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08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature...

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Professor Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology The University of Edinburgh Current Status of in vitro growth (IVG) of Human Primordial Follicles LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this presentation, participants should be able to: 1 Define the steps required to achieve complete in vitro growth from primordial follicles (multi‐step culture system) 2 Describe differences in potential of IVG for different patient groups 3 Summarise steps required before IVG could reach clinical application DISCLOSURE I have nothing to disclose
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Page 1: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Professor Evelyn E Telfer

Institute of Cell Biology

The University of Edinburgh

Current Status of in vitro growth (IVG) of Human

Primordial Follicles

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the conclusion of this presentation, participants should be able to:

● 1 Define the steps required to achieve complete in vitro growth from primordial follicles (multi‐step culture system)

● 2 Describe differences in potential of IVG for different patient groups 

● 3 Summarise steps required before IVG could reach clinical application

DISCLOSURE

● I have nothing to disclose

Page 2: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG)

●Development of immature gametes to maturity  entirely in vitro (Primordial Follicles)

●Formation of gametes from stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs, Germline Stem Cells)

This presentation will concentrate on growth from primordial follicles.

Growth/ Meiotic Arrest, Acquisition of Meiotic Competence, Acquisition of Developmental Competence, Transcription/Transcriptional Repression, Genomic imprinting

Oocyte Formation/Follicle Development

In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG)

•Define the fundamental mechanisms of oocyte development (basic science)

•Clinic: Fertility Preservation•Clinic: Next generation IVF (IVG)•Animal Production

•Endangered species•Toxicity testing

Page 3: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

I n v i tr o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

A ntral Follicle

Prean tral Follicle

I n v i t r o o o c y te g r o w th

I n v i t r o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

Prim ordial Follicle

I n v i t r o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

1 9 3 5 1 9 8 4

1 9 7 9 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 9

1 9 9 5

A Brief History of Mouse Oocyte Development In Vitro

Mice from In Vitro Grown Primordial Follicles

Eggbert: First mouse born from an in vitro grown primordial follicle: 2 step system total of 22 days  in vitro before IVM and IVF. Eppig & O’Brien., 1996, O’Brien et al., 2003

More recently: Complete in vitro generation of fertile oocytes from primordial germ cells  Morohaku et al., 2016  and iPSCsHikabe et al., 2016

Developing systems to grow human oocytes in vitro

>100 Live Births

Tissue freezing in Edinburgh since 1996. Now Centres worldwide for Fertility Preservation

In some cases IVG would be the only option (prepubertalgirls where only tissue is stored but cannot be transplanted)

Page 4: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Human ovarian cortical biopsies taken for fertility preservation contain mainly primordial/unilaminar follicles.

The challenge is to develop oocytes in vitro from primordial stages to maturation and fertilisation.

Frozen‐thawed human ovarian cortical strips

Rhabdomyosarcoma Pt 15yrs:thawed from slow freeze

Developing IVG systems for human oocytes: Multi‐step system required

•1) Optimising growth from primordial stages (Activation)

•2) Supporting development of isolated growing follicles

•3) Final stages of oocyte development

•4) Testing function (meiotic and fertilisation potential) and normality

Sources of Human Ovarian Tissue For Research

Small strip of ovarian cortex donated after informed consent: 

• Caesarean section (Healthy women)

• Fertility Preservation (various cancers and Turners syndrome) Some tissue obtained after chemo treatment.

• Tissue from 15 months‐45 years (fresh and cryopreserved)

• Transgender patients (whole ovaries at time of gender reassignment surgery)

Clinical Collaborators: Richard Anderson, Hamish Wallace, Neale Watson

Page 5: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Step 1: Micro‐Cortex Culture (Follicle Activation)

Micro‐cortical fragments 

Free floating cultures: basic conditions serum free medium

Underlying stroma reduced larger follicles removed

Cortical biopsy cut into strips

Tissue Architecture.

