To learn more about the worldrsquosculture regions view The World andIts People Chapter 3 video
78
Chapter
33The Worldrsquos
PeopleThe Worldrsquos
People
Chapter Overview Visit The World and ItsPeople Web site at twipglencoecom andclick on Chapter 3mdashChapter Overviews topreview information about the worldrsquos people
Social StudiesSocial StudiesSocial StudiesSocial Studies
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1021 PM Page 78
null
12068603
Caption
Caption
Painted elephants are part ofthe Dussehra festival in India
Painted elephants are part ofthe Dussehra festival in India
TheWorlds People
Cut along thefold lines onboth sides
PopulationPatterns
TechnologyldquoShrinksrdquotheWorld
Under- standing Culture
Resources amp World Trade
Step 1 Fold the sides of a piece of paperinto the middle to make a shutter fold
Step 2 Fold in half from side to side
Step 3 Open and cut along the insidefold lines to form four tabs
Step 4 Label the tabs as shown
Discovering Other CulturesA while ago it was common for
people to spend most of their livesin the same town or place in whichthey were born Today your neigh-bor may be someone from anotherstate another country or anothercontinent How do people in therest of the world live How do weget along with them This book willhelp you learn about other peopleand places and what issues areimportant to them
Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organizewhat you learn about culture the worldrsquos population resources and theeffect of technology on the world
Reading and Writing As you read each section in the chap-ter write notes under the correct tab of your foldable
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32404 644 AM Page 79
80 CHAPTER 3
Culture
11 UnderstandingCulture
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
People usually live withothers who followsimilar beliefs learnedfrom the past
Terms to Know
bull culturebull ethnic group bull dialect bull democracybull dictatorshipbull monarchybull cultural diffusionbull civilizationbull culture region
Reading Strategy
Draw a diagram likethis one In eachsection write one ofthe eight elements ofculture and give anexample of each fromthe United Statestoday
If you wake up to rock music wear denim jeans and celebrate theFourth of July these things are part of your culture If you eat tortillasspeak Spanishand honor the jaguarthese things are part of your culture
What Is CultureCulture is the way of life of people who share similar beliefs and
customs Social scientists look at eight elements called traits Theystudy what groups a society is divided into what language the peoplespeak and what religions they follow They examine peoplersquos dailylives and look at their history and artwork They also look at how asociety is governed and how the people make a living
Social Groups One way of studying cultures is by looking at thedifferent groups of people in a societyFor instance scientists comparethe number of rich poor and middle class people They look at howthe young and the old are treated In addition they study the differing
Three thousand years ago the Olmec
people lived in Mexico They
sometimes wore skins of
jaguars cats that were
sacred to them This
young boy lives in an
area where the jaguar
is still honored He is
preparing for a jaguar
dance An object from
modern culturemdasha soft
drink bottlemdashis used to
make the ldquojaguarrdquo spots
of ash on the boyrsquos clay-
covered skin
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1023 PM Page 80
null
93204025
The Worldrsquos People 81
roles of men and womenSocial scientists also examine a countryrsquos dif-ferent ethnic groupsAn ethnic group is a group of people who sharea common history language religion and some physical characteris-tics One particular ethnic group in a country may be the majoritygroup This group in society controls most of the wealth and powerThe other ethnic groups in that country are minority groupsmdashpeoplewhose race or ethnic origin is different from that of the majority groupin the region The largest ethnic minority groups in the United Statesare African Americans and Hispanic Americans
Language Sharing a language is one of the strongest unifying forcesfor a culture Even within a culture though there are language differ-ences Some people may speak a dialect or a local form of a languagethat differs from the same language in other areasThe differences mayinclude pronunciation and the meaning of wordsFor examplepeoplein the northeastern United States say ldquosodardquo whereas people in theMidwest say ldquopoprdquo Both groups are referring to soft drinks however
S
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE60degN
60degS
30degS
30degN
0deg120degW 60degW 120degE60degE
0deg
EW
N
S Winkel Tripel projection
2000
20000 mi
0 km
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
AUSTRALIA
A N TA R C T I C A
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
A S I A
World Religions
Applying Map SkillsRoman CatholicProtestantEastern Churches
Christianity
SunniteShiite
Islam
OthersHinduismBuddhismJudaismSikhismTraditionalreligions
S
(Distributions are generalized)
1 Which religion is foundacross northern Africa
2 Where is Buddhismpracticed
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1023 PM Page 81
null
7183697
82 CHAPTER 3
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
SiddharthaGautamathe Buddha
Jesus Christ
Unknown
Muhammad
Abraham
Buddhists believe that to escape the suffering caused by worldly desires people must follow the Eightfold Path or rules that lead to a life of morality wisdom and good thought By following the Eightfold Path one can achieve nirvanamdasha state of bliss
The followers of Islam known as Muslims believe in one God Allah Muslims followthe teachings of the Quran which the prophet Muhammad said were revealed to himby Allah By following the five pillars of faithmdashbelief prayer charity fasting andpilgrimagemdashbelievers go to an eternal paradise
Hindus believe in reincarnationmdashafter death the soul is reborn in another personanimal or vegetable Where a soul is reborn depends upon a personrsquos karma or thespiritual force resulting from actions in past lives The three main Hindu gods areBrahma Vishnu and Siva
Jews believe in one God Yahweh By following Godrsquos laws Jews believe they willhave peace with God and with each other The main laws and practices of Judaism are contained in the Torah the first five books of the Hebrew Bible
Christians believe that Jesus the Son of God was sent to Earth and died on the crossto save humanity By having faith in Jesus and through Godrsquos grace believers aresaved from Godrsquos penalty for sin and receive eternal life with God
Religion Major Leader Beliefs
Major World Religions
Analyzing the Chart
How do we becomegood people What happens when we dieThese are some of thequestions that religionsattempt to answer
Culture Who was thefounder of Buddhism
Religion Another important part of culture is religion In many cultures religion helps people answer basic questions about lifersquosmeaning Religious beliefs vary significantly around the worldStruggles over religious differences are a challenge in many countriesSome of the major world religions are described in the chart aboveThe map on page 81 shows you the main areas where these religionsare practiced
Daily Life Do you eat pizza tacos yogurt and egg rolls All of thesefoods came from different cultures What people eat and how they eatitmdashwith their fingers silverware or chopsticksmdashreflect their cultureWhat people wear also reflects cultural differencesThe same is true ofhow people build traditional homes in their societies
History History shapes how we view the world People rememberthe successes of the past We often celebrate holidays to honor theheroes and heroines who brought about those successesStories aboutthese heroes reveal the personal characteristics that the people thinkare important A group also remembers the dark periods of historywhen they met with disaster or defeatThese experiencestooinfluencehow a group of people sees itself
Arts People express their culture through the arts Art is not justpaintings and sculptures but also architecture dance music theaterand literatureBy viewing the arts of a cultureyou can gain insight intowhat the people of that culture think is beautiful and important
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 7804 319 AM Page 82
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9947308
The Worldrsquos People 83
Government People need rules in order to live together without con-flictRules or laws are created by governmentsCountries may have lim-ited governments or unlimited governmentsIn a limited governmentallcitizensmdashincluding the countryrsquos leadersmdashmust obey the laws of theland as written in a constitution or statement of rights A democracy isa form of limited government where power rests with the people of thenation The United States has a representative democracy in which cit-izens vote to elect representatives who then make and enforce laws
