0peration of Colonial System in Africa

7/28/2019 0peration of Colonial System in Africa

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0PERATION OF

COLONIAL SYSTEMIN

AFRICA


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0PERATION OF COLONIAL SYSTEM IN AFRICA

Will be discussed under the following

subtitles:

REVIEW: AFRICAN REACTIONS TO IMPOSITIONOF COLONIAL RULE

TRANSFORMATIONS OF AFRICAN SOCIETIESDURING COLONIAL PERIOD

AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF

WESTERN MILITARY AND POLICE POWER, IDEAS AND

INSTITUTIONS

AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATION

LIFE UNDER COLONIALISM AND RESISTANCE


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AFRICAN REACTIONS TO IMPOSITION

OF COLONIAL RULELets Review:

African Rebellion and Pacification

Among the causes of conflicts: taxation,

land alienation,

compulsory cultivation of crops,

tyrannical behavior of colonial officials introduction of western education


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MAJI MAJI REVOLT IN COLONIAL TANGANYIKA -

1905 (Todays Tanzania)

Maji= Water (in Kiswahili language)

German decided to plant cotton in

Southern Tanganyika

Land was unsuitable and crops were poor

The work was badly organized and brutal

Night of 31st July 1905

Matumbi people started religious based rebellion

Resistance spread all over Southern, eastern and

central Tanganyikainvolving many tribes:

Ngoni, Bena, Ngindo, Zaramo, Hehe, Pogoro, and

Luguru


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Maji Maji Revolt (Continue) Water was first distributed by

Traditional Religious leader named

Kinjeketile

Every Maji Maji fighter drank the water

and some sprinkled on him/her.

Hiyo ni alama una maji

(This is a sign, you have the water)

Believed they will be protected from

bullets and commit them to brotherhood


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Maji Maji Revolt (Conclusion)

Germans won the Maji Maji war.

- estimated 75,000 people died

- leaders were executed

- houses burned

- many imprisoned or hanged

Importance of Maji Maji

i) attempt to find independence

ii) unite people without regards to tribes

iii) the spirit of protest was established


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The anti-colonial activities did achieve some success

(Boahen, p.75)

Examples

direct taxation and seizure of land was stopped in some areas.

Germans introduced reforms after Maji

Maji Rebellion.

Some fourCommunes were made in

Senegal

Initially after conquest the colonialadministration had strong Military character


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TRANSFORMATIONS OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES

DURING COLONIAL PERIOD

Colonial Administration was

shaped to the need of Colonists

Two Systems of Colonial administration are:

1) Direct rule (Practiced by

French) 2) Indirect rule (Practiced by

British)


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French colonial administration (direct rule system)

The French Colonial Practice was based

onAssimilation Policy.

Ideally:The total economic and political

integration of colonies to France with

their inhabitants.

Along with assimilation there was a

policy ofAssociation.


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Indirect rule Continues

Colonial Ministry in France Planned everything for the colonies

Colonized nation: headed by Governor

At the Bottom: Provincial, District,

Village

Duties: taxation, Labor requirement, law and order


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Typical example of French colony SENEGAL

LOCALLY BORN RESIDENTS OF FOUR TOWNS OF

SENEGAL ( DAKAR, SAINT LOIS, GOREE AND

RIFSQUE) HAD THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF FRENCH

CITIZENSHIP FROM 1871.

WERE ALSO REPRESENTED IN FRENCH

PARLIAMENT.

BLAISIE DIAGNE - IN 1914 , HE WAS THE 1ST

BLACK TO BE ELECTED A PARLIAMENTARIAN IN

FRANCE

THE REST OF SENEGAL WAS UNDER THE POLICY OF

ASSOCIATION.


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British Colonial Administration

(Indirect rule)

Indirect Rule

Indirect rule emphasized maximum use of traditional laws and governmentalmachinery, encouraging the people to continue in their indigenous patterns ofGovernment

But

Remain subject to the British crown

Established by Frederick Luggard in 1900, and

became standard method throughout British

Colonies.( Tried first in N. Nigeria (Hausalands).

