CHOOSEyour favorite
space explorationvehicle when you finish.
USEthe map on page 10 to find them.
E X P LO R E T H E S PA C EH A N G A R
DISCOVER SPACECRAFT
in the James S.McDonnell Space Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy
Center
LOOK FOR:
Goddard 1935 A Series rocket
CB DA
COMPARE:
A The nose cone. How does the shape of the nose cone on the A Series rocket compare to nose cones on nearby rockets? Is it sharper, blunter, or the same?
B The window on the rocket near the nose cone. What can you see inside? ■■ liquid fuel tank ■■ parachute ■■ computer
C The vanes. The vanes/tail fins help to stabilize the rocket in flight. How many vanes are on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■■ 2 ■■ 3 ■■ 4 ■■ 6
D The nozzle(s). The exhaust nozzles squeeze gases out producing aforce/thrust that pushes the rocket forward. The Goddard A Series rockethad a thrust of 900 newtons, N, (200 lbs.). Each of the three Space Shuttleengines has a thrust of 2,000,000 N (418,000 lbs.). How many nozzles arethere on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■■ 1 ■■ 2 ■■ 3 ■■ 5
Rockets from the 1940s and 1950s near the Goddard A Series rocketThe Corporal is three times as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with athrust of ~90,000 N (20,000 lbs.) and a range of 120 km (75 miles).The Regulus Cruise missile is twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocketwith a thrust of ~20,000 N (4,600 lbs.) and a range of 8000 km (5000 miles).The whole Nike-Ajax missile is about twice as tall as the Goddard A Seriesrocket. The main part of the rocket, the sustainer, is about the same size asthe A Series rocket with a thrust of 11,500 N (2,600 lbs.) and a range of 40km (25 miles).The Poseidon missile, built by Lockheed Martin, was launched fromsubmarines and carried a 50 kiloton nuclear warhead. It is three times thesize of the Goddard A Series rocket with a range of 5280 km (3280 miles).
2
Poseidon Missile
Top: Goddard A Series rocket; insets ofGoddard holding rocket and Goddardpostage stamp
A Series launch
HOW TALL ARE THEY?
Find the thrust of each rocket. (write in pounds, lb; newtons, N)
Goddard 1935 rocket3.7 m high
(12 ft)
Redstone-Mercury
25.5 m high(83 ft)
Atlas LV-3A/Agena B
20.7 m (68 ft)/7.1 m (23 ft)
Saturn V-Apollo
112 m high(364 ft)
Space Shuttle 54 m high
(175 ft)
________ lb
________ N
________ lb
________ N
________ lb
________ N
________ lb
________ N
________ lb
________ N
Design your own rocket. Name it!
GODDARD A SERIES ROCKET ACHIEVEMENT:the first successful rocket to travel at thespeed of sound — ~1000 km/h (700 mph) — and to ascend over a mile high. Fourteenlaunch attempts from 1934 to 1935
3
350 ft
300 ft
250 ft
200 ft
150 ft
100 ft
50 ft
READY?Stand near Space Shuttle Discovery. Picture itready for lift off, as on thefront cover. Shut your eyesand imagine the rumblingthunder and shock waves of a shuttle
launch.
The Goddard A Series rocket, the Redstone rocket, and the Shuttle orbiter are all full-sizeartifacts in the Museum, 1 : 1 scale. Look at the Shuttle models under the wing ofDiscovery. Many are 1 : 200 scale. How tall would you be in 1 : 200 scale?Divide your height in cm (or inches) by 200.
Rocket Height
7,500,000440,000 7,000,000
HINT1 pound, lb =
4.4 newtons, N
Space Shuttle Discovery
C
B
D
EA
4
LOOK FOR:
Inset photos left: Space Shuttle Discovery on top of its carrier aircraft, a Boeing 747, on the ground and in atmospheric flight.
ACHIEVEMENT: The longest-serving reusable spacecraft.Discovery flew 39 times from1984 through 2011 — spendingaltogether 365 days in space.
A The wings. Wings provide lift, so an orbiting Space Shuttle can glide to Earth. Thickwings, and special maneuvers, reduce the orbiter’s speed from 28,000 km/h (17,200 mph)at reentry to 354 km/h (220 mph) at touchdown. How are orbiter wings and airplanewings similar? How are they different?
B The black tiles. Black tiles have a coating that reflects 90% of the heat. They can resisttemperatures up to 1,260°C (2,300°F). White tiles resist temperatures to 649°C (1,200°F).Which areas of the orbiter are exposed to the greatest heat during reentry?
C The OMS pods. The two pods are located at the base of the vertical stabilizer (tail). Theycontain the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines and the aft thrusters. The smallOMS engines are used in space to control altitude and speed, unlike the three main enginesthat are used during launch. The thrusters control roll, pitch, yaw, and lateral movements.Can you find the forward thrusters on the nose of the orbiter?
D The payload-bay doors. When open, the payload-bay doors reveal a large cargo space.Look behind the Shuttle orbiter at the Spacelab. Look above the orbiter at the Tracking andData Relay Satellite. Both of these were carried into orbit by the SpaceShuttle. What is the best shape for a large Shuttle cargo?■■ rectangular block ■■ cylinder ■■ sphere
E The Hatch. Astronauts use the crew hatch to enterDiscovery before a launch and to leave after landing. It opensinto the middeck cabin, the crew’s living area. The hatch isnever opened in space. How do the astronauts leave andreturn for an EVA (spacewalk)?
FACTThe term“Space Shuttle”refers to a whole system made up of theorbiter, two solid rocket boosters, and the
external fuel tank.
LOOK FOR:
LOOK FOR:
5
Vega Solar System Probe andPathfinder/Sojourner
VEGA SOLAR SYSTEMPROBE BUS ANDLANDING APPARATUS,SOVIET-LAUNCHEDMISSION TO EXPLOREVENUS (1985) ANDCOMET HALLEY (1986)
A French atmospherics package. A balloon carries an instrument package that measures thewinds and weather in the atmosphere of the planet Venus.
B Spherical atmospheric entry shield for lander. Protects lander as it falls to the surface of theplanet Venus.
C Spacecraft Bus. Ridge structure of the Vega Probe that holds science instruments andother equipment.
PATHFINDER/SOJOURNERLANDED ON MARS ON JULY 4, 1997
D Pathfinder. The planetary probe landed and opened to reveal theSojourner rover: more than 16,500 images were sent back toEarth from the lander.
E The deflated landing airbags. Like the landing of therovers Spirit and Opportunity that later traversed theMartian surface, Pathfinder used inflatable spheres tocushion the impact of its landing.
F The Sojourner rover. The rover sent 550 images fromMars, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocksand soil along with extensive data on winds and otherweather factors.
F
E
D
ACHIEVEMENT: Vega Solar SystemProbe was the first Soviet missionto have international participationfrom nine nations. Pathfinder wasthe first planetary probe to take arover to another planet.
PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER
FIND OUT MORE
See the Space Science infor ma -
tion panels and the Applications
Satellites display case. Look at
the Russian Vega Solar System
probe from 1984 that
traveled through Halley’s
Comet on its way
to Venus.
Image taken from Sojourner just after landing on Mars
C
B
AVEGASOLARSYSTEM
Exploring the Solar System
6
FIND OUT MORE
Investigate how the Moon was observed, including lunarprobes that were launchedfrom Earth.http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html
Sun: Genesis,2004
Mercury: Messenger, 2004
Venus: Magellan, 1989
Mars: Mars ScienceLaboratory, 2012
Jupiter:Galileo, 1989
Saturn: Cassini-Hugyens,2004
Uranus:Voyager 2,1989
Neptune:Voyager 2,1989
Pluto: New Horizons,2015
Earth
TIMELINE OF PLANETARY PROBES AND EARLY SATELLITES
1957 Sputnik: First USSR satellite 1973-79 Pioneer 10 to Jupiter, Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn
1958 Explorer 1:First US satellite
1997 Pathfinder/Sojourner rover
to Mars
2004 Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit,
Opportunity ), landed
2006 New HorizonSpacecraft
launched to Pluto—will arrive 2015
2012 MarsScience LaboratoryRover (Curiosity),
landed
1989 Magellan to Venus and 1989 Galileo toJupiter, both launched from Space Shuttles
1989 Voyager 2 reached Uranus and Neptune
1965 to 1971 Mariner series to Mars, Mariner 10 to
Mercury and Venus
DESIGN YOUR OWN PLANETARY PROBEWhich planets would you visit on a tour of the solar system? Draw a picture of your probe.Look around for inspiration with your design from antennas, satellite dishes, solar panels,engines, cameras, grinding tools, etc. on the artifacts. What would you call your probe?
Design your own probe. Name it!
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
LOOK FOR:
LOOK ABOVE:
Apollo Spacesuit
7
ACHIEVEMENT: The spacesuitallowed astronauts to surviveon the surface of the Moon.Apollo 15 spacesuit, 1971
A The Apollo 15 spacesuit. The spacesuitdisplayed is one that was worn on theMoon. What is visible all over the surfaceof the spacesuit?
B Spacesuit helmet. The extravehicularhelmet retains the correct air pressure forsurvival, although it is lower than onEarth. Would the astronaut be restrictedin his vision by the extravehicularhelmet? What percentage ofnormal view is blocked byparts of the helmet?
C Apollo gloves. They havespecial tips to let theastronaut feel more whenholding objects. What do you think these tips are made of?
D Apollo boots. The Apollo extravehicular boots look different fromMercury and Gemini boots. What is the difference between the Apollomissions compared to earlier space exploration that required adifferent boot style?
Look above Discovery at the astronaut model flying outside the Shuttle in the MMU(Manned Maneuvering Unit). Can you see differences in the Shuttle-era spacesuit andthe one worn on the Moon?
Look above the Apollo 15 spacesuit to view the Saturn V instrument unit. Locatedmore than 3/4 of the way up the Saturn V rocket above the third ofthree rocket stages, the instrument unit contains the computersand other control devices to maintain the trajectory (course) ofthe rocket. Above the instrument unit was the commandmodule, lunar lander, and Apollo capsule. FACT
The Apollo missions
were launched on
Saturn rockets.
C
B
A
Apollo Astronaut on the Moon.
D
LOOK FOR:
LOOK AT:
Mercury and Gemini capsules
A The Mercury capsule. This isFreedom 7 II. In May 1961, thefirst Mercury capsule, Freedom7, launched Alan Shepard asthe first American in space.The tall Redstone rocket nearthe exit of the Space Hangarwas modified to launch thefirst Mercury capsules,including Freedom 7.
B The retrorockets. The Museum’s Mercury capsule Freedom 7 II was planned to be the last of the Mercuryseries. Because of the success of the Mercury program,NASA decided that it had learned all it could from thisprogram and decided to concentrate on its follow-onGemini and Apollo programs. The retrorockets on the backof Freedom 7 II would be used to slow the spacecraft downfor reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.
C The Gemini capsule. The Gemini VII capsule on displaytook two astronauts, Frank Borman and James Lovell, Jr.,into orbit for nearly two weeks. An earlier Gemini missioncrew, Gemini IV, performed the first US space walk. Imaginespending two weeks in a capsule the size of a compact car!
Look at the Gemini test capsule that has landing gear forlanding on an airfield. This was not used because the actualGemini missions finished with splashdowns at sea, as didthe Mercury missions that preceded them and the Apollomissions that followed. Also look above and to the leftof the Gemini capsule to see the paraglider. The hang-glider type wings were used in tests to land thespacecraft.
8
FIND OUT MORE
Look at Big Joe, one of theunpiloted Mercury capsulesused for testing systemsbefore the first humanMercury flight.
ACHIEVEMENT: The first spacecraftto put US astronauts in orbit.Six piloted Mercury flights from May 1961 to May 1963.10 Gemini flights from March 1965to November 1966.
C
B
A
LOOK FOR:
ACHIEVEMENT: Rightedthe Apollo 11 capsuleafter splashdown in thePacific OceanJuly 24, 1969
Apollo Flotation devices
9
A The righting spheres. Theserighted the capsule, if it landedupside down. Apollo 11 neededto deploy the righting spheresbecause it turned upside downin the ocean after splashdown.
B The Apollo 11 flotation collar.The flotation collar was placedaround the base of the Apollocapsule by the rescuers to allowthe capsule to float until it wasrecovered onto the U.S.S.Hornet. The astronauts were transferred to the MobileQuarantine Facility that you can see behind the Apollocapsule (the Airstream trailer).
C The Apollo boilerplate capsule. The Apollo capsule seen hereis a boilerplate—a training capsule that was never launched. It enabled the astronauts to practice recovery as well as in-flight activities.
FIND OUT MORE
See the human spaceflight
display and plan a meal
that you would like to eat
in space from the
U.S. and Russian
space food.
B
A
C
Apollo 12 splashdown in the Pacific December 24, 1969
S-1 S-3S-2 S-5S-4
S-1 S-3S-2 S-5S-4S-1 S-5
S 1 S 3S-3S-1 SSSSSSSSSSSS--555522SS-S-222 SSSSSS--55S-4
Saturn VInstrument Unit
Corporal
Lark
GeminiHeat Shields
Gemini ParagliderResearch Vehicle 1-A
Nike-Ajax
HOE
Mars Pathfinder andSojourner Rover Model
Bat
Loki-DartF-23Nike
CajunFarSide
Pegasus XL
TDRSSSatellite
MMU
Gorgon IIA
Navaho Model
RedstoneMissile
Fritz X
RuhrstahlX-4
Hs 293
Hs 298
Hs 117 Rheintochter RI
Hagelkorn Gorgon IIC Gorgon IVGargoyle XKD5G-1
Styx
ASAT
ApolloBoilerplateCommandModule
ApolloService Module
Propulsion System
Mobile QuarantineFacility
Gemini VII
John GlennCouch
Regulus 1
Matador
GoddardRocket
AGM-86B
AGM-86A
LittleJohn
Poseidon C-3
Titan 1Engine
H-1EngineJupiter Engine
NavahoEngineRedstone Engine
V-2Combustion
Engine
SRTM
MercuryCapsule
Big Joe
Close EncountersMother Ship
Model
MercuryCapsule 15B
Freedom 7 II
RI 502JATO
BMW Rocket Engine
PAC-2
Saturn VModel
Leap KKV
GeminiParaglider
Wing
V-2 Turbopump
SAM-7 MissLaunch
Discovery
CanadarmRemote Manipulator
System
20
23
BOEINGAV I AT I O N H A N G A R
MARY BAKR E S TO R AT I OVISITOR OVERLOOK
James S. McDonnell Space HangarMap and Ballot
10
Goddard 1935 ASeries rocketPage 2
Apollo flotationdevicesPage 9
Mercury capsulePage 8
Planetary probe:Pathfinder/SojournerPage 5
Gemini capsulePage 8
START YOURTOUR HERE!
FIND OUT MORE:
S-7S-6 S-9S-8
S-7S-6 S-9S-8S-7
S-8S
S 8S-8
S--6 SS 7
S-
SS 7SS-7S 6
Aerobee Nosecones
CDC
Spacelab
CDC
FalconAGM-76A
Echo 1
Relay 1
CoronaCapsule
MPPMPP
Caltech IRTelescope
RitcheyMirror Grinder
IUEConsole
AirborneIR Telescope
UNIVAC
Subroc
SpacelabTransferTunnel
Spacelab InstrumentPointing System
SpacelabIgloo
Katydid
Agena-BUpperStage
RIM-8J Talos
Vega
Atlas-AgenaLaunchConsole
RocketModels
LittrowSpectrograph
ATS-1
Midas IIISensor
KD2C-2 SkeetTarget Drone
RTV-N-15
AOSOObservatory
Snark
SM-3
MLT 1540Light Table
IDEX II
VegaBalloon
NewHorizons
sile andTube
R2D2Mailbox
MercuryPhone Booth
Spartan201 Satellites
22
21
VISITOR OVERLOOK
First Level Space Artifacts
Hanging Space Artifacts
20
21
Human Spaceflight
Space Science
Applications Satellites
Rockets and Missiles
22
23 N
SWE
ER ENGENO N H A N G A R
Restrooms
Stairs
You Are Here
Emergency Exits
Space ShuttleDiscoveryPage 4
Planetary probe: VegaPage 5
Apollo spacesuitPage 7
Use this map to find the spacecraft mentioned in this guide.
Circle your favoritewhen you finish.Why did you choose it?
11
J. Renee BalloonJ.J.
nee BRene
Ballooon
LockheedSR-71ABlackbird
Boeing 367-80“Dash 80”
Concorde
Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola G
ay
Lockheed 1049FSuper Constellation
A-7A-8
A-9A-1
A-2A-3
A-4A-5
A-6A-16
A-17A-18
A-10A-11
A-12A-13
A-14A-15
A-19A-20
A-7A-8
A-9A-1
A-2A-3
A-4A-5
A-6A-16
A-17A-18
A-10A-11
A-12A-13
A-14A-15
A-19A-20
VISITOR OVERLO
OK
MARY BAKER ENGENRESTO
RATION H
ANGAR
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EDITS:
All photos from N
ASM unless credited otherw
ise below:
Poseidon Missile, page 2: Lockheed M
artin Missiles and Space
Goddard Stam
p, page 2: Smithsonian Postal M
useum
