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1© 2012 InfoComm International
Essentials of AV TechnologyAV System Infrastructure
2© 2012 InfoComm International
Part OneControl Systems
3© 2012 InfoComm International
Introduction to Control Systems
1. Introduction to Control Systems
2. Types of Control Signals
3. Net-Centric Control
4© 2012 InfoComm International
Control Systems
Control System: Operation of complex AV
systems without technical knowledge
5© 2012 InfoComm International
Control System Functions
Event driven system is reactive
Functions are any individual action
Common functions
o Raising/lowering projection screen
o Powering devices
o Setting volume levels
6© 2012 InfoComm International
Control System Componets
The "Brains" of the System
Interfaces with devices to execute functions
Runs custom programs
7© 2012 InfoComm International
Control System Interfaces
A way for the user to interact with a control system
Touchpanels
Multi-button panels
Touch-sensitive screens
8© 2012 InfoComm International
Control Signals
Signals communicate commands
Unidirectional
Bidirectional
9© 2012 InfoComm International
Contact Closure
Typically an "on" or "off" switch.
10© 2012 InfoComm International
Variable Voltage Control
Voltage ramp generator
Camera pan/tilt head
11© 2012 InfoComm International
Infrared: Optical and Wired
Optical Infrared: Line of sight
Wired: serial communication
12© 2012 InfoComm International
Radio Frequency
User interface
Control links
Limit 100 ft (30 m)
13© 2012 InfoComm International
RS-232, RS-422, and RS-485
RS-232: Unbalanced circuit, easily affected by noise;DB-9 or DB-25 connector.
RS-422: Balanced circuit; four-wire connection.
RS-485: Balanced circuit; supports 32transmitting/receiving devices.
14© 2012 InfoComm International
Ethernet
Allows for communications between components, applications, and the internet
Enterprise-wide potential
15© 2012 InfoComm International
Termination Types
RJ45 (8P8C)
DB-9
Captive screw
16© 2012 InfoComm International
Control Systems on Networks
Ethernet network capabilities
Remote operation of AV control system
Asset management
User support possibilities
Planning
17© 2012 InfoComm International
Part TwoElectrical Systems
18© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Systems Introduction
1. Electrical Systems Introduction
2. Electrical Systems
3. Electrical System Commonalities
4. Voltage
5. Current
6. Current: DC Power
7. Current: AC Power
8. Resistance and Impedance
9. Power
10. Ohm's Law
19© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Systems
Planning and installation
Codes and regulations
Authority Having
Jurisdiction (AHJ)
20© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical System Commonalities
Different countries have different electrical systems. There is commonality in:
The basics of electrical power and distribution
The characteristics of electricity
How an electrical circuit works
How electricity is managed in an AV system
Electrical safety issues
21© 2012 InfoComm International
Voltage
Measure of electrical pressure
Potential force
Difference of potential
Symbol: V (or E)
22© 2012 InfoComm International
Current
Flow of electrons
Symbol: I (or A)
Measured in amperes
Direct Current Alternating Current
23© 2012 InfoComm International
Current: DC Power
Facts about DC power:
Charge stays at a constant flow
does not reverse direction
Can be positive or negative
Computer signals, batteries, and power supplies usually use DC power.
24© 2012 InfoComm International
Current: AC Power
Voltage
USA: 120 volts
Europe: 230 volts
Signal alternates
Current travels in cycles
Frequency in Hertz (Hz) or cps
Current returns to source
25© 2012 InfoComm International
Resistance and Impedance
Resistance (R): Opposition to the flow of electrons
oMeasured in ohms (Ω)
oResistance in a conductor
Impedance (Z): Resistance and reactance in an AC circuit
oMeasured in ohms (Ω)
26© 2012 InfoComm International
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Symbol: P
Measured in watts (W)
One watt expended when one amp of direct current flows through a resistance of one ohm
27© 2012 InfoComm International
Ohm's Law
Current proportional to voltage
oVoltage increase = current increase if resistance stays the same
Current and resistance inversely proportional
oResistance increase = current decrease if voltage stays the same
28© 2012 InfoComm International
Ohm’s Law Formula
I=V/R (Current = Voltage/Resistance)
V=I*R
R=V/I
P=IV Current -amount flowing
though drain
Resistance –pipe size
29© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Circuits Introduction
1. Electrical Circuits
2. Series and Parallel Circuits
3. Grounding
4. Electrical Power and Distribution
5. Electrical Safety
6. Electrical Installation Safety
7. Electrical Systems Summary
30© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Circuits
Continuous (closed) circuit
Source: supplier of information (power)
Load: receiver of information (reactive component)
31© 2012 InfoComm International
Series and Parallel Circuits
Source to Circuit to Source
All current seeks return to source
Series: All current through circuit, voltage divided across load
Parallel: Voltage remains same, current divides
32© 2012 InfoComm International
Grounding
Limits human exposure to electricity
System ground
o Connects AC circuit to ground
Equipment ground
o Connects metal parts to infrastructure ground
o Normally not current-carrying
33© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Power and Distribution
Main distribution panel
Subpanels
Branch circuits
Isolated ground system
Individual branch circuits
34© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Safety
Code Standards and AHJ
Installed systems
Environment
Fill allowances
Rack grounding
Current protection
Safe access
35© 2012 InfoComm International
Electrical Installation Safety
Temporary Installations
Test
Balance loads
Circuit breakers
Wire gauge and length
Secure cabling
36© 2012 InfoComm International
Part ThreeSignal Management Systems
37© 2012 InfoComm International
Signal Mangement Systems
1. Signal Management Systems
2. Wire
3. Cable
4. Conductors
5. Insulation
6. Shield
7. Jackets
8. Cable Types
9. Connectors
10. Connector Guide
11. Signal Integrity
12. Distance Limits
13. Switchers
14. Distribution Amplifiers
15. Rack Building
16. Signal Management Summary
38© 2012 InfoComm International
Wire
Wire is a single conductor.
39© 2012 InfoComm International
Cable
Cable is Multiple insulated conductