard by the end-user). In fact, due to the long delays in even the latest video

codecs, it will be difficult to meet these requirements.

Once again, the human eye is tolerant to some loss of information, so that somedegree of packet loss is acceptable depending on the specific video coder and

amount of error protection used. It is expected that the latest video codecs willprovide acceptable video quality with frame erasure rates up to about 1%.

Figure 10. Video telephony

3.3.1.3 Point-to-multipoint, multicast via SGSN

When the user is looking at (listening to) video (audio), the scheme streams apply.The real-time data flow is always aiming at a live (human) destination. It is a one-

way transport called unidirectional continuous stream.

This scheme is one of the newcomers in data communication, raising a number of

new requirements in both telecommunication and data communication systems.

Audio streaming is expected to provide better quality than conventional

telephony, and requirements for information loss in terms of packet loss will

be correspondingly tighter. As with voice messaging, however, there is no

conversational element involved and delay requirements can be relaxed, evenmore so than for voice messaging. An example of audio streaming is the web

radio station.

The main distinguishing feature ofone-way video is that there is no conversationalelement involved, meaning that the delay requirement will not be so stringent, and

can follow that of streaming audio. An example of one-way video is monitoring yourhome via the Internet


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3.3.2 Data

Although there may be some exceptions, as a general rule it is assumed that from auser point of view, a prime requirement for any data transfer application is to

essentially guarantee zero loss of information. At the same time, delay variation is

not applicable. The applications, therefore, tend to distinguish themselves on thebasis of the delay that can be tolerated by the end user from the time the source

content is requested until it is presented to the user.

The Release 5 feature HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) marks a

similar boost for WCDMA that EDGE does for GSM. It provides a two-fold increase

in air interface capacity and a five-fold increase in data speeds in the downlinkdirection. HSDPA also shortens the round-trip time between the network and

terminals and reduces variance in downlink transmission delay

3.3.2.1 Web browsing

In this category, we will refer to retrieving and viewing the HTML component of a

web page. Other components (e.g. images, audio/video clips) are dealt with under

their separate categories. From the user point of view, the main performance factor ishow fast a page appears after it has been requested.

A value of 2 - 4 seconds per page is proposed. However, improvements on thesefigures to a target figure of 0.5 seconds would be desirable.

Mobile browsing delivers formatted Web pages to the users terminal and displays

them on the screen, enabling interaction with active elements on the page, such aslinks and forms. In the case of pull, the user consumes the product by clicking

links and form buttons to request the next page. Mobile browsing also supports

pushwhich is an action initiated by the server to deliver content to the terminal.

Users may receive a Service Initiation push message, asking for permission todisplay a page, or a Service Load push message, which, depending on the users

settings, can automatically load a page and then display it, or simply have it ready in

the cache for immediate display later.

Figure 11 Web browsing with modern mobile browser


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3.3.2.2 Interactive games

Requirements for interactive games are obviously very dependent on the specific

game, but it is clear that demanding applications will require very short delays, and a

value of 250 ms is recommended consistent with demanding interactive applications.

Figure 12 Interactive gaming

3.3.2.3 High-priority transaction services (E-commerce)

The main performance requirement here is to provide a sense of immediacy to theuser that the transaction is proceeding smoothly. A value of 2 - 4 seconds is

suggested to be acceptable to most users.

A mobile wallet in the terminal can improve the convenience of mobile commerce

significantly. By providing local storage of, for example, payment and access

credentials and support or federated identity technologies, such as Liberty, theterminal wallet reduces the number of actions required by the user during a browsing

session.

Instead of the consumer remembering and typing payment card numbers and accessprofiles (PINs and passwords), the mobile wallet can provide them to the service

provider automatically through an intuitive user interface. In addition, a mobile

wallet can extend this automation to shipping address information that wouldotherwise be entered manually. Lifecycle management can be facilitated by over-the-

air (OTA) provisioning of the credentials to be stored in the mobile wallet. Instead of

the user keying in the data manually, he can simply receive, for instance, credit carddetails from the card issuer over-the-air. Credentials storage is secure and protected

by terminal security architecture and a password. Future opportunities for the mobile

wallet can include support for operator-based payment services, such as server -wallets and premium SMS, new card association technologies for browser-based

payments, such as 3D secure, as well as an open development environment.


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3.3.2.4 Two-way control telemetry

Two-way control telemetry is included here as an example of a data service that

requires a real-time streaming performance. Two-way control implies a low allowed

delay. A value of 250 ms is proposed, but a key difference between the voice and

video services in this category is the zero information loss tolerance, needed whenfor instance controlling important industrial processes. There are billions of

machines waiting to be able to communicate. An ice-cream vending machine wantsto tell the supplier that its running out of chocolate cones, enabling the vending

operator to better schedule his onsite visits. An electricity meter wants to send

consumption figures to the energy providers billing system, thus providing morefrequent meter reading. Or the other way around using your mobile handset, you

may want to activate the alarm system at your cottage remotely, check if the doors at

your home are locked or tell your greenhouse to water your plants.

