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2010 NMMSS Users and Training Meeting2010 NMMSS Users and Training Meeting

Australia’s system of tracking obligated nuclear material

Dr. Stephan BayerDirector, Nuclear Accountancy and Control SectionAustralian Safeguards and Non-Proliferation Office

Las Vegas 19 May 2010

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OutlineOutline

• Functions of ASNO• Australian uranium export policy• Nuclear Cooperation Agreements• Tracking obligated nuclear material

– NMMSS and NUMBAT• Reconciliation• Inventory Reports• Looking ahead

ASNO’s Operating EnvironmentASNO’s Operating Environment

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ASNO StructureASNO Structure

Assistant SecretaryJohn Kalish

Nuclear Accountancy and Control SectionNuclear Accountancy and Control Section• Domestic Safeguards

– Facilitate IAEA inspections– Additional Protocol– Domestic Safeguards Inspections– IAEA reporting

• Bilateral Safeguards– Australian uranium export policy– Nuclear Cooperation Agreements (“123” agreements)– Administrative Arrangements– Accounting for AONM and FONM

• Nuclear Security (Physical Protection)– Implementation and inspections: INFCIRC/225/Rev.4– Development of standards (Nuclear Security Series)– Nuclear Security Summit

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Australian Fuel CycleAustralian Fuel Cycle• Uranium mines

– Ranger, Olympic Dam, Beverley– Honeymoon, 4-mile– Toro, Yeelerrie, many more…

• OPAL Research Reactor– Production of Radiopharmaceuticals– Neutron beam research

• SYNROC waste-forms– Developed by ANSTO

• Research Enrichment– SILEX technology now sold to GLE-Hitachi– No further activities involving nuclear material

• R&D, Universities and Radiographers– radiography cameras

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Countries for which Australian Uranium is suppliedCountries for which Australian Uranium is suppliedCountry %Total

USA 45.3

Japan 23.6

France 10.5

ROK 4.0

Sweden 3.5

China 3.2

Canada 2.7

Taiwan 2.5

UK 1.8

Spain 1.1

Finland 1.0

Germany 0.8

Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987

• Australia’s obligations under Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)• Safeguards Agreement and Additional Protocol with the IAEA• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM)• Bilateral nuclear cooperation and transfer agreements

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Australian Export PolicyAustralian Export Policy• Derived from Fox Report of 1977

– Bi-partisan support– Uranium to be exported to countries only under

bilateral safeguards arrangements

• Supply only to NPT countries that have an Additional Protocol In Force

• Australia does not have equivalent act (section 123) to USA Atomic Energy Act specifying minimum requirements for nuclear cooperation agreement

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Australian Export PolicyAustralian Export Policy• Australia’s basic policy requirements, set out through the

bilateral safeguards agreements, are that:– IAEA safeguards to apply or fallback safeguards should NPT or

IAEA safeguards cease;– AONM is used only for peaceful purposes and in no way

enhances or contributes to any military purpose;– Prior consent for retransfers, reprocessing, and

enrichment to 20% or more;– AONM is properly accounted for as it moves through the

nuclear fuel cycle. Procedures set out in administrative arrangements;

– Adequate levels physical protection applied to AONM

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Network of Australia’s Network of Australia’s Bilateral Safeguards AgreementsBilateral Safeguards Agreements

Country Entry into Force Country Entry into Force

Republic of Korea 02/05/1979 Switzerland 27/07/1988

United Kingdom 24/07/1979 Egypt 02/06/1989

Finland 09/02/1980 Russia 24/12/1990

United States 16/01/1981 Mexico 17/07/1992

Canada 09/031981 New Zealand 01/05/2000

Sweden 22/05/1981 United States (Silex) 24/05/2000

France 12/09/1981 Czech Republic 17/052002

Euratom 15/01/1982 United States(covering Taiwan) 17/05/2002

Philippines 11/05/1982 Hungary 15/06/2002

Japan 17/08/1982 Argentina 12/01/2005

People’s Republic of China 03/02/2007

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Tracking Obligated Nuclear MaterialTracking Obligated Nuclear Material

NUMBAT (Nuclear Material Balances and Tracking)NUMBAT (Nuclear Material Balances and Tracking)

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NUMBATNUMBAT

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Nuclear MAterial Balances And Tracking

NUMBAT v1: GW BasicNUMBAT v2: FoxproNUMBAT v3: MS Access (now 2007)

NUMBAT Includes:•Register of permit holders and inspection reports•IAEA accounting (ICR, PIL etc)•Tracking AONM (not FONM)

•Access by ASNO staff only. No access by industry.