Other classical examples are:

Ghana : Re-establishment of Asantehene

Uganda : Authority of Kabaka

Zanzibar: Authority of Sultan of Zanzibar


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AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF

WESTERN MILITARY AND POLICE POWER, IDEAS

AND INSTITUTIONS

1) Strategies varied from colony to colony and from one colonial

system to another

- Migration across International

Boundaries

- Some withdrew to inaccessible parts of the

colony and created refugee communities

-Educated Elites and workers in urban and

mining centers and others in rural areas.Tried tostudy and understand their

new rulers


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Educated Elites and workers in urban and mining centers and

other elites in rural areas (Continuing)

Made the best out of the Situation they are

in.

The Process was called ACCOMODATION

( by Historians)

Meaning:

Having resisted invaders in vain, Africansnaturally looked for ways of getting a

place inside new system


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Accomodation!!!! How?CHIEFS:

Found theycould their positions by

serving new rulers.

Other people found they could improve

their positions by being appointed Chiefs

MANY AFRICAN TRADERS:Found they could still make a living on small businesses.

MANY FARMERS:

Went into Cash crops


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PASSIVE REVOLTS BY ELITES

1) Use of media to vent anti-colonial

sentiments

Press10 newspaper were in Ghana

(1890-1919)Boahen,p.68.

2) Establishment of Societies

Associations and Political Parties E.g. ARPSAborigines Rights

Protection SocietyGhana

ANC - South Africa, 1912.


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3) Strikes and Boycotts by urban workers

E.g. - Railway workers in Kenya

- African Rickshaw pullers in Mombasa, Kenya

4) Use of cultural symbols, dance, and art

(after WWI) e.g. Beni (Mbeni) to ridicule

Colonial Office by songs and dances


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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATION

First Period of Nationalist Activists1919-1935

Africans were influenced by :

Pan Africanist:

W. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Sylvester

Williams and others

Pan African congresses in metropolitan capitals Paris 1919 New York 1927

Russian revolution and Communist

Movements


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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

DECOLONIZATION (Continues)

YET

African elitesObjective was to reform Colonial System and not overthrowing it.

Until 1935-old Strategy of Rebellion continued in some areas


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AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOLONIZATIONBetween the two World Wars

African Bourgeoisies emerged Emergence of new School of Educated elites who wanted Independence now

Majority came from Privilegedfamilies

Sons/daughters of Chiefs

e.g. Mandela, Nkrumah, Nyerere,

Other strong anti colonialist leaders:

Mnandi Azikiwe, Jomo Kenyatta,Seku Ture, Patrice Lumumba,

Kenneth Kaunda and Kamuzu Banda


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World Wars: Africans recruited to the Wars

(WW & Ethiopia factor in Indep. Struggle)

During the WW1 about 65000 Africans

were recruited through African Chiefs

Increased Awareness on self rule human

rights by African War Veterans ( Radio,

Propagandas)

Disappointed: Italy under Mussolini invaded

Ethiopia in 1935.

Gained confidence Ethiopians fought back and won the

War

About 500,000 went to fight Germans in Europe

frontiers for British and French.


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TOWARDS 1950s

1950 : Time of accelerated struggle for independence

Egypt (independent 1922), Liberia,

Ethiopia The rest of Africa were

still colonized

Influences:

India

Pan Africans (5th Pan African Congress)

World Stage: USA and Soviet Union


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Kwame Nkrumah


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Example : Ghana and Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah educated in the United States

1947 - full time politician. Imprisoned 1947 and 1951- inciting revolts against British

Formed in 1948 Convention People's Party, or CPP.


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Independence at Last

While in jail CPP won election.

Nkrumah was released.

In 1954 he became Prime Minister.

Independence of Ghana 1957.

Hosted Pan-African meetings

Dreamed of United States of Africa

AFRICA 1971


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AFRICA 1971


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Samora Machel


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Julius Nyerere: Struggle beyond Uhuru wa Bendera(flag

independence)


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Some Colonial impacts

New institutions- Bureacracy of civil

servants and Judiciary

Sense of nationalism/Pan-Africanism

New boundaries/states & conflicts

Establishment of Professional Army

Economic dependency


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Eurocentric Education System

emphasized the Superiority of

everything European

Social development and Cultural dependency

democratic models, Political dilemmas

andauthoritarianism

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0peration of Colonial System in Africa

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