3.3.2.5 E-mail (server access)

E-mail is generally thought to be a store and forward service, which in principle cantolerate very long delays. It is important, however, to differentiate betweencommunications between the user and the local e-mail server and server-to-server

transfer. When the user communicates with the local mail server, there is an

expectation that the mail will be transferred quite rapidly, although not necessarily

instantaneously. Consistent with the research findings on delay tolerance for webbrowsing, a requirement of 2 - 4 seconds is proposed.

Figure 13. Electronic postcard

3.3.2.6 Voice messaging and dictation

Requirements for information loss are essentially the same as for conversational

voice, but the key difference here is that there is more tolerance for delay since there

is no direct conversation involved. The main issue therefore is how much delay can


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be tolerated between the user issuing a command to replay a voice message and the

actual start of the audio. There is no precise data on this, but a delay on the order of afew seconds appears reasonable.

3.3.2.7 Presence

Presence is a familiar concept to those using instant messaging services on the fixedInternet. With mobile phones, presence will not only enhance messaging but will

introduce a service of its own that can be used in many other applications and

services. It will be at the center of all communication and mobile telephony will

benefit from presence information just as it has done from messaging. Instant

messaging is the first presence-enabled application that utilizes presence informationin the operator's presence server.

Figure 14 Presence groups

A definition of presence, is a dynamic variable profile of the user, which is visible to

others and used to represent oneself, share information and control services. Inessence, presence is two things: a users status to others and others status to theuser. Status may contain information such as personal and device status, location or

context, terminal capabilities and preferred contact method.

3.3.3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

The MMS evolution

SMS is currently the most successful data service in GSM. In September 2002, morethan 27 billion SMS messages were transmitted. It is expected, that SMS will grow

in numbers of transmitted messages. In the year 2002 about 11% of an operators

income was earned with the short message service.


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Nokia was the first handheld supplier to use the SMS infrastructure for another kind

of application. Instead of just sending text messages, download of simple pictures orringing tone became possible with Nokia Smart Messaging phones. Smart messaging

enabled the subscribers to personalize their messages to a higher degree.

The great success of Smart Messaging resulted in a standard for enhanced SMScapabilities: Enhanced Message Service (EMS), which was developed by the 3GPP.

EMS allows the transmission and reception of ring tones, sounds, animations, simplepictures, etc. Hereby, the user can even create own pictures and tones. EMS supports

both phone personalization and person-to-person messaging. The main advantage of

EMS from the operators point of view is that no investment in an EMSinfrastructure is required. EMS is based on and uses the existing SMS infrastructure.

MMS was specified with UMTS Release 4. During the specification process, the

3GPP worked with several assumptions: Firstly, the potential transmission rates will

be higher than in the second generation, thus allowing a higher data rate and more

flexible bearer allocation. Secondly, many mobile phones will have colored screensand higher resolution than earlier models. Given the new options both in terms of

bearers and terminal capabilities, the aim was to specify a more advanced option for

transmitting pictures, music, text, and video. MMS was thus specified to allow thetransmission of larger messages, containing a wide range of content. It supports

person-to-person communication, and both service providers and subscribers cangenerate content.

timeline

SMS

textonly

Smart

Messaging& EMS

Text,simple graphics,ringing tones

MultimediaMessagingService

music

video

stills

etc.

Figure 15. Short message evolution

The MMS message

An MMS message can be compared with a standardized envelope neither content,

nor size, was specified. The MMS message is represented by a standardized

presentation language: SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language). A


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SMIL page holds information on how, where, and when to display the different

multimedia elements.

The media elements such as pictures, text, and sound are combined to a single

message, using MIME. MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.

MIME is a standard, which specifies how several media are placed within a message.(In the Internet, the message is the email; in the mobile network, it is the MMS

message.)

A wide range of media types are supported, such as audio (e.g. MP3), video (e.g.

MP4), text (e.g. ISO-8859-1), and pictures (e.g. baseline JPEG). Several mobilephone manufactures have agreed in supporting a minimum set of media types to

guarantee interoperability.

SMS-messa

ge

Standardisedenvelope:

encapsulatedmessages

Content:Minimum set ofsupported mediatypesrecommended: text audio images video

variable size

addressesMSISDN or URL

Figure 16. MMS envelope

MMS today

More than 40 operators have already started the commercial launch of MMS

(December 2002). The GPRS infrastructure is currently in use for the MMS

transport. MMS over WAP is the common way nowadays to transfer MMS message.But MMS was specified independent from WAP, so other means of MMS transport

may be possible in the future.

3.3.3.1 MMS Architecture

The MMS Architecture consists of several network entities. Please note, that some ofthem can be combined within a single network element.

MMS User Agent (UE)MMS is based on the client server principle. A MMS UA can reside on the

mobile equipment. But it can be also made available on external devices, such as


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laptops, PDAs, and other devices. These external devices can be connected to a

UE to use MMS via the radio interface. But MMS was specified in such a way,that it can be deployed e.g. on a fixed network personal computer.

The MMS UE interacts with the Multimedia Message Service Environment

(MMSE). The MMSE incorporates MMS service elements, which are responsiblefor the delivery and storage of MMS messages. The MMSE entities are the

MMS Server

This network entity is responsible for managing incoming and outgoing

messages. It is also in use as MMS storage.