In unlimited governments rulers have powers that are not limitedby laws One type of unlimited government is a dictatorship wherea dictator usually takes power by force To stay in power most dicta-tors rely on the police and the military Dictators are not responsibleto the people and they limit freedom of speech assembly and thepress In a monarchy kings or queens are born into a ruling familyand inherit their power to ruleUntil about the 1600ssuch rulers wereabsolute monarchs with unlimited power Now in most countriesabsolute monarchy has given way to constitutional monarchy TheUnited Kingdom for example is both a constitutional monarchy and a democracy The queen is the symbolic head of the country butelected leaders hold the power to rule The chart below summarizesforms of government
The Economy Culture includes economic activities or how thepeople in a society earn a living Some people farm or manufactureproducts Others provide services such as designing a Web page orpreparing food You will learn more about economic systems inSection 3
What is culture
Type ofGovernment Who Holds Power Examples
BALLOTDirectDemocracy
All citizens vote directly on issues bull Parts of Switzerlandbull Some New England towns
RepresentativeDemocracy
People vote for representativeswho lead the country and makelaws
bull United Statesbull Russiabull France
ConstitutionalMonarchy
A monarch inherits the right to rulebut is limited by laws and a law-making body elected by the people
bull United Kingdombull Japanbull Swedenbull Jordan
AbsoluteMonarchy
A monarch inherits the right to ruleand has unlimited power
bull Saudi Arabia
Dictatorship A dictator makes all laws andsuppresses any opposition
bull Cubabull Iraq under Saddam Husseinbull Germany under Adolf Hitler
Types of Government
Analyzing the Chart
The United States is one of many countrieswith a democratic type of government
Government What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1024 PM Page 83
null
11760113
Cultural ChangeCultures do not remain the sameHumans constantly invent
new ideas and technologies and create new solutions to prob-lemsTrade the movement of peopleand war can spread thesechanges to other cultures The process of spreading new
knowledge and skills to other cultures is called cultural diffusionToday television and the Internet are making cultural diffusion takeplace more rapidly than ever before
Culture Over Time Historians have traced the tremendous changesthat humans have made in their cultures In the first human societiespeople lived by hunting animals and gathering fruits and vegetablesThey were nomadic moving from place to place to follow sources offood
Starting about 10000 years ago people learned to grow food byplanting seeds This change brought about the AgriculturalRevolution Groups stayed in one place and built settlements Theirsocieties became more complex As a result four civilizations orhighly developed cultures arose in river valleys in present-day IraqEgypt India and China These civilizations included cities
84 CHAPTER 3
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
0deg
60degE60degW 120degE120degW 0deg
30degN
30degS
60degS
60degN
EW
N
S
3000
30000 mi
0 km
Winkel Tripel projection
World Culture Regions
United Statesand CanadaLatin AmericaEuropeRussia and CentralAsian RepublicsNorth Africa and Southwest Asia
Africa South ofthe SaharaAsiaAustralia Oceaniaand Antarctica
1 Which culture region includes mostnations of Africa
2 What culture region is on thecontinents of both Africa and Asia
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
Applying Map Skills
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1024 PM Page 84
null
7878518
The Worldrsquos People 85
AssessmentAssessment11
YourCulture
complex governments and religions and systems of writingThe mapon page 86 shows you where these civilizations were located
Thousands of years latermdashin the 1700s and 1800smdashcame a newset of changes in the world Some countries began to industrialize oruse machines and factories to make goods These machines couldwork harder fasterand longer than people or animals As a result of theIndustrial Revolutionpeople began to live longerhealthiermore com-fortable lives
Recently the world began a new revolutionmdashthe InformationRevolution Computers make it possible to store and process hugeamounts of information They also allow people to instantly send thisinformation all over the world You will learn more about this revolu-tion and how it connects the cultures of the world in Section 4
Culture Regions As you recall geographers use the term ldquoregionsrdquofor areas that share common characteristics Today geographers oftendivide the world into areas called culture regionsEach culture regionincludes different countries that have traits in commonThey share sim-ilar economic systems forms of government and social groups Theirlanguages are related and the people may follow the same religionTheir history and art are similarThe fooddressand housing of the peo-ple may have common characteristics as well In this textbookyou willstudy the different culture regions of the world
What three revolutions have changed the world
Defining Terms1 Define culture ethnic group dialect democ-
racy dictatorship monarchy cultural diffusioncivilization culture region
Recalling Facts2 Culture What kinds of social groups do social
scientists study
3 Government What are the different forms ofgovernment a society may have
4 Culture In what ways does cultural diffu-sion occur
Critical Thinking5 Understanding Cause and Effect How
does history shape cultures
6 Making Comparisons Describe thebeliefs of two major religions
Graphic Organizer7 Organizing Information Create a diagram
like this one that describes features of your culture On the lines write types of foodclothing language music and so on
Applying Social Studies Skills
8 Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page 84In which culture region do you live In whichculture region(s) did your ancestors live
FCAT
FCAT
FCAT
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1025 PM Page 85
null
11525023
86
Nile
R
TigrisR
Indus R
Yello
w
R
Euphrates RYan
gtze
R
30degE
30degN
60degE 90degE 120degE
TROPIC OF CANCER
A S I A
E U R O P E
A F R I C A
EW
N
S
1000
10000 mi
0 km
Miller Cylindrical projection
Early Civilizations
Fertile Crescent 3500 BCAncient Egypt 3100 BCIndus River Valley 2500 BCShang Dynasty 1700 BC
Applying the Skill
Practice key skills with GlencoeSkillbuilder Interactive Workbook Level 1
Reading a Thematic Map
Thematic maps concentrate on a singletheme This theme may be to show the bat-tles of a particular war or habitats of endan-gered species for example
Learning the SkillTo read a thematic map follow these
steps
bull Read the map title It tells what kind ofspecial information the map shows
bull Find the maprsquos scale to determine the general size of the area
bull Read the key Colors and symbols in themap key are especially important on this type of map
bull Analyze the areas on the map that arehighlighted in the key Look for patterns
Practicing the SkillLook at the map below to answer the
following questions
1 What is the title of the map2 Read the key What four civilizations are
shown on this map3 Which civilization was farthest west East4 What do the locations of each of these
civilizations have in common
Find a thematic map in a newspaper ormagazine Write three questions about themaprsquos purpose then have a classmate answerthe questions FCAT
078-086 U1 CH03 S1 TWIP-860976 32304 1025 PM Page 86
87
Fact Result
Worldpopulationis increasing
Populationis unevenlydistributed
People movefrom placeto place
2 Population Patterns2Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The worldrsquos populationis growing rapidly andhow and where peoplelive are changing too
Terms to Know
bull death ratebull birthratebull faminebull population densitybull urbanization bull emigratebull refugee
Reading Strategy
Draw a chart like thisone In the ldquoResultrdquocolumn write a resultof the fact listed in theleft column
Imagine that you and your friends are
in Berlin Germany Can
you hear the music Every
summer hundreds of
thousands of young
people gather here for
a music festival Although
most of these young
people are here only to
visit many thousands of
others come to find jobs
and new lives Germany
faces challenges in finding
room for its newcomers
On October 121999 the world reached a significant point in its his-tory About 370000 babies were born around the world that day Oneof those babiesmdashno one knows exactly which onemdashwas the worldrsquossix billionth human being
Population GrowthHow fast has the earthrsquos population grown The graph on page 88
shows world population over the yearsYou will see that for more thanfifteen hundred years the worldrsquos population remained about thesame The world did not have 1 billion people until about 1800 It wasnot until 1930 that the population reached 2 billion By 1974 the pop-ulation had doubled to 4 billion In 1999 it reached 6 billion