•Funding to migrate database to .NET front-end and SQL back-end.

•Hope to have on-line access for uranium mines to submit export data.

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NUMBATNUMBAT

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NMMSS and other Reports received by AustraliaNMMSS and other Reports received by Australia

MonthlySpreadsheet of transfers (aka “Monthly diskettes”)• Imports/Exports of AONM into/out of USA• Direct Import/Exports + retransfers• Supplied from NNSA to ASNO• Approx 500 lines of data per month• Received 3-9 months after month-end• Import into custom database before importing into Numbat• Export data basis for on-notifications to counterparts (eg EURATOM, Japan, ROK)

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NMMSS and other Reports received by Australia (2)NMMSS and other Reports received by Australia (2)

Ad hoc:•Exports to Japan and ROK (scanned Form 741s)

– Special requirement since Japan requires strict prior notice of retransfers

– Hard to read– Lots of manual entry– Really nice to receive in

spreadsheet form

•End-user confirmations (NNSA, DOS)

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NMMSS and other reports received by Australia (3)NMMSS and other reports received by Australia (3)Annual - Inventory Balance of AONM in USA

LEU (g) HEU (g) PU (g) NU (kg) DU (kg) U-233 (g) TH (kg)

Element Isotope Element Isotope Element Element Element Isotope Element

Beginning Inventory

2,943,871,301 57,114,674 33,613 22,667 25,220,285 6,299,837 44,923,353 0 0

Direct Imports 2,111,847

Indirect Imports 234,612,223 10,579,374 368,893International

Obligation Exchanges

100,006

Category Changes 192,137,273 8,417,342 1,741,977Nuclear

Production/On-site Increases

2,880,569 1,956 64,426

Increases Subtotal 426,749,496 18,996,716 2,880,569 2,582,702 1,806,403

Direct Exports

Retransfers 96,965,868 4,279,831 1,888,473International

Obligation Exchanges

Category Changes 1,941,926

Nuclear Loss/On-site Decreases/

71,835,869 10,678,156 279,839423,679 3,151

Decreases Subtotal 168,801,737 14,957,987 279,839 4,254,078 3,151

Ending Inventory 3,201,819,060 61,153,403 33,613 22,667 27,821,015 4,628,461 46,726,605 0 0

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Facility/Agency Interaction – (A)Facility/Agency Interaction – (A)

Uranium mine

HoneywellURENCO

ASNO

NNSA EURATOM

NUMBAT

NMMSS

UOC ExportForm 110

YC Notif

Monthly spreadsheet +Form 741s

RetransferAUUSEUxx

ITC Receipt

Natural UOC

Natural UF6

Form 741

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Facility/Agency Interaction (B)Facility/Agency Interaction (B)

Uranium mine

HoneywellURENCO

ASNO

NNSA EURATOM

NUMBAT

NMMSS

UOC ExportForm 110

YC Notif

Monthly spreadsheet +Form 741s

RetransferAUUSEUxx

ITC Receipt

Natural UOC

Natural UF6

Form 741

Common AONM transfers Common AONM transfers between USA and other countriesbetween USA and other countriesConverters Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Reactor Storage