MMS Relay

This network element is responsible for the interworking between differentmessaging systems. It can be connected to voice mail servers, E-mail servers,

Fax servers, etc. In addition to that, it is also responsible for CDR generation.

Although MMS Server and MMS Relay were specified as two individual network

entities in UMTS Release 4, most vendors are offering their functionalities in one

network element. Nokia calls its MMS Server/Relay MMS Center. MMS over

WAP is currently the common way to transfer MMS message. But MMS wasspecified independently from WAP, so other means of MMS transport may be

possible in the future

The figure below shows the MMSC including its reference points (MM1 to MM8).

Please note, that most reference points are not open! Only the format of the user datais specified. (Reference point MM2 is between the MMS Relay and the MMS

Server.)

MMSCenter

HLR

Subscriber

database

Externalapplication

MM1

MM5

MM6MM7

MM8I-MMSCMM4

Billingsystem

MM3

Legacysystems

Figure 17. MMS Center and its reference points


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3.3.3.2 MMS Flow examples

UE to UE MMS transfer

In this example, we outline an MMS transfer between two UEs. Hereby, we assume

that the multimedia messages are transmitted via WAP. Before multimedia messagescan be exchanged, MMS related signalling between the MMS UA and the MMS

Center must take place. To transmit the signalling information, we need a bearerbetween the UE and the MMS Center. In this example, a bearer is made available via

the packet switched domain. A PDP context between the UE and the external PDN

WAP was established. This bearer is used to transmit MMS messages over WAP.

1. The UE invokes a WSP/HTTP POST operation with theM-Send.req message

embedded as the content body. This message is submitted using a URI that

addresses the MMS Center that supports the specific terminal. The UEcomposes a transaction ID for the submitted message. This ID is used by the

UE and the MMS Center to provide linkage between the originatedM-

Send.req and the responseM-Send.confmessages. The value used for the

transaction ID is determined by the UE, and no interpretation is expected from

the MMS Center.

2. The MMS Center assigns a message ID to the message when successfully

received for delivery. The ID is used in activities that need to refer to the

specific sent message, e.g. sending the possible delivery report later. Upon

receipt of theM-Send.req message, the MMS Center responds to theWSP/HTTP POST with an answer that includes theM-Send.confmessage in

its body (body=HTTP level payload). The response message provides a statuscode for the requested operation. If the MMS Center is willing to accept the

request to send the message, the status is accepted and the message includes

the message-ID composed by the MMS Center.

M-Send.req

M-Send.conf

Message sending

SGSN

GGSN

GPRS BB

MSC/VLR/HLR

SMSCenter

BTSBSC

BTSBSC

WAP GW

PPGMMSCenter

Figure 18. UE to UE MMS over WAP (step 1 and 2)


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3. The headers of the PDU (the ones that the sender's MMS Center has added to the

original PDU) are used to generate a notification to the recipient, and aredelivered with the message body parts to the recipient at retrieval. The MMS

Center creates a transaction identifier before sending the notification. Theidentifier is unique up to the followingM-NotifyResp only. If the MMS Client

requests deferred (delayed) delivery withM-NotifyResp, the MMS Center maycreate a new transaction identifier.

The notification uses SMS as bearer; the MMS Center sends the M-

Notification.indto the SMS Center. The SMS Center further forwards themessage to SMS-GMSC. The SMS-GMSC asks routing info from HLR, i.e. the

location of the MSC that the recipient UE was last connected with(SendRoutingInfoForShortMs). SMS-GMSC forwards the message to MSC

(ForwardShortMessage). MSC checks VLR to make sure that the UE has not

been barred or otherwise restricted from using the network(SendInfoForMT-

SMS). MSC forwards the message through the BSS to the receiving UE.4. The information inM-Notification.indincludes the URI that will be used to

actually retrieve the message in a subsequent operation by the receivingterminal. The terminal may use additional information about the message (e.g.

message size, expiry) to determine its behaviour. For example, the UE may delaythe retrieval of the message if it exceeds a defined size. The receiver of theM-

Notification.indtells the action to be taken to the MMS Center with theM-NotifyResp.req, which is routed to the MMS Center the same way as theM-

Notification.ind.

M-Notification.ind

M-NotifyResp.req

Sending notificationDeferring message

SGSN

GGSN

GPRS BB

MSC/VLR/HLR

SMSCenter

BTSBSC

BTSBSC

WAP GW

PPGMMSCenter

Figure 19. UE to UE MMS over WAP (step 3 and 4)

5. The URI (MMS Center address) required for the retrieval, sent in the precedingM-Notification.ind message, is used in the GET request.


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6. The data returned (M-Retrieve.conf) includes the multimedia message. The

header component can provide additional information, such as the tariff class,which is useful in AT messages.

7. The MMS Center may decide to request an acknowledgement from the UE toconfirm the delivery status of the retrieval. It may make this decision based on

whether it needs to provide a delivery notice back to the originating UE or not.Alternatively, it may make that decision based upon an expectation that it would

then be able to delete the message from its own store.