Reasons for Population Growth Why has the worldrsquos populationgrown so fast in the past 200 years One reason is that the death ratehas gone down The death rate is the number of people out of every1000 who die in a year Better health care and living conditions havedecreased the death rate
087-091 U1 CH03 S2 TWIP-860976 32304 1028 PM Page 87
null
105846634
88 CHAPTER 3
Another reason for the rapid increase in the worldrsquos population isthat in some regions of the world the birthrate is high The birthrateis the number of children born each year for every 1000 people InAsia Africa and Latin America families traditionally are large becausechildren help with farming High numbers of births have combinedwith low death rates to increase population growth in these areas As aresult population in these areas has doubled every 25 years or so
Challenges From Population Growth Rapid population growthpresents many challenges An increase in the number of people meansthat more food is needed Fortunately since 1950 world food produc-tion has increased faster than population on all continents exceptAfrica Because so many people there need food disaster can result ifbad weather or war ruin crops Millions may suffer from famine orlack of food
Alsopopulations that grow rapidly may use resources more quicklythan populations that do not grow as fast Some countries face short-ages of water and housing Population growth also puts a strain oneconomiesMore people means a country must create more jobsSomeexperts claim that rapid population growth could harm the planetOthers are optimisticThey predict that as the number of humans risesthe levels of technology and creativity will also rise
How do the definitions of death rate and birthrate differ
Where People LiveWhere do all the people live The worldrsquos people actually live on a
surprisingly small part of the earth As you learned in Chapter 2 landcovers only about 30 percent of the earthrsquos surface Half of this land is
World Population
Source World Population Data Sheet 2003
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
Po
pu
lati
on
(in
bil
lio
ns)
AD 1 500 1000 1500 2003Year
POPULATION GROWTH
China
India
United States
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Russia
12887
10686
2915
2205
1765
1491
1455
Source World Population Data Sheet 2003
Country Millions of People
MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES
Analyzing theGraph and Chart
Visit twipglencoecom andclick on Chapter 3mdashTextbook Updates
The worldrsquos population isexpected to reach about9 billion by 2050
Place Which country has the second-largestnumber of people
087-091 U1 CH03 S2 TWIP-860976 7804 335 AM Page 88
null
11676525
The Worldrsquos People 89
not usable by humans however Large numbers of people cannotsurvive on land covered with ice deserts or high mountains Theworldrsquos people then live on a small fraction of the earthrsquos surface
Population Distribution Even on the usable land population isnot distributed or spread evenly People naturally prefer to live inplaces that have plentiful water good land and a favorable climateDuring the industrial age people moved to places that had importantresources such as coal or iron ore to run or make machines Peoplegather in other areas because these places hold religious significanceor because they are government and transportation centers The charton page 88 shows you the most populous countries in the world Fourof these countries are located on the Asian continent
Population Density Geographers have a way of determining howcrowded a country or region is They measure population densitymdashthe average number of people living in a square mile or square kilo-meter To arrive at this figure the total population is divided by thetotal land area For example the countries of Afghanistan and Nepalhave about the same number of people They are very different interms of population density thoughWith a smaller land areaNepal has
0˚
60˚E60˚W 120˚E120˚W 0˚
30˚N
30˚S
60˚S
60˚N
EQUATOR
MER
IDIA
N O
F G
REE
NW
ICH
(LO
ND
ON
)
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
PACIFIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIANOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
Los Angeles
Chicago
S˜ao Paulo
New YorkCity
Lagos
Mumbai(Bombay)
Delhi
Sydney
Mexico City
Lima
BuenosAires
Caracas
Kinshasa
Cairo
Moscow
Istanbul
Berlin
RomeMadrid
London
Paris
Tehran
Baghdad
Jakarta
Beijing Tokyo
Hong Kong
Bangkok
Singapore
Seoul
Winkel Tripel projection2000
20000 mi
0 km
EW
N
S
World Population Density
CitiesCity with more than10000000 people
City with 5000000 to10000000 people
City with 2000000 to5000000 people
Sq KmSq MiPersons per
Uninhabited
Under 1
1ndash25
25ndash50
50ndash100
Over 100
Uninhabited
Under 2
2ndash60
60ndash125
125ndash250
Over 250
Applying Map Skills
1 How many people live inLondon
2 Which cities have morethan 10 million people
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
087-091 U1 CH03 S2 TWIP-860976 32304 1029 PM Page 89
null
9179349
90 CHAPTER 3
443 people per square mile (171 people per sqkm)Afghanistan has anaverage of only 114 people per square mile (44 people per sq km)Nepal then is more crowded than Afghanistan
Remember that population density is an average It assumes thatpeople are distributed evenly throughout a country Of course this seldom happens A country may have several large cities where mostof the people actually live In Egypt for example overall populationdensity is 186 people per square mile (72 people per sq km) In realityabout 99 percent of Egyptrsquos people live within 20 miles (32 km)of the Nile River The rest of Egypt is desert Thus some geographersprefer to figure a countryrsquos population density in terms of farmable orusable land rather than total land area When Egyptrsquos population den-sity is measured this way it equals about 6550 people per square mileThe map on page 10 of the Geography Handbook shows how pop-ulation density can vary within a country The areas with high densityin Egypt follow the path of the Nile River
What is population density
Population MovementThroughout the world people are moving in great numbers from
place to place Some people move from city to city or suburb to sub-urb More and more people are leaving villages and farms and movingto cities This movement to cities is called urbanization
On Location
KosovoYugoslaviaIn 1999 a civil warexploded in Kosovo a province ofYugoslavia Thou-sands of people were forced fromtheir homes
Movement Whatcauses people tobecome refugees
bull
Social StudiesSocial StudiesSocial StudiesSocial Studies
Web Activity VisitThe World and ItsPeople Web site attwipglencoecom andclick on Chapter 3mdashStudent WebActivities to learnmore about the worldpopulation ldquoclockrdquo
087-091 U1 CH03 S2 TWIP-860976 32304 1029 PM Page 90
null
1030778
The Worldrsquos People 91
People move to cities for many reasons The most common reasonis to find jobs Rural populations have grown The amount of land thatcan be farmed however has not increased to meet the growing num-ber of people who need to work and eat As a result many people findcity jobs in manufacturing or in services like tourism
Nearly half the worldrsquos people live in citiesmdasha far higher percent-age than ever before Between 1960 and 2000 the population ofMexico City more than tripled Other cities in Latin America as wellas cities in Asia and Africa have seen similar growth Some of thesecities hold a large part of a countryrsquos entire population About one-third of Argentinarsquos people for instance live in the city of BuenosAires As more and more people come to cities looking for work theboundaries of cities and their suburbs keep expanding outward Thissituation is called urban sprawl
Some population movement occurs between countries Some peo-ple emigrate or leave the country where they were born and moveto another They are called emigrants in their homeland and immi-grants in their new country In the past 40 years millions have leftAfrica Asia and Latin America to find jobs in the richer nations ofEurope and North America Many of these people were forced to fleetheir countries because of wars political unrest food shortages orother problems They are refugees or people who flee to anothercountry to escape persecution or disaster
What is urban sprawl
AssessmentAssessment22
Causes
Population Growth
Defining Terms1 Define death rate birthrate famine population
density urbanization emigrate refugee
Recalling Facts2 Culture What are three problems caused by
overpopulation
3 HumanEnvironment Interaction Whydo people live on only a small fraction of theearth
4 Economics What is the main reason for grow-ing urbanization
Critical Thinking5 Making Comparisons What is the
difference between an emigrant and animmigrant
6 Understanding Cause and Effect Why havepopulations in areas of Asia Africa and LatinAmerica doubled about every 25 years
