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1. 1491-1607Chapter One
1.1Populations in Pre-Columbian North America
The earliest populations in North America developed a variety of social, political, and economic structures based on interactions with the environment and each other..
As settlers migrated
They settled across North America.
Developed quite different and increasingly complex societies.
Adapted and transformed to their diverse environments.
Maize cultivation Spread northward from Mexico and
supported economic development and social diversification among societies
Foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and California
Terms: Pueblo, Chinook
Great Basin and Western Great Plains Developed largely mobile lifestyles. In the Northeast and along the Atlantic
Seaboard, some societies developed a mixes agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle that led to permanent villages.
Terms: Iroquois, Algonquian
Divide class into 4 groups Assign each group one of the tribes
mentioned in the PowerPoint. Have each group report to the class the
characteristics of each of these tribes. Compare and contrast the tribes.
Create Comparison SheetTribe Pueblo Chinook Iroquois Algonquia
n
FamilyStructure
EconomicSystem
ReligiousBeliefs
Language
Primary Source Reading Read portions of the Iroquois
Confederation. Discuss what you learn about the
Iroquois as a result of this document. How does this compare to the concept
of the Indian as a savage? What reasons can you give for why the
various tribes did not unite to fend off the European “invasion”.?
Columbian Exchange1.2 European overseas expansion
resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic
Spanish and Portuguese exploration led to - Widespread deadly epidemics The emergence of racially mixed
populations And a caste system defined by an
intermixture of Spanish, African and Native Americans.
Terms: smallpox, Mestizo, Zambo
New Crops and Livestock Far-reaching effects on native
settlement patterns. Effected the economic, social, and
political development in the Western Hemisphere.
Terms: horses, cows
Encomienda System Based on Indian labor Plantation based agriculture Extraction of precious metals and
other natural resources Gradually replaced by African slavery Terms: Sugar, silver
The Nations of Europe were expanding and competition was growing. Causing social, religious, political, and
economic upheaval. Promoted empire building. Desire for new sources of wealth Power and status Converts to Christianity
Changes in Europe New crops stimulated population growth in
Europe New sources of mineral wealth facilitated
the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
Terms: corn, potatoes
Improvements in Technology and organization Effected international trade Changed the economies of Europe and
the Americas.
Terms: sextant, joint-stock companies
1.3 Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group
Over seas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples.
Spanish and Portuguese explorers… Poorly understood the native peoples
which led to a debate over how American Indians should be treated .
Exactly how “civilized” these groups were.
Terms: Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas
Concept of White superiority grew In order to justify their subjugation of
Africans and American Indians Used several rationales.
Tried to Hold the Middle Ground Native peoples and Africans strove to
maintain their political and cultural autonomy.
European nations challenged their independence and core beliefs.
Terms: Spanish mission system, Pueblo, Juan de Onate
In Spit of Slavery Africans’ cultural and linguistic
adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy
Terms: maroon communities in Brazil and the Caribbean, mixing of Christianity and traditional African religions.