WSP GET.req

M-Retrieve.conf

Fetching message

M-Acknowledge.req

SGSN

GGSN

GPRS BB

MSC/VLR/HLR

SMSCenter

BTSBSC

BTSBSC

WAP GW

PPGMMSCenter

Figure 20. UE to UE MMS over WAP (step 5, 6, and 7)

8. The MMS Center sends theM-Delivery.indmessage to the originating MS using

WAP PUSH to inform when message delivery has occurred.The Message ID identifies the message. It is generated when the original message

is posted. It also provides addressing information of the originally targeted entity.

9. M-read-rec.indmessage is sent by the receivers UE to the MMS Center to

inform when the receiver has opened the message.10. The MMS Center sends the M-read-orig.indmessage to the originating MS using

WAP PUSH to inform when the the receiver has opened the message.


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M-Delivery.ind

Delivery reportRead-Reply

M-read-rec.ind

M-read-orig.ind

SGSN

GGSN

GPRS BB

MSC/VLR/HLR

SMSCenter

BTSBSC

BTSBSC

WAP GW

PPGMMSCenter

Figure 21. UE to UE MMS over WAP (step 8, 9, and 10)


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E-Mail and MMS

E-Mails are nowadays a very popular means of communication both in business and

private. Here we can see a flow example of mobile E-mail transfer via MMS.

The MMS Center (MMS Relay functionality) converts the MM to an E-mailmessage and sends it to the Mail Server. The communication between Mail GW andMail Server is based on SMTP (/MIME) protocol. SMTP understands only pure text

based data and is used for the actual data transfer. MIME is used for attachment

support. The Mail Server acknowledges the MMS Center that it has received the

message. This is an acknowledgement belonging to the SMTP protocol.

M-Send.req

M-Send.conf

SMTP Mailmessage

SMTP-levelacknowledgement

E-mailserver

GPRS BB

GGSN SGSN

IP network

WAP GW

BTSBSC

MMSCenter

Externalapplication

Figure 22. E-mail connectivity


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4 User Location

For a mobile subscriber, the current location of his terminal may add value to him.

His terminal equipment can be combined with a navigation aid, which helps the

subscriber to find his route in a foreign city. Knowing the users location is alsohelpful for emergency services in order to help the calling person faster.

Two concepts have to be separated, when we talk about the subscribers location:

Location Service (LCS)LCS offers the possibility to identify the current location of the subscribers

terminal. The current location is reported in a standard format, such as

geographical co-ordinates. The location information can be made availableto the subscriber himself, the ME, the network operator, the service operator,

and for PLMN internal operations. LCS is specified.

Location Based Service (LBS)LCS can be used to enable the provision of location based services (LBS).

These applications are service provider specific and are not specified.

4.1 Location Service (LCS)

LCS, which can be offered without subscription to basic telecommunicationservices, reports the location of the subscribers terminal. The location information

can be used for charging, lawful interception, emergency calls, positioning services,as well as location based services (LBS).

A set of location services exists. They are characterized by following attributes,which vary with from location service to location service:

Accuracy

describes the difference of the ME actual location and its estimated (and

reported) location

Privacy

describes the confidentiality of the location information

Coverage area

describes the geographical area, within which the location service isadequately supplied

Transaction rate

describes how frequently the location measurement has to be conducted to

support the location service.

Standard UE positioning methods

The standard positioning methods supported within GSM/UMTS Rel. 99:


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Cell ID based method

OTDOA-IPDL (Observed Time Difference of Arrival -Idle Period Downlink)

GPS (Global Positioning System).

These will be briefly explained in the following.

4.1.1 Cell ID based method

In the cell ID based (that is, cell coverage) method, the position of an UE is

estimated with the knowledge of its serving base station. The information about theserving base station and cell may be obtained by paging, location area update, cell

update, URA update, or routing area update.

4.1.2 OTDOA-IPDL

OTDOA-IPDL (Observed Time Difference of Arrival - Idle Period Downlink) is amethod with network configurable idle periods (In the Nokia Solution, it has been

named mCatch)

The OTDOA-IPDL method involves measurements made by the UE and LMU

(Location Measurement Unit) of the UTRAN frame timing. For instance, the

observed time difference between different System Frame Numbers (SFN) can beused. These measures are then sent to the SRNC (Serving Radio Network Controller)

where the position of the UE is calculated through triangulation estimate. The

location can here be defined down to between 70 - 50 meters.

The Base Station may provide idle periods in the downlink in order to potentiallyimprove the hear ability of neighboring BSs. The support of these idle periods in the

UE is optional. The support of idle periods in the UE means that the OTDOAperformance is improved when idle periods are available. Alternatively, the UE may

perform the calculation of the position using measurements and assistance data.


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BTS

BTS

BTS

Figure 23. Locating the subscriber

4.1.3 GPS

GPS (Global Positioning System) is one approach. These methods make use of UEs,

which are equipped with radio receivers capable of receiving GPS signals. The UE

receives signals from many satellites and the position of the UE can be calculated

very accurately. But one has to remember that there has to be a line of sight to thesatellites, which means that the GPS does not work properly indoors or in bad

weather conditions.