Surface area and density of stromal cells important feature

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Regulation of Primordial Follicle Activation

Pharmacological manipulation of the PI3K pathway can alter the rate of follicle activation.

Initiation of Primordial Follicle Growth in vitro

Step one: Activation and Growth of Quiescent Follicles

• Primordial Follicles activate within a loose micro‐cortex

• Hippo signalling disruption (Tissue architecture crucial)

• Isolated Primordial Follicles do not activate in vitro

• Optimal time & size to remove growing follicles from  micro‐cortex environment

• 6‐8 days; ≥ 100µM mean diameter 

• Prolonging Step 1 results in increased death and poor quality follicles/oocytesTelfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Page 6: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Cultured micro‐cortex

Follicles before isolation

Isolated Follicles

Manual dissection using needles and fine scalpel (No enzymes)Follicles Cultured individually in V shaped wells (No Alginate). Activin A supplementation of medium, Additional 8‐10 days in vitro 

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Step 2: Isolation of Growing Follicles

A n tra l deve lopm en t from in v itro gro w n hum an p rim o rd ia l fo llic les w ith in 10 days

Telfe r e t a l., 2008 : A tw o s tep se rum free cu ltu re sys tem suppo rts deve lopm ent o f hum an oocytes from p rim ord ia l fo llic les in the p resence o f ac tiv in . H u m an R ep ro d u ctio n 23 : 1151-1158

Antral Follicle Development from Primordial Follicles grown in vitro after Step 1 (6‐8 days) and step 2 (8‐10 days)

Slow Growth Methods (IVG of Human Preantral Follicles)

Xu et al. (2009) In vitro grown human ovarian follicles from cancer patients support oocyte growth. Hum Reprod. 24: 2531‐40 

Almost fully grown oocytes (95microns)  obtained  within alginate encapsulated follicles grown for 24 days. Woodruff Group

Page 7: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Step Three: Isolating Oocyte‐Granulosa Cell Complexes from IVG antral follicles

In vitro Grown Follicles (after 2 steps) 

Remove oocyte and surrounding cells

Step 3: Culture Oocyte‐Granulosa cell complex on membranes

McLaughlin, Albertini, Wallace, Anderson & Telfer 2018 Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135‐142

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0h 2days 4days

Time on membranes

Oocyte

dia

mete

r (m

icro

ns)

Mean Oocyte Diameter at end of Multi‐step Culture 

Step 3

McLaughlin, Albertini, Wallace, Anderson & Telfer 2018 Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135‐142

Developmental Potential of IVG oocytes after IVM

Oocyte Growth and Development

Metaphase II oocytes obtained from human IVG (19‐21 days) 

follicles following 24h IVM

McLaughlin, Albertini, Wallace, Anderson & Telfer 2018 Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135-142

In Vitro Maturation (IVM) of In Vitro Grown (IVG) Oocytes

Page 8: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

McLaughlin, Albertini, Wallace, Anderson & Telfer 2018 Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135‐142

All IVG Oocytes that formed Metaphase II spindles had large polar bodies

Approx 30% of oocytes that complete the culture process can reach Metaphase II: Epigenetic Status and Fertilisation potential?

Multi‐step Culture system to support human oocyte development

McLaughlin et al., 2018  Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135‐142

In Vitro Growth of Oocytes from Prepubertal Girls

Oocytes developed in vitro from pre-pubertal mice: What about oocytes from young girls?

Page 9: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Study: Patients and samples

Samples from Edinburgh Fertility preservation service (3‐16)(all laparoscopic biopsies)

Diagnosis Age (years) Biopsy Menarche

Rhabdomyosarcoma 3.0 Fresh Premenarche

Ependymoma 8.2 Fresh Premenarche

Rhabdomyosarcoma 7.9 Cryopreserved Premenarche

Rhabdomyosarcoma 10.6 Fresh Premenarche

Ewing’s Sarcoma 12.2 Fresh Premenarche

Ewing’s Sarcoma 12.0 Fresh Post menarche

Sacral Sarcoma 12.3 Fresh Premenarche (early puberty)

Sickle Cell Anaemia 14.6 Fresh Premenarche (early puberty)Acute Myeloid

Leukaemia14.4 Fresh Premenarche (early puberty)

Hodgkin’s Disease 14.1 Fresh Post menarche

Hodgkin’s Disease 15.3 Fresh Post menarche

Rhabdomyosarcoma 16.0 Cryopreserved Post menarche

Increasing amounts of stored tissue of pre‐pubertal  girls for Fertility Preservation

Follicles activate growth (step 1) in young tissue and growing follicles can be isolated for step 2

Tissue cultured from young girls (3‐10 and 12‐15) 

Page 10: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Effect of age on In Vitro Growth (IVG) (Step 2)

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

Day 6 Day 8 Day 10 Day 12

Mea

n F

oll

icle

Dia

met

er (

mic

ron

s)

3-10yrs

12-15yrs

25-38yrs

Growth rate during step 2 of cultureAnderson RA et al., 2014 Human Reproduction 29: 97‐106

Conclusions

• Follicles can initiate growth at all ages, to  secondary stage

• Follicles from younger girls grow slowly, and show little 

oocyte growth

• Follicles from adolescent girls grow more slowly than those 

from adult women but show significant oocyte growth 

compared to younger girls

• Culture System needs to be adapted according to age and 

tissue origin

Range of ovarian tissue developed in vitro

Tissue Source Endpoint achieved in vitro (multi‐step system)

Healthy women (end of pregnancy)

Metaphase II oocytes

Prepubertal girls (FP source) Multilaminar stages

Turner’s Patients Multilaminar/early antral

Chemo treated Variable depends on age and treatment 

Gender Reassignment Metaphase II oocytes

IVG: System has to be adapted for tissue type

Page 11: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Summary

•Multi step culture system supports human oocyte growth and development from Primordial Stages 

•Optimisation of each step required 

•Further testing required (epigenetic status)•Fertilisation potential?•A model system for human oocyte development

Next Steps•Improving Culture Media (additives/timings)

•Developing a Bio‐reactor (Catapano, Gualtieri,Talevi, Naples)

•Physical Conditions to improve polar body formation

•Compare Culture systems (FastGrow) versus SlowGrow (Picton system)

Next Steps Towards Clinical Application

•Determining health and developmental competence of IVG oocytes (sequencing, epigenome, metabolome)

•Fertilisation of IVG human oocytes: HFEA approval

•Embryo Testing

•Parallel studies on a large animal model (sheep and cow) embryo testing and transfer. Live Young

Page 12: 08.00 Evelyn Telfer Cutting Edge · In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG) Development of immature gametes to maturity ... •Animal Production •Endangered species •Toxicity testing.

Now being used to study potential to generate new oocytes from putative germ‐line stem cells: Complete In Vitro Gametogenesis.

Multi‐step culture system has been used to study effect of age, chemotherapy and role of signalling pathways

Future: In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth: Making new germ cells

Clarkson, McLaughlin, Waterfall, Dunlop, Anderson, Telfer 2018:. Scientific Reports 8:6593

Isolation of OogonialStem Cells (OSCs)

OSCs

In Vitro Gametogenesis (IVG)

In Vitro Gametogenesis (IVG)

Oocyte like cells

Acknowledgements

The patients who kindly donate their ovarian tissue and the clinical teams that support this

Dr Marie McLaughlin

Dr Yvonne Clarkson

Dr Mila Maidarti

Dr Cheryl Dunlop

Dr Kelsey Grieve

Dr Christina Ding

Mr John Binnie

Prof Richard Anderson

Prof Hamish Wallace

Dr Joo Thong

Prof David Albertini (Kansas/NYC)

Dr Neale Watson (London)

Funding:

Dr Martin Waterfall

Dr Paul Skehel

Ms Joan Creiger

Ms Anne Saunderson

Ms Norma Forson


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