Graphic Organizer7 Organizing Information Draw a diagram
like this one and list three causes of populationgrowth
Applying Social Studies Skills
8 Analyzing Maps Look at the population den-sity map on page 89 How would you describethe population density around Tokyo
087-091 U1 CH03 S2 TWIP-860976 32304 1030 PM Page 91
null
11180224
Natural ResourcesAs you learned in Section 2 people settle in some areas to gain
access to resources Natural resources are products of the earth thatpeople use to meet their needs Wind water and oil are resources thatprovide energy to power machines Good soil and fish are resourcesthat people use to produce food Stones like granite and ores like ironore are resources people can use for making products
Renewable Resources People can use some natural resources asmuch as they want These renewable resources cannot be used upor can be replaced naturally or grown again Wind and sun cannot beused up Forests grasslands plants and animals and soil can bereplacedmdashif people manage them carefully
Today many countries are trying to find efficient ways of usingrenewable energy sources Some produce hydroelectric power the
3 Resources andWorld Trade
3
Resource Use
92 CHAPTER 3
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Many resources arelimited and distributedunevenly so countriesmust trade for goods
Terms to Know
bull natural resourcebull renewable resourcebull nonrenewable
resourcebull economic systembull exportbull importbull tariffbull quotabull free tradebull developed countrybull developing country
Reading Strategy
Draw a chart like thisone Write the namesof different resourcesand how they are used
About 7000 windmills stand on an
80-square-mile patch of hilly land
near San Francisco They turn
in the strong winds that
blow through a nearby
pass in Californiarsquos
mountains Why were
they put there These
windmills generate
electricity In fact they
churn out enough
electricity every year to
meet the needs of all the
homes in San Francisco
092-096 U1 CH03 S3 TWIP-860976 32304 1033 PM Page 92
null
9895066
The Worldrsquos People 93
energy generated by falling water Do you have a solar-powered calcu-lator If so you know that the sun can provide energy to run peoplersquosmachines Solar energy is power produced by the heat of the sunMaking use of this energy on a large scale requires huge pieces ofequipmentAs a result this energy source is not yet economical to use
Nonrenewable Resources Minerals found in the earthrsquos crust arealso resourcesThey are nonrenewable resources because the earthprovides limited supplies of them and they cannot be replaced Theseresources were formed over millions of years by forces within theearth Thus it simply takes too long to generate new supplies
One major nonrenewable source of energy is fossil fuelsmdashcoal oiland natural gas People burn oil and gas to heat homes or run carsThey burn fossil fuels to generate electricity Oil and coal are also usedas raw materials to make plastics and medicines
Another nonrenewable energy source is nuclear energy Nuclearenergy is power made by creating a controlled atomic reactionNuclear energy can be used to produce electricity but some peoplefear its use Nuclear reactions produce dangerous waste products thatare difficult to dispose of Still some countries rely on nuclear energyto generate electricity France and Japan are examples
List three fossil fuels
Economic SystemsPeople and nations use natural resources to produce and exchange
goods and services A countryrsquos economic system sets rules fordeciding what goods and services to produce how to produce themand who will receive themThere are four main types of economic sys-tems traditional command market and mixed
Traditional Economies In a traditional economy economic deci-sions are based on customs handed down from generation to genera-tion For example if your grandparents and parents fished for a livingyou will fish for a living You will probably use the same fishing toolsTo get other products you need you may barter or exchange part ofyour catch instead of using money
Command Economies Under a command economy the govern-ment makes all economic decisions Individuals have little or no sayabout what goods and services to produce and how to produce themThe government decides how much something will cost and whichpeople receive training for particular jobs The term ldquocommunismrdquoapplies to command economies
Market Economies In a market economy individuals make theirown decisions about what to produce how to produce it and forwhom to produce it People and businesses make what they think customers want (supply) Consumers have choices about which goods or services to buy (demand) Prices are determined by supplyand demand
SaffronmdashA ValuableResource
A resource does nothave to produce energy tobe valued The people inthe Indian region ofKashmir are picking aresource that is preciousto cooksmdashcrocus flowersInside each crocus arethree tiny orange stalksWhen dried the stalksbecome a spice called saf-fron Cooks use it to add adelicate orange color andflavor to food Saffronmdashtheworldrsquos most expensivespicemdashis in short supplythough Producers neednearly 4700 flowers toproduce just 1 ounce (28 g) of saffron
092-096 U1 CH03 S3 TWIP-860976 32304 1033 PM Page 93
null
20281886
94 CHAPTER 3
A market economy is based on ldquofree enterpriserdquo This is the ideathat you have the right to own property or businesses and to make aprofit without the government interfering Capitalism is another namefor a market or free enterprise economy
Mixed Economies Most nations have a mixed economy China forexample has mostly a command economy but the government hasallowed some free enterprise In the United States most decisions aremade by individuals but the government regulates certain areasGovernment agencies for example inspect meat and other products
What is free enterprise
World TradeResources like people are not distributed evenly around the
world Some areas have large amounts of one resource Others havenone of that resource but are rich in another one These differencesaffect the economies of the worldrsquos countries The competition forscarce resources may also lead to conflict
Look at the map on page 95 Do you see the centers of manufac-turing in the northern and eastern United States There are large sup-plies of coal in the region and deposits of iron ore nearby These areasbecame industrial centers because the people here took advantage ofthe resources they had
In the western United States you see another picture People usemuch of the land for ranching The soil and climate are well suited toraising livestock Commercial farmingmdashor growing food for sale inmarketsmdashoccurs throughout much of the United States
EconomicSystem
WHAT HOW and FOR WHOMto produce
Examples(in theory)
Traditional Customs and traditions determine whatand how to produce Resources are usuallyshared Many traditional systems use bartering to exchange goods and services
bull Inuitbull Some parts of Africa and South America
Command Government owns resources and controlsproduction prices and wages Shortagesof consumer goods occur because govern-ment sets prices low and resources areoften used for military goods
bull Chinabull North Koreabull Former USSR
Market Individuals own resources and determinewhat and how to produce Prices andwages are determined by producer supplyand consumer demand
bull United States
Mixed Individuals own most resources anddetermine what and how to produceGovernment regulates certain industries
bull Most nations
Types of Economic Systems
This chart shows eco-nomic systems in theoryIn reality most nationshave a mixed economy
Economics Who ownsor controls resources ineach type of system
Analyzing the Chart
092-096 U1 CH03 S3 TWIP-860976 32304 1034 PM Page 94
null
103286766
The Worldrsquos People 95
Countries respond to the unequal distribution of resources by specializingor focusing on the economic activities best suited to theirresourcesParts of Brazil have the perfect soil and climate for growingcoffee As a result Brazil produces more coffee beans than any othercountry
Countries often cannot use all that they produce Therefore theyexport what they do not need trading it to other countriesWhen theycannot produce as much as they need of a good they import it or buyit from another country The worldrsquos countries then are connected toone another in a complex web of trade
Barriers to Trade Governments try to manage trade to benefit theircountryrsquos economySome charge a tariff or a tax added to the price ofgoods that are imported If there is a tariff on cars for instance peoplewho buy an imported car pay extraGovernments often create tariffs topersuade their people to buy products made in their own country
Governments sometimes create other barriers to tradeThey mightput a strict quota or number limit on how many items of a particularproduct can be imported from a particular countryA government mayeven stop trading with another country altogether as a way to punish it
0˚
60˚E60˚W 120˚E120˚W 0˚
30˚N
30˚S
60˚S
60˚N
EQUATOR
ME
RID
IAN
OF
GR
EE
NW
ICH
(L
ON
DO
N)
TROPIC OF CANCER
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ARCTIC CIRCLE
PACIFICOCEAN
INDIANOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
A R C T I C O C E A N
N
S
EW
2000
20000 mi
0 kmWinkel Tripel projection
World Economic Activity
Commercial farmingSubsistence farmingRanchingNomadic herdingHunting and gatheringForestsManufacturing areaLittle or no activity
Land Use
Coal
Fishing
Iron ore
Petroleum
Resources
Applying Map Skills
1 What symbol and colorsignify areas ofmanufacturing
2 What kind of farmingexists along the Equator
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
092-096 U1 CH03 S3 TWIP-860976 32304 1034 PM Page 95
null
8317352
AssessmentAssessment33
Free Trade Governments around the world are moving toward freetrade Free trade means removing trade barriers so that goods flowfreely among countries Several countries have joined together to cre-ate free trade agreements in certain parts of the world The UnitedStates Mexico and Canada have agreed to eliminate all trade barriersto one anotherrsquos goods These three countries set up the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)The largest free trade organ-izationmdashthe European Union (EU)mdashincludes many countries of Europe
What are three barriers to trade
Differences in DevelopmentCountries that have a great deal of manufacturing are called
developed countries Countries in Europe and North America aredeveloped countries So are Australia and Japan Other countries havefew or no manufacturing centers Many people in these lands practicesubsistence farming which means they grow only enough food fortheir own families These countriesmdashmostly in Africa Asia and LatinAmericamdashare called developing countries They may be rich in nat-ural resources however and are working toward industrialization
Countries want manufacturing centers because industry generallymakes more money than agriculture As a result industrial countriesare richer than agricultural ones The spread of industry has createdbooming economies in Singapore South Korea China and Taiwan
Why do developing countries want more industry
The ldquoThird WorldrdquoUntil the Soviet Union
collapsed in 1991 developed
and developing countries were
divided into three groups
Developed countries with
market economies were
known as the ldquofirst worldrdquo
Countries with communist
command economies were
known as the ldquosecond worldrdquo
Developing countries outside
of these two groups were
together known as the
ldquothird worldrdquo
Defining Terms1 Define natural resource renewable resource
nonrenewable resource economic systemexport import tariff quota free trade devel-oped country developing country
Recalling Facts2 Economics What is the difference between
commercial farming and subsistence farming
3 Economics Why do countries specialize
4 Economics How do developed and developingcountries differ
Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions Why are tariffs
and quotas called ldquobarriersrdquo to trade
6 Making Comparisons Describe twokinds of economic systems
Graphic Organizer7 Organizing Information Draw a chart like
this one listing three examples for each type of resource
Renewable Nonrenewableresources resources
Applying Social Studies Skills
8 Analyzing Maps Look at the economic activ-ity map on page 95 What two types of farmingare shown on the map
7
092-096 U1 CH03 S3 TWIP-860976 32404 647 AM Page 96
null
11211569
People today can talk across an ocean as easily as across a backyardfence This is what is meant when you hear people say that the worldis ldquoshrinkingrdquo The technology that has brought about the InformationRevolution has enabled people to talk instantly with others practicallyeverywhere on the earth
Effects of TechnologyThe word ldquotechnologyrdquo refers to the ability of human beings to
make things that will help them and give them some control over theirenvironmentAs you learned in Section 1 the first civilizations arose inabout 8000 BC when humans learned farming technologymdashor how togrow crops on a regular basis In just the past 100 years new technol-ogy has emerged in transportation and communication This newtechnology has possibly had an equalmdashif not greatermdasheffect onhuman society than the Agricultural Revolution did 10000 years ago
97
ShrinkingWorld
44 Technology ldquoShrinksrdquo the World
Early in 2001 Ann Bancroft and Liv
Arnesen were trying to move into
the history books as the first
women to cross Antarctica
US residents watched
the live newscast
on television
As the women strug-
gled against 100-mile-
per-hour winds and
temperatures so cold
their hair froze students
around the world used the
Internet to follow their
progress
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Modern technologyhas helped to bring theworldrsquos diverse peoplescloser together
Terms to Know
bull rightsbull responsibilitiesbull interdependencebull globalization
Reading Strategy
Create a diagram likethis one On thespokes list reasonswhy the world mayseem to be gettingsmaller
097-100 U1 CH03 S4 TWIP-860976 32304 1037 PM Page 97
null
9853273
98 CHAPTER 3
Transportation Technology Whensteamboats first traveled upstreampeople marveled at the technologicalfeat Settlers in western regions of theUnited States celebrated when rail-road tracks were laid near theirtowns Trains could carry passengersfrom New York City to San Franciscoin about 10 days Imagine their aston-ishment if early Americans could seehow people travel today Bullet trainsspeed workers from city to city oftenmoving well over 300 miles (483 km)per hour Jet planes cross oceans inseveral hours carrying people fromone continent to another The result isa shrinking world
Communication Technology Newinventions also have enabled peopleto communicate faster For examplewhen the first telephone cable waslaid along the bottom of the AtlanticOcean in 1956 it could carry only 36calls between Europe and NorthAmerica at a time Nearly forty yearslater glass cables as fine as hairs werecarrying 300000 long-distance calls atonce Communication satellites sur-rounding the earth in space receiveradio television and other signalsNews can be broadcast live to theentire world so that more people thanever can see what is happening at thesame time Even cellular phones andfax machines have brought theworldrsquos cultures closer together
Because of improved telephone cables and satellites millions ofpeople today use the Internet a global network of computers Otherinventions made the Internet possible in the first place however Themost important of these were the computer and the microchipTodayrsquos personal computers have more processing power than thelarge computers of the 1960s that helped put an American on themoon Millions of people use the Internet to exchange mail shop doresearch take classes play games with friends in other countries andmuch more The Internet helps make the world seem smaller yet
Name two ways in which technology makes the worldseem smaller
1885
1890
1920
1926
1975
1983
1969
National US Postal Service
Photography process
Telephone
Motion-picture camera
Radio transmission of music and speechTelevision
Personal Computers
Cellular phones (US)
Internet (ARPAnet)
1787Steamboat (US)
Steam locomotive 1803
1900Zeppelin
1994Chunnel opens
2000Hybrid car (US)
1981Space Shuttle
Jumbo jet 1970
1964Bullet train
1954Nuclear submarine
1903Air flight (airplane)
Modern bicycle internal combustion automobile
1886Electric submarine
1789
1839
1876
1700
1800
1900
2005
CommunicationTransportation
Modern Inventions
In the last century com-munication and trans-portation technologieshave evolved at anamazing rate
Technology Whichnineteenth-centuryinventions are still usedtoday
Analyzing the Time Line
097-100 U1 CH03 S4 TWIP-860976 32304 1038 PM Page 98
null
13484161
GlobalizationBecause the world seems to be getting smaller it is likely that you
know or will meet people from many other cultures What is your rolein this new shrinking world
Civic Participation First you must learn civic participation Thismeans being an involved citizen and being concerned with the publicaffairs of your community state nation and the world You need to beaware of your rights and responsibilities Rights are benefits and pro-tections guaranteed to you by law In a democracy like the UnitedStates for example you have the right to speak freely and to practicethe religion of your choice Responsibilities are duties that you oweto other citizens and your government You have a responsibility torespect the property and privacy of others When you turn 18 yearsoldyou will be responsible for electing government leaders by voting
Second you can learn about the beliefs and values of other peoplein the world By studying other cultures you will become able to seeconnections between the United States and the world around usLearning to understand and respect what makes each culture uniquemdashand recognizing common experiences that link all peoplemdashwill helpyou become an informed member of the global village
GLOBALIZATIONKofi Annan secretary-general of the United Nations spoketo the General Assembly about globalization
ldquoIf one word [describes] the changes we are livingthrough it is lsquoglobalizationrsquo What are [the] globalissues I have grouped them under three headingseach of which I relate to a fundamental humanfreedom First freedom from want How can we callhuman beings free and equal in dignity when over a billion of them arestruggling to survive on less than one dollar a day The second isfreedom from fear We must do more to prevent conflicts fromhappening at all The third [is] the freedom of future generations tosustain their lives on this planet We need to remember the old Africanwisdom which I learned as a childmdashthat the earth is not ours It is atreasure we hold in trust for our descendentsrdquoMillennium Report April 3 2000
FCAT
Analyzing Primary Sources
Do you think these are the only global issues Do these issuesaffect you in your daily life If they do how If they donrsquot doyou think you should have to worry about them
097-100 U1 CH03 S4 TWIP-860976 32304 1038 PM Page 99
null
830168
100 CHAPTER 3
Interdependence Why should we be concerned about what hap-pens on the other side of the globe The worldrsquos countries are inter-dependent Interdependence exists when countries depend on oneanother for goods raw materials to make goods and markets in whichto sell goods Think of the many ways you use products from othercountries The fruit you put on your breakfast cereal might be fromMexico or South America Your running shoes may be from China orTaiwan Your book bag might have been made in India
Events around the world have a rippling effect because of interde-pendence A war or drought in another country for example causesinstability in that country but also affects the people and economiesthat are linked to it through trade
Many people perceive cultures in developing countries as back-ward because they do not have the same level of technology as devel-oped countries Others however appreciate the diverse cultures thatexist in many developing countries They fear that globalization orthe development of a world culture and an interdependent economymight erase traditions and customs of smaller groups Thus an impor-tant issue in the world today is to make products services and tech-nology available to developing countries yet still preserve localcultures and values Read more about this challenge in TIMEPerspectives Exploring World Issues on pages 101ndash107
Why is it important to learn about other cultures
AssessmentAssessment44Defining Terms1 Define rights responsibilities interdepend-
ence globalization
Recalling Facts2 Technology What are two examples of new
transportation technology
3 Technology What are two examples of newcommunication technology
4 Government What responsibilities do peoplein democracies have
Critical Thinking5 Synthesizing Information What prod-
ucts found in your classroom were made inother countries
6 Making Comparisons Which do youthink had the greater impact on human
societymdashthe Agricultural Revolution or theInformation Revolution Explain
Graphic Organizer7 Organizing Information Draw a diagram
like this one On the outer spokes write waysthat people use the Internet
Applying Social Studies Skills
Internet uses
8 Interpreting Time Lines Look at the timeline on page 98 About how many years afterthe internal combustion engine was inventedwas air flight invented
097-100 U1 CH03 S4 TWIP-860976 32405 416 PM Page 100
null
9654752
Perspectives
The Global Economy and Your Future
Indians in Peru use theInternet to line up buyers
for their farm goods
The Global Economy and Your Future
TH
OM
AS
MU
LL
ER
EXPLORING
WORLDISSUES
EXPLORING
WORLDISSUES
Compiled and adapted from TIME
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 22105 316 AM Page 101
null
7941239
or Nora Lydia Urias Perez lifehas never been easy A singlemother she lived with her five-
year-old daughter in the Mexican stateof Veracruz The only work she couldfind there was on a farm earning $5 aday That just wasnrsquot enough
In 2000 she moved to Nogales a cityjust south of the New Mexico borderShe got a job in a stapler factory thathad moved to Nogales from New YorkCity Ms Uriasrsquos job paid her $10 a dayTo her it was a fortune
Thanks to the North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) hundreds ofthousands of Mexicans work in factories
like Ms Uriasrsquos Companies in MexicoJapan and Europe hire their workers toassemble products with parts that comefrom the United States They sendthe finished goodsmdasheverything fromdresses to TVsmdashback to the UnitedStates and Canada
Global RelationshipsThis relationship is an example of
globalization the linking together of theworldrsquos nations through trade Whatrsquosdriving globalization today is the searchfor cheap labor Cheap labor helps manu-facturers keep costs low Low costs canmean lower prices for many things you buy
How Trade Changes Lives
Perspectives
102
A Sweatshirtrsquos Global JourneyD
AV
ID A
LAN
H
ARV
EYM
AG
NU
M
Two forms of globalization In Cuba a student and her professor develop medicines to sell abroad A woman in China makes goods for export
Two forms of globalization In Cuba a student and her professor develop medicines to sell abroad A woman in China makes goods for export
This map follows the route cotton has actually taken to a popular store near you
Source The Nation
1 UzbekistanWorkers harvestcotton
2 Iran A freight train moves bales of raw cotton to the Arabian Sea
3 Indian andPacific Oceans A ship carries thecotton 4000 milesto South Korea
4 South Korea Workers spin cotton into thread and weave it into cloth
6 Russiarsquos Far East Workers cut and stitch the cloth into sweatshirts
7 Pacific Ocean A ship takes the finished sweatshirts to California
8 The United StatesTrucks haul the sweatshirts to stores
5 Sea of Japan A ship carries finished cloth to Russiarsquos Far East
interpreting maps Making Inferences How do you think the price of the sweatshirt might be affected if thesweatshirt were made entirely in the United States
EXPLORING
WORLDISSUES
EXPLORING
WORLDISSUES
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 22105 317 AM Page 102
null
7998675
103
Some fear global companiesmay neglect the environment
Police block a march by globalizationrsquos foes
1
2
Globalization is changing far morethan prices More people money andgoods than ever before are crossingnational borders
Pop Goes GlobalPopular entertainment is no excep-
tion A movie popular in the UnitedStates is likely to be a favorite else-where Asians love basketball as muchas Americans do Kids everywhere lis-ten to Latin pop music and wear jeansand sneakers to school
This doesnrsquot mean all kids think andact the same way ldquoIt is important to see individual differences from onecountry to the nextrdquo advises a womanwho has studied teens in 44 nations
Culture ClashCompanies that forget that advice
can get into trouble A US companyopened a theme park outside ParisFrance But the French stayed awayThey hated the fast food the park soldThey didnrsquot even like the parkrsquos nameIt contained the word ldquoEurordquo short forldquoEuropeanrdquo The French see themselvesas French first Europeans second
When the parkrsquos owners figured allthis out they made the park moreFrench They offered food and drinksthat suited French tastes for exampleThey even put the word ldquoParisrdquo in theparkrsquos name Today that theme park isone of the most popular in the world
Good for EveryoneAs the parkrsquos owners learned global-
ization isnrsquot ldquoAmericanizingrdquo the worldLocal cultures or ways of life are toostrong for that
But globalization hasnrsquot been goodfor everyone The poorest countrieshave seen little or no increase in trade Many Americansrsquo jobs have moved tocountries where wages are low And sofar the lives of people like Ms Uriashavenrsquot improved much It costs moreto live in Nogales than in Veracruz SoMs Urias is still poor
Gaining SkillsExperts say these problems are only
temporary In recent years trade hascreated millions of jobs It has enabledpeople in poorer countries like Mexicoto pick up new skills The more skilledworkers are the more they get paid
Ms Urias looks forward to bettertimes ldquoI am not saying it will be easy tostart life [in Nogales]rdquo she said ldquoBut atlast there is a chance that things for mewill get better There was no chance ofthat in Veracruz I had no hoperdquo
Some fear global companiesmay neglect the environment
Police block a march by globalizationrsquos foes
A US resident made thisTaiwanese movie in ChinaA US resident made thisTaiwanese movie in ChinaSE
RG
E AT
TAL
GA
MM
ALI
ASO
N N
ETW
OR
K
ROBI
N M
OY
ER
ITSU
INO
UY
EA
P
REU
TER
ST
IMEP
IX
Exploring the Issue
1 Cause and Effect How might the health of the US economy shape Ms Uriasrsquos life
2 Making Inferences Why do you think thatthe poorest countries have seen few gainsfrom globalization
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 32304 1042 PM Page 103
null
14691136
Perspectives
104
1
2
Globalizationrsquos New Facehe Phoenicians were greatsailors They lived in South-west Asia on the coast of
Lebanon They set up trade routes allaround the Mediterranean Sea Someexperts think they may have sailed toEngland to bring back tin They did allthis as far back as 1200 BC
As the Phoenicians showed global-ization is not new People have tradedin faraway lands moved around andmixed cultures for thousands of years
What is new is the speed at whichthese exchanges take place Technologyis shrinking the world Telephones zipour voices around the world Jet planescarry us great distances in a few hours
High-speed cargo ships crisscross theoceans carrying goods from nation tonation
The InternetThe Internet has changed the way
we swap goods too Twenty-five yearsago an American importer might have
used ldquosnail mailrdquo to order ashipment of French bikesToday she can check out themanufacturerrsquos stock on hisWeb page Then in secondsshe can e-mail her orderhalfway around the world
The deals she makes arenrsquotmuch different from those thePhoenicians made They tradedtimber for horses She tradesmoney for bicycles
Whatrsquos different is that she makes her trades in aflash and without leaving herseat She can do more busi-ness in less time and she cando business anywhere ThePhoenicians could do businessonly where they could sail
GA
RWO
OD
amp A
INSI
LE
PLA
NET
PRO
JEC
T
A Yagua (right) takes part in an Internetpoll in the rain forests of Peru
Exploring the Issue
1 Making Inferences How might tradehelp people from different cultures understand one another
2 Analyzing Information How doesthe Internet make growing up differentfor you than it was for your parents
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 22105 318 AM Page 104
null
913233
105
1
2
O U R S H R I N K I N G W O R L D
Sharing Globalizationrsquos Gainslittle more than 6 billion peoplelive on Earth About half of themget by on less than $2 a day
What does globalization mean to themSo far not much
Overall the impact of increased tradehas been amazing The ability of peopleto make and spend money has grownalmost everywhere
Yet the fruits of globalization havenrsquotbeen spread evenly Industrialized countries have more to trade than developing countries Foreign compa-nies prefer to build more factories inrich countries than in poor ones
The result is that countries likeKenya tend to create new jobs slowlyPlaces like Canada tend to create themmore quickly Some countries in Asiaand Africa are barely able to create anynew jobs at all
A Wider GapThese differences worry many peo-
ple If the trend continues experts saythat the gap between rich and poorcountries can only get wider
What can be done to narrow thatgap There are no easy answersInternational businesses are certainlypart of it During the 1990s privatecompanies spent more than $1 trillionto build factories in developing countries
Rich nations are also part of theanswer They are already helpingpoorer countries pay for new roadsphone lines seaports and airports Andthey are encouraging poor nations to
produce things that people elsewherewant to buy
China figured out how to do thatyears ago Thanks to trade the ability ofthe Chinese to earn and spend moneynow doubles every 10 years Findingways to help about 200 other nationsequal that success is one of todayrsquosbiggest challenges
MA
RIE
DO
RIG
NY
TIM
EPIX
Nowhere is the gap between rich andpoor clearer than in Pakistan Here achild laborer makes soccer balls forsale around the world
Exploring the Issue
1 Making Inferences Why do you think expertsworry about the widening gap between rich andpoor countries
2 Problem Solving What would you do to helpspread the fruits of globalization more evenlyaround the globe
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 22305 150 PM Page 105
null
10730942
Perspectives
1
2
106
very day in 2000 half a million airline passen-gers 14 billion e-mail
messages and $15 trillioncrossed national borders Allthat shifting about of peopleideas and money would havebeen unthinkable 10 yearsearlier The Internet was atoddler The World Wide Webhad just been born
What will the world looklike 10 years from now Noone can say But two thingsare sure Inventions that cre-ate faster ways to communicate willmake the world seem a lot smaller than it is today And more and moreAmericans will have jobs that requirethem to deal with people from othernations
Learning About Other CulturesYou will be able to do that well if you
have taken the time to learn aboutother countries To really get to knowpeople from other cultures you need tounderstand what makes them tick Youcan do that best by speaking to them intheir own language
You wonrsquot have to leave the UnitedStates to need that knowledge Global-ization has enabled more and morepeople to cross borders to find workEmployers will want to hire peoplewho can work well with people born inother countries
They will also want to know if youare committed to a lifetime of learningAs technology changes your job will tooYour need to learn new things wonrsquot stopwhen you leave high school or college
Globalization is shaping tomorrowrsquosjob market Only you can prepare your-self to thrive in it And therersquos no timelike today to start
Preparing for a Smaller WorldWhat Can One Person Do
Which of Pepperdine Universityrsquos nineteammates was born in the US ItrsquosAnh Nguyen fourth from left
DA
VID
ST
RIC
KC
OR
BIS
OU
TLI
NE
Exploring the Issue
1 Determining Cause and EffectHow does the Internet make the worldseem smaller
2 Analyzing Information Modern companies require employees at everylevel to solve problems they face on the job Why are lifetime learners betterequipped than others to solve problems
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 22105 319 AM Page 106
null
9654752
107
R E V I E W A N D A S S E S SR E V I E W A N D A S S E S S
O U R S H R I N K I N G W O R L D
The Digital Divide(Individuals with home access to the Internet in 2001)
EgyptIndiaChinaSouth AfricaMexicoDeveloping Nations
GermanyJapanUnited KingdomSouth KoreaUnited StatesIndustrialized Nations
Worldwide
0313203434
3436
4054
58
7
Source NeilsenNetRatings July 2001
FOR UPDATES ON WORLD ISSUES GO TO
wwwtimeclassroomcomglencoe
FOR UPDATES ON WORLD ISSUES GO TO
wwwtimeclassroomcomglencoe
More and more Americans arecrossing the borders for fun
PHO
TOD
ISC
UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE
1 Defining Key TermsWrite definitions for
the following termsglobalization culturestrade route industrializedcountry Americanizing
developing country
2 Writing to Inform Write ashort article about how global-ization shapes the way peoplelive and what they do Use asmany words as you can fromthe above list
3 Writing to PersuadeOverall is globalization good or bad for the world Defendyour answer in a letter to animaginary friend who lives in a developing country in Africa
INTERNET RESEARCH ACTIVITY
4 With your teacherrsquos help useInternet resources to contacttwo classroomsmdashone in anindustrialized country and one
in a developing countryExchange lists on what importedgoods kids in your country andtheirs own or use Compare thelists and discuss what they sayabout the importance of trade
5 Use the Internet to find information on the history ofthe Internet Write an essaytelling how the Internet spedup communication Create atime line that notes importantdevelopments
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
6 Look through your localnewspaper for a weekFind articles on topics relatedto globalization For examplelook for stories about theInternet imports and exportsimmigration and even crimeslike drug-smuggling In an oral report tell how the articles suggest that globalization is makingthe world smaller
7 Take an inventory of yourroom at home Write downthe name of each item made in another country Count theitems imported from the samecountry Then make a bar graphto show how many importeditems you own Have each bar stand for one categorymdashclothing CDs or sports equipment for example Write a caption explain-ing what the graph saysabout how importanttrade is to you
Where in the world are people wired to the Internet athome Almost everywhere But industrialized nationshave a big lead People with home access make up a bigchunk of the populations of these richer nations Itrsquosjust the opposite with developing nations People withhome access make up a tiny part of the populations ofthese poorer nations Experts call this gap the ldquodigitaldividerdquo and it worries them The Internet is a toolNations must use it to participate fully in world trade
BUILDING graphreading skills1 Comparing Compare the amount of
Internet use in industrialized anddeveloping nations
2 Determining Cause and Effect Whatdoes a nation need besides Internetaccess to succeed in world trade
101-107 U1 CH03 TR TWIP-860976 32304 1048 PM Page 107
Counting Heads
ARTART SCIENCESCIENCE CULTURECULTURE TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
108 CHAPTER 3
h The Electric Tabulating Machineprocessed the 1890 census in 212years a job that would have takennearly 10 years to complete by hand
How did we know there were nearly 292million people in the United States in 2000Who counts the people Every 10 years since1790 the United States Census Bureau hascounted heads in this country Why and howdo they do this
The First Census
After the American colonies fought theRevolutionary War and won their independencethe new government ordered a census By know-ing how many people were in each state the government could divide the war expenses fairlyThe census would also determine the number ofpeople that each state could send to Congress
This census began in August 1790 about ayear after George Washington became presidentThe law defined who would be counted andrequired that every household be visited by cen-sus takers These workers walked or rode onhorseback to gather their data By the time it wascompleted the census counted 39 million people
The first census asked for little more thanonersquos name and address Over time the censusadded questions to gather more than just popula-tion data By 1820 there were questions about apersonrsquos job Soon after questions about crimeeducation and wages appeared
Changing Technology
As the countryrsquos population grew and thequantity of data increased new technologyhelped census workers In 1890 clerks began touse a keypunch device invented by a CensusBureau worker to add the numbers TheTabulating Machine as it was called used an elec-tric current to sense holes in punched cards andto keep a running total of the data In 1950 thecensus used its first computer to process dataNow census data are released over the Internet
Remarkably one technology slow to changehas been the way the government takes the cen-sus Not until 1960 did the US Postal Servicebecome the major means of conducting the cen-sus Even today census takers go door-to-door togather information from those who do not returntheir census forms in the mail
1 In what two ways were population data from thefirst census used
2 How has technology changed the way censusdata are collected and processed
3 Drawing Conclusions Why do you think thenational and state governments want informationabout peoplersquos education and jobs
108-111 U1 CH03 RR TWIP-860976 32304 1052 PM Page 108
null
14874011
Chapter
33
cultureethnic group dialect democracy dictatorshipmonarchy
culturaldiffusion
civilizationculture
region
Terms to Know Main IdeaPeople usually live with others who follow similar beliefslearned from the pastCulture Culture is the way of life of a group of people who share
similar beliefs and customsCulture Culture includes eight elements or traits social groups
language religion daily life history arts a government system andan economic system
Culture Cultures change over time and influence other regions
Section 1 Understanding CultureSection 1
Reading ReviewReading Review
The Worldrsquos People 109
Population Patterns
death ratebirthratefaminepopulation
density
urbanization emigraterefugee
Terms to Know Main IdeaThe worldrsquos population is growing rapidly and how andwhere people live are changing tooHistory In the past 200 years the worldrsquos population has grown
at a very rapid rateMovement Some areas are more densely populated than othersCulture About 50 percent of the worldrsquos people live in cities
Section 2Section 2
Resources and World Trade
naturalresource
renewableresource
nonrenewableresource
economicsystem
export
importtariffquotafree tradedeveloped
countrydeveloping
country
Terms to Know Main IdeaMany resources are limited and distributed unevenly so countries must trade for goodsHumanEnvironment Interaction Renewable resources cannot
be used up or can be replaced fairly quicklyHumanEnvironment Interaction Some resourcesmdashsuch as
fossil fuels and mineralsmdashare nonrenewableEconomics Countries specialize by producing what they can pro-
duce best with the resources they haveEconomics Countries export their specialized products and
import what they need
Section 3Section 3
Technology ldquoShrinksrdquo the WorldMain IdeaModern technology has helped to bring the worldrsquos diversepeoples closer togetherTechnology Advancements in transportation and communication
technology including the Internet have ldquoshrunkrdquo the worldInterdependence The worldrsquos countries are linked through
trade and some people fear that globalization will erase traditionalcultures
Section 4Section 4
Terms to Knowrightsresponsibilitiesinterdependenceglobalization
108-111 U1 CH03 RR TWIP-860976 32304 1052 PM Page 109
Chapter
33Assessment
and ActivitiesAssessment
and Activities
World Culture Regions
1 Latin America
2 North Africa andSouthwest Asia
3 Europe
4 Russia andCentral AsianRepublics
5 East Asia
6 United States andCanada
7 Australia Oceaniaand Antarctica
8 Africa South ofthe Sahara
1 culture
2 developed country
3 democracy
4 globalization
5 population density
6 emigrate
7 urbanization
8 quota
9 developing country
10 cultural diffusion
B
HA
C
F
D
G
E
Winkel Tripel projection4000
40000 mi
0 km
N
S
EW
Place Location Activity On a separate sheet of paper match theletters on the map with the numberedplaces listed below
Using Key TermsMatch the terms in Part A with theirdefinitions in Part B
A
Ba power rests with the people of a nation
b spreading knowledge to other cultures
c countries working toward industrialization
d to move to another country
e a number limit on imports from a country
f the average number of people living in asquare mile
g country where much manufacturing is carried out
h the way of life of a group of people whoshare similar beliefs and customs
i movement to cities
j development of a world culture and aninterdependent world economy
Reviewing the Main IdeasSection 1 Understanding Culture11 Culture What are the major religions
12 Movement Give an example of culturaldiffusion
Section 2 Population Patterns13 Culture What has created rapid popula-
tion growth
14 Culture How do you calculate populationdensity
15 Movement Why have many peoplemoved to cities
Section 3 Resources and World Trade16 HumanEnvironment Interaction What
are three renewable energy sources
17 Economics What is the difference be-tween a traditional and market economy
18 Economics How do countries respond tothe unequal distribution of resources
Section 4 Technology ldquoShrinksrdquo the World19 Technology In what ways is the world
shrinking
20 Culture How can globalization affect cultures in a negative way
108-111 U1 CH03 RR TWIP-860976 32304 1052 PM Page 110
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Bill
ion
s o
f D
olla
rs
3000
2500
Sout
hwes
t Asia
$1410
$14970
$27170
$3470
$9910
$880$2370
Source World Trade Organization 2002
Africa
Asia
Euro
pe an
d Rus
sia
Latin
America
United
Stat
es
a
nd Can
ada
Ocean
ia
Exports by World Region
Test-Taking Tip In order to understandany type of graph look carefully aroundthe graph for keys that show how it isorganized On this bar graph the numbersalong the left side represent billions of dol-lars Therefore you need to multiply thenumber on the graph by 1000000000 toget the correct answer
1 According to the graph how much dothe United States and Canada exportA $991000000000B $991000000C $991000D $991
111
Social StudiesSocial StudiesSocial StudiesSocial Studies
Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and ItsPeople Web site at twipglencoecom andclick on Chapter 3mdashSelf-Check Quizzesto prepare for the Chapter Test
Standardized Test Practice
Activities With Electricity Without Electricity
bull Fishingbull Obtaining oil
Directions Study the graph below and thenanswer the question that follows
H
Critical Thinking21 Making Predictions In what ways do you
think a company investing in a developingcountry could help the people there Howcould that same company harm the culture
22 Sequencing Information Make a chart likethe one below and list the ways you useelectricity from the moment you wake upuntil you go to sleep In the second columnwrite how you would perform the sameactivity if you had no electricity to rely on
Comparing Regions Activity23 Culture With your teacherrsquos help find a
service that matches pen pals from differentregions In your first letter describe yourclothing the sports you play and what youdo for fun Ask your pal to describe thesame
Mental Mapping Activity24 Focusing on the Region Draw a simple
outline map of the United States On yourmap label the areas where the followingactivities take place
bull Commercial farmingbull Manufacturingbull Raising livestock
Technology Skills Activity25 Developing Multimedia Presentations
Research how your statersquos climate influ-ences its culture including tourist attrac-tions types of clothing and the economyUse your research to develop an advertise-ment promoting your state
108-111 U1 CH03 RR TWIP-860976 32304 1053 PM Page 111