4.2 Location Based Services (LBS)

Location based services do not form a separate application category of their own;rather combine LCS information with an application. Applications like games,

mobile chat and mCommerce among others can be location-dependent. Please note,that location based services are not standardized.

Location based services Integrity, security and service related issues

Different applications can accessinformation on the subscriber's location. The

standards dictate that the subscriber can control whether the location information is

kept or not (except if there is local government legislation).

An example of how useful this location information is could be a car device that can

download maps or information based upon your location.


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Figure 24 Location Based Service examples

Location aware applications and services stand out because they provide the

consumer with:

Enhanced personal navigation and route finding. For instance, by listeningto the turn-by-turn directions on how to get to a meeting.

Enhanced personal communication when using e-mail or MMS: For

example, the user can receive a picture with attached location as aninvitation to a house-warming party.

Location aware personalized information, e.g. where are the nearestrestaurants? This can be done with no need to enter the current address or

city district information, making the service faster and easy to use.

Location aware games and entertainment, e.g. catch the enemy spies

around you while taking the bus to school.

Increased safety, e.g. locating lost hikers.

Professional tracking services e.g operate a fleet of trucks and optimize

usage knowing where they are.

In many countries this is a legal requirement in the case of emergency calls.

For example in the U.S., the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has stated

that, by October 2001, emergency calls from mobile stations should be located with

accuracy of 125 meters or better. This E911 requirement has been the mostimportant single driving factor for current MS location activity.

Operators can also benefit from location information for network planning purposes.

They can track user movements and detect hot spots with dense traffic. Operators


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can delineate areas with poor radio coverage or use location information to enhance

basic services. Special tariff zones provide a particularly good example of such aservice enhancement. A cellular operator can offer reduced tariffs for subscribers

when they call from their home zone.

However, operators can earn revenue from offering related position servers, such aslocation specific advertising. This is because they know the user's location, personal

profile information or segmented channel. Push advertisements can be subscriptionbased so that the mobile user can indicate to the operator the information he is

interested in, according to his personal profile.

Figure 25. Sample application

Location information can be utilized by the applications in many different ways. Forinstance, by knowing the location, the menu of available services can be narrowed

down to the ones that are interesting in relation to the location. Furthermore, the

content could change according to the location; for example, information of the

closest restaurants or the closest hotels could pop up on the mobile terminal's screenbased on the current location.

As you imagine, there is an endless amount of services that could utilize the

information. For an operator, the existing network can be utilized although new

network elements are needed to help in taking measurements from the network and

location servers. Also, supporting servers are also needed.

Today's networks and mobiles also have location-based services, based upon the cell

IDand location area. This information is used already for charging and routing of

calls.


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5 Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

5.1 What is a Virtual Home Environment?

With GSM systems, one obvious drawback as far as roaming is concerned was the

portability of the subscriber services. In order to increase the value added to the

subscriber and thus the potential to earn revenue for the operator a wide range of

personalized services are expected. If a large set of diversified applications exist,which are not specified, a framework has to be designed to enable seamless

application provisioning between networks. From the subscribers point of view, the

applications should be always available, regardless of location, and the application ispresented to him in the same way as if he is in his home PLMN.

Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a concept for Personal Service Environment

portability across network boundaries and between terminals. The purpose of VHE isthat users should consistently be presented with the same personalized features inany terminal, any network and any location. User Interface customization and

services should be provided in a seamless manner between networks and terminals

(within the capabilities of the terminal and the network). Currently; CAMEL,

MExE, OSA and USAT are the mechanisms supporting the VHE concept.

Enjoy a large number of diversified services

Seamless access tomy services fromdifferent networks

Familiar "look and feel"ofmy services fromdifferent terminals

My services areavailablewherever I am

My service profilecan be managedand configured by myself

Figure 26. Subscriber's expectations: Seamless services

Each application toolkit has a specified application execution environment. Theapplication execution environment is used to run specific, non-standardized


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applications. The options to personalize applications exist. The application toolkits

for operator specific services are (U)SAT, MExE, and CAMEL.

The VHE can be viewed both from the user perspective and network perspective.

From a users point of view VHE is enabled by user profiles as in the figure below.

The home environment allows a user to personally manage one or more user profiles(e.g. activate, modify, deactivate etc.) The network side of VHE; (the Home

Environment and Home Environment Value Added Service Provider) is also able tomanage one or more user profiles (e.g. activate, modify, deactivate etc.).

Furthermore it is necessary to enable the identification of a user's personalized dataand services information directly or indirectly from the user's profile and an

authorized Home Environment Value Added Service Provider must have access theuser's profile. In some cases it required that Value Added Service Providers are

enabled to control and have limited access to the user's profile (e.g. for general user

preferences and subscribed services information).

USER

Value Added

Service Provider

Personal Service

Environment

User

Profile

Service

Home

environment

Home

environment

Value Added

Service Provider

General userpreferences andsubscribed services

Service specificprofile andpreferences

User profile and preferencesprovided and controlled byHome Environment

Limited access andcontrol of userprofile

Figure 27 VHE; A set of service control from the user point of view

The home environment (VHE) from a network point of view is designed to be

able to provide and control services to the user in a consistent manner even in

cases when a user is roaming. It is also necessary to provide the means to

create and maintain a set of user profiles and support the execution of services

through its Service Toolkits in the network, the USIM and in the ME. The

VHE must be able to uniquely identify the user in any of the

telecommunication networks supported by the Home Environment.


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Virtual HomeEnvironment

User Profile

Visited Network

HomeEnvironment

User Profile

Home Environmentservices supportedby home network

Non HomeEnvironmentservices

Home Network

Home Environmentservices accessiblethrough network

Visited networkservices. Limitedaccess allowed

Figure 28 VHE from a network point of view

5.1.1 Mobile applications from the USIM and terminal point of view

In principle, a UMTS application is anything that can be delivered via a UMTS

bearer. This opens a wide range opportunities, but, on the other hand, it sets highrequirements for the terminals. As in GSM, the UMTS mobile phone is made of two

components, the USIM and the terminal:

Figure 29. SIM card

The UMTS SIM (USIM) has

open application programming

interfaces (APIs). The option fordownload application programs

exist.

The mobile equipment (ME),

which is also called mobileterminal (MT), is able to handle

RT/NRT bearers.Depending on

the application platforms itsupports, open application

programming interfaces supportthe execution of applications on

the ME.


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Because nobody requires every potential application (and is willing to pay all the

development costs which come with the application), terminal differentiation willoccur.

The standards have specified how additional network-independent services, such as

SAT and MExE, should operate within terminals (see the next subsections).

Mobile terminal operating systems

A mobile terminal consists of hardware, an operating system, and applications. The

three main contenders to set the standard for handheld operating systems are:

Symbian with its EPOC operating system

Microsoft with Windows CE (Consumer Electronics)

3Com with its Palm operating system

The Nokia wireless operating system for the next generation of smart phones,

including the 9210(i) Communicator, is the EPOC operating system. By using astandard operating system, it means that applications that are not dependent on a

particular phone can be built. This should open the way for more applications for

subscribers.

Figure 30. Sample Symbian operating system

5.2 (UMTS) SIM Application Toolkit - (U)SAT

General idea of APIs

It is possible to specify open Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for themobile equipment (ME) and the SIM-card. Application programs can then use these


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APIs. (U)SAT specifies APIs for the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). In other

words, this APIs represent an enhanced set of SIM-ME interfaces. The SIM-MEinterfaces are used by the SIM-card to trigger ME functions and vice versa. The

SIM-card cannot be accessed from outside application servers. There is only oneexception: If the supplier of the SIM-card allows it, application programs can be

downloaded on the SIM.

The APIs for the ME are called terminal adaptation functions. They can be used tointeract directly with higher layer protocols such as USSD (Unstructured

Supplementary Service Data), SM (Session Management), CC (Call Control), and

SMS protocols. The ME can be accessed from external application servers.

(U)SAT working principle

Universal Subscriber identity module Application Toolkit (USAT) provides astandardized execution environment for applications stored on the USIM/SIM card

and the ability to utilize certain functions of the supporting mobile equipment.

SAT/USAT provides mechanisms which allow applications, existing in the

USIM/SIM, to interact and operate with any ME which supports the specifiedmechanism(s) thus ensuring interoperability between a USIM/SIM and an ME,

independent of the respective manufacturers and operators. A transport mechanism isprovided enabling applications to be down-loaded and/or updated.

The central idea of USAT is to execute an application program on the SIM-card.

Information required for the application can be retrieved from an application relatedcontent server. The location of the content server and how to establish a connection

to the content server is specified in the application program on the SIM-card

PLMN

SAT/USATServers

GSM/UMTS SAT/USAT

SIM/USIM

Figure 31 SAT / USAT concept view


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Example

Content provider can remotely provision content to users mobile equipment by

exchanging codes embedded in short messages between the application client on the

SIM and the content/application server. In the (U) SAT specification, SMS is a key

mechanism for personalizing the SIM in each users GSM phone. In the figurebelow, a simple service request and response by means of SAT is illustrated. As you

can see, most of the interaction takes place locally between the user and the MS/UE.Only the specific service request and the response are transmitted as short messages

in the air interface.

1.Set up Menu

2.Show menu

3.User Selects

4.Menu Selection

5.Select Item6.Show list

7.User selects8.Select Reply

9.Send SMS

10. SMS sending

11. SMS Download

12. SMS PP Download

13. Display Text

14.Show text

Figure 32. SAT service example weather forecast service

(U)SAT and security

A significant aspect of SAT/USAT is the highly secure environment provided by the

USIM/SIM card. This is further enhanced by the fact that the subscriber and the

issuer of the USIM/SIM and also the SAT/USAT applications have a "trustedrelationship" (e.g. the subscriber trusts the issuer of the card to charge correctly for

the resources used). This allows certain features, such as call control, to be

implemented with a degree of freedom, which would not be acceptable in a "non-trusted relationship". Because of this, (U)SAT is often seen as prerequisite for

applications with high security requirements, such as mobile banking and mobile

commerce.


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5.3 Mobile (Station Application) Execution Environment(MExE)

MExE working principle

Mobile Execution Environment (MExE) provides a standardized execution

environment in an ME, and an ability to negotiate the Mobile Equipments supported

capabilities with a MExE service provider, allowing applications to be developed

independently of any UE platform. A User Equipment (consisting of the ME andSIM/USIM) can then be targeted with a range of implementations for MExE from

small devices with low bandwidth, limited displays, low processor speeds, limitedmemory, MMI etc. At the other end of the scale are sophisticated User Equipments

with a complete MExE execution environment

The aim of MExE is to provide a comprehensive and standardized environment onthe mobile equipment (ME) for executing operator or service provider specific

applications. MExE is designed as a full application execution environment on the

mobile terminal. A set of mobile terminal operating system such as Symbian orWindows CE can be used, which were optimized for small, handheld devices such asmobile phones or PDAs. Similar to (U)SAT, a set of open interfaces (so-called

terminal adaptation functions) are specified for the ME. These standardizedinterfaces allow the execution of applications on the handheld device, an interaction

with external application related content servers, independent of the used operating

system.

PLMN

Internetservices

Multimediaservices

CS/PS services

Operator/handset vendor / 3rdparty services

Multimedia serviceMMS

SMS

Notification service

Fax service

E-mail

WWW-access

Service download

Content download

Handset upgrade

Synchronization service

User to User service

Bearer control

Etc.

Voice access

Supplementary service

Data services

Multimedia

MExEdevice

MExE evce

MExEService Environment

Figure 33 MExE architecture


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Strongly simplified, we can say that MExE converts a mobile phone to a small

mobile computer. Manufactures of mobile phones have agreed in using WAP/WTAand/or Java virtual machines in order to design and program applications locally on

the mobile equipment. For that reason, WAP/WTA and Java were explicitlymentioned in the MExE specifications. Because of that, WAP/WTA and Java are

listed below in separate subsections.Please note, that neither WAP nor Java arespecified within MExE.

5.3.1 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/ Wireless Telephony Application(WTA)

The Internet and mobile communication were the fasted growing markets in the 90s.

Consequently, solutions were searched after to allow mobile Internet access. Astandard for mobile Internet access must be globally unified future proof and suitable

for the radio interface limitations of several mobile communication standards. The

independence from a mobile communication standard was archived by specifying

WAP bearer independent. Also security aspects have to be considered for a wirelessInternet access in order to avoid eavesdropping.

WAP was released 1999 as new mobile Internet protocol standard. WAP was

explicitly designed to meet the challenge of an efficient radio interface usage. Inaddition to that, a content format was defined which enables the display of content

on small screen handheld devices.

WAP working principle

Basically the WAP architecture is similar to the normal Internet architecture:

There is the client sending a request, and on the other side there is a server, which

returns response to the client. The special issue about WAP is given by the fact that

the client is a mobile station.

The content for the mobile phones is stored on standard WWW servers. Thus, they

use TCP/IP. A WAP Gateway between the mobile phone client and the WWW

server is required to translate WAP into the standard Internet format. (Http/TCP/IP).Besides translating the protocols the WAP Gateway also compresses the text based

Internet content to a binary format that is used on the air interface.

WWWServer

WAPuseragent

WAPGateway

response(WML)

coded request (URL)URL request

coded response(bin. WML)

decoding

coding


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Figure 34. WAP infrastructure

Within WAP, the Wireless Markup Language (WML) is standardized based on the

XML framework. WML copes with the problem that normal HTML pages are too

big to be shown on most handheld devices like PDAs and mobile phones. Oneproblem is rooted in the fact that HTML has no fixed page size. WML consequentlyreduces the page size dramatically to a size that can be presented on a mobile device

screen. These small pages are called cards. The content of one card will never be

sufficient for an application and so the application content is spread upon a whole

stack of cards that is called a deck. As the content is distributed between several

cards in one deck, a navigation trough different cards is required, which is one of themost demanding and time consuming tasks when writing WML applications. Links

within a WML deck refer to the same deck they are carried out without delay

because the whole deck is stored in the memory of the mobile device. But links to

other decks are also required. They trigger a new download from the server.

Internet-Content:Hypertext MarkupLanguageHTML

- large pages- eachpageuniqueaddress(URL)

- texts &pictures- links- programs

HTML

pagestoobig

pagestoobig

Internet-Content for mobiles:WirelessMarkupLanguageWML

WML-Cards insteadofHTML-pages

(Browser)Last Name:

Moonen|

OK alpha

(Browser)Which language doyou want to use ?

[English]

OK

(Browser)

1 Last Name

2 First Name

3 Department

Edit Find

Several Cards=oneDeck = URL

(Browser)

1 Last Name

2 First Name

3 Department

Edit Find

(Browser)

1 Last Name

2 First Name

3 Department

EditFind

Figure 35. WML, cards, and decks

5.4 Customised Application for Mobile NetworkEnhanced Logic (CAMEL)

The inauguration of CAMEL

In fixed networks and early GSM networks, the signalling between core network andIN application platforms was made through INAP (Intelligent Network Application

Part). This allowed the core network to send and receive signalling messages about

the applications that the users have.


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However, this protocol was vendor-dependant and as a result, if a subscriber was

roaming, the services provisioning normally did not work. A well-known example ofthis is the prepaid subscription. Therefore, a new protocol was introduced in GSM

offering complete service portability on an advanced IN platform: CAMEL(Customised Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic). Provided that

CAMEL is used both in the Home and Visited PLMN, the subscriber is able tocarry all applications with her from one network to another. CAMEL is carried on

the protocols CAP (CAMEL Application Part) and MAP (Mobile Application Part)

between operators.

CAMEL architecture

CAMEL specifies three network entities:

Service Switching Point (SSP)For IN and CAMEL services, the SSP is implemented in the (G)MSC. The

functional entity is an enhanced IN call control unit. It interfaces the

(G)MSC and the SCP.

Service Control Point (SCP)The SCP is a function entity, which contains the CAMEL service logic. It issometimes called service execution platform, because here the subscriber

specific IN applications are made available. It interfaces the SSP, HLR,GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Centre, for location services), and

gsmSRF (GSM Specialised Resource Function, among others for variable

announcements, such as account announcements for prepaid subscribers).

The interaction between CAMEL network elements and CAMEL supportingnetworks requires the protocols MAP (Mobile Application Part) and CAP (CAMEL

Application Part).

home PLMN

interrogating PLMN

SCP

HLR

MSC/VLR GMSC

visited PLMN

SSP SSP

incoming lineroaming legoutgoingleg(M

Ocall)

MAP

MAP

CAP

MAP

CAP

VLR

MAP

Figure 36. CAMEL architecture (simplified)


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CTXX5326en

Issue 3.0


Why is it possible, that for a roaming subscriber, applications are made available as

if he is in the home PLMN? When the mobile phone registers in the supply area of aMSC/VLR, the subscriber profile is downloaded to the VLR. The subscriber profile

holds the address of the SCP in the home PLMN, which is responsible to run thesubscriber related service logic. For instance, the subscriber uses the number 777

to listen to messages delivered to the subscribers voice mail system. The number777 is unknown to the visited PLMN. But the SSP/MSC in the visited PLMN

forwards the service request to the SCP in the home network. The SCP resolves the

request, and returns e.g. an ISDN number to the MSC/SSP, which can be used toestablish a dial-in connection to the VMS in the home network. Thus the voice mail

service is available in all visited networks, which support CAMEL, the same way asit is in the home PLMN.

5.5 Open Service Access (OSA) conception

OSS solutions: advantages and drawbacks

There are three operator specific service (OSS) solutions: MExE, (U)SAT, and

CAMEL. Let us look on the advantages first: With the help of OSS solutions,applications are not standardized. Thus the operator can offer a wide range of

customized services. This enables the operator to conduct both price and end userservice competition.

The portability of applications is at least in principle given. Depending on theOSS solution, there exist standardized interfaces and/or bearers for the transport of

application related data. One example for a standardized interface is the signaling

protocol CAP (CAMEL Application Part).

But CAP is a very good example to demonstrate the limitations of the OSS solutions.

When a new application has to be introduced, it must be programmed. Whenprogramming new applications, a lot of drawbacks can be observed in CAP:

CAP is a mobile specific SS7 protocol. The programmer of a new

application must thus have a profound knowledge of SS7 itself, and themobile specific CAP. In addition to that, he must be familiar with the

conceptions of the mobile communication system, be it GSM and/or UMTS.

To gain the required know how is both time consuming and costly.

The CAMEL interfaces are standardized, but not the vendor specificCAMEL platforms. Each supplier of CAMEL solutions has his own

CAMEL service creation environment. The programmer of the application

must be familiar with that too. If for instance an application is very

successful with one operator, it is not necessarily easily installed by one andthe same programmer in another operators network. The programmer must

first familiarize himself with the new vendor specific service platform,

before implementing software solutions


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The OSS infrastructure is located within the (mobile) operators

infrastructure. The designer of the application must take this infrastructure

into account, such as the topology of the network (to optimize theapplication provision in the HPLMN).

As can be seen, making applications available is complicated and costly even withOSS.

OSA conception

The application designer needs a specified set of capabilitiesfrom the PLMN. For an

OSA application designer, the PLMN is a black box. The OSA application designer

is not aware of an operators network topology

OSA specifies open application programming interfaces (APIs) between the PLMN(service capability servers (SCS)) and the application (application server). The APIs

represent a very accurately specified signaling between the application (outside the

PLMN) and the PLMN itself. The APIs can be used to trigger events.

server

application

servicecapabilityserver

terminal

HLR CSE MExE SAT server

network

MExE client SAT client

applications

INAP/CAP/MAP

GSM/GPRS/UMTS protocols

Bearers

interface

standardised

in OSA

framework

interface

class

application

server

callcontrol

locationinformation

registration

discovery service

Bearers Bearers- SMS, USS

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