Date post: | 20-Aug-2015 |
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POLITENESS AND INTERACTION
7.1 Politeness7.2 Face Wants
7.3 Negative and Positive Face7.4 Self and Other: Say nothing
7.5 Say something: off and on record7.6 Positive and Negative Politeness
7.7 Strategies7.8 Pre-sequences
• George Yule (1996): the traditional linguists have no real social lives but the modern linguists tend to consider that linguistic interaction has a tight relation to social interaction.
• An interaction will make sense because of factors relate to :o relative status of the participantso social values: age and power
• For example:o “Excuse me, Mr. Buckingham, but can I talk to You for a minute?”o “Hey, Bucky, got a minute?”• “Mr”+ Last name • one’s nickname or first name
7.1 Politeness
• Politeness is the awareness of another person’s face. “ ”: the public self-image of a person.
•Politeness:
7.2 Face Wants
• Face : the expectations dealing with one’s face or public image.
• Face : a threat to another self-image.
• Face : an act of saving one’s self image.
Example:One day a young neighbor was playing music so loudly in the middle of the night. • Grandpa: “I’m going to tell him to stop that awful noise
right now” • Grandma: “Perhaps you could just ask him if he’s going to stop
soon because it’s getting a bit late and people need to get to sleep.”
• Grandpa’s saying:• Grandma’s saying:
At the same moment there was a couple of older people who were trying to sleep.
7.3 Negative and Positive FacePeople have two faces:
: the need to be accepted, even liked, by others. In short, a need to be connected.
: the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others.
7.4 Self and Other: Say nothing• : you• Other:
• You want to lend a penSelf: (looks in bag)Other: (offers pen) Here, use this
7.5 Say something: off and on record• statement, but not
directly addressed to the othero“Uh, I forgot my pen”o“Hmm, I wonder where I put my pen”• statement, that directly
addressed to the other as a means of expressing your needs.o“Give me a pen”o“Lend me your pen”
7.6 Positive and Negative Politeness• : leads the requester to appeal to
a common goal, and even friendship, via expressionsE.g:o How a bout letting me use your pen?o Hey, buddy, I’d appreciate it if you’d let me use your pen.
• strategy: a face saving act.The most typical form used is a question containing a modal verbe.g:o Could you lend me a pen?o I’m sorry to bother you, but I ask you for a pen or something?
7.7 Strategies• : the tendency to use positive politeness
forms, emphasizing closeness between speaker and hearer• Deference strategy: forms, emphasizing the hearer’s right to freedom
7.8 Pre-sequences• The basic assumption:
• One way of avoiding risk is to provide an opportunity for the other to halt the potentially risky action.