Direct Import

ASDASLASP

YSP ASA DZA

Indirect Import

DAY BYC

UDL/UEHNAY/NEDGSCFAA/FBQWAE

YLMYLJYUD

Retransfers YSP

UDLNEDGSCFAA

BYCSYC

JapanROK

YSPYLJYUD

JapanROKEU

YXX Jap

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Reporting under Safeguards ActReporting under Safeguards ActSection 51 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987(1) The Director shall, as soon as practicable after 30 June in each year, prepare and furnish to the Minister [Table in Parliament] a report in relation to the operations of the Director during that year.(2) A report shall include the following information in respect of the period to which the report relates:(a) for all nuclear material and associated items of Australian origin transferred from Australia to any foreign jurisdiction or between foreign jurisdictions:(i) the total quantities in each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle; and(ii) the intended end-use;of the nuclear material and the items transferred to each jurisdiction;(b) the quantities, categories and intended end-use of all nuclear material and associated items within Australia; and(c) any unreconciled differences in quantities of:(i) nuclear material of Australian origin, wherever situated; or(ii) nuclear material within Australia, regardless of origin; and an explanation of those differences.

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Conclusions are derived from…..Conclusions are derived from…..• Reports from each bilateral partner• Shipping and transfer documentation (Transit matching)• Calculations of nuclear production and consumption• Examination of shipper/receiver differences• Knowledge of fuel cycle in each country• Regular reconciliation and bilateral visits• Liaison with counterpart organisations and industry• IAEA conclusions on each country

Report to parliament AONM is “satisfactorily account for” Summary report of AONM inventories and transfers Note any issues with information/reports

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Worldwide total of AONM at 31 Dec 2008Worldwide total of AONM at 31 Dec 2008

Category Location Tonnes

Depleted Uranium European Union, Japan, Republic of Korea, United States 93 618

Natural Uranium Canada, European Union, Japan, Republic of Korea, United States 21 979

Uranium in Enrichment Plants European Union, Japan, United States 19 976

Low Enriched Uranium Canada, European Union, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, United States 12 872

Irradiated Plutonium Canada, European Union, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, United States 120

Separated Plutonium European Union, Japan 1.4

TOTAL 148 566

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Transfers of AONM between jurisdictions in 2008Transfers of AONM between jurisdictions in 2008

Fuel cycle Stage DestinationU

(tonnes)

To Conversion

Canada 877

China 266

European Union 2 702

United States 4 754

To EnrichmentEuropean Union 1 944

United States 522

To Fuel Fabrication

Japan 117

Republic of Korea 116

United States 319

European Union 12

To Reactors United States 0.2

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NMMSS – the goodNMMSS – the good• Only system reporting providing transfers reports

electronically– All other transfers reports from other countries received as

hard-copy• System of RIS codes

– Codes remain despite company name changes

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IssuesIssues•Transit Matching

– Different batch numbers•Heels

– Inconsistent declarations between EU and YSP,YLM,YUD,YLJ•Balances in enrichment plants

– Product, Feed, Tails throughput and plant inventory need to balance•Reporting Formats

– 4 different report formats from NMMSS since 2002• Varying requirements from NCAs

– e.g. Japan requires strict prior notice (scanned Form 741s)•Delays in reporting

– USA monthly spreadsheets and Canada Form 59s– Receive notification of receipt before notification of dispatch

•Uranium extracted from mineral ores and concentrates– How to track?

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Looking aheadLooking ahead•Global Laser Enrichment

– Australia/US obligated technology– Australia/US SILEX agreement specifies uranium used in plant

using SILEX technology is subject to Australia/US 123 agreement obligation by contamination

– AONM will increase faster than supply of new Australian UOC•New players in international fuel cycle

– China, Russia, India, UAE, Africa, SE Asia….more?– More obligations to track– International Fuel Centres, Fuel Banks

•Universalising obligation accounting– Outreach to new players– “Quad” group (USA, Canada, Euratom, Australia)– Standard reporting formats?

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Thank-youThank-you

Questions?Questions?

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AONM TriviaAONM Trivia

No AONM has been enriched beyond 5% >85% of AO Enriched Uranium is Spent Fuel

60% of AONM is DU USA holds 55% of AONM worldwide

UOC Exports between June ’08 - June ’09 10,114 tonnesAustralian exports as % world uranium requirements

~13%

No. of 1000 MWe rectors powered by these exports

~49

% of total Australian electricity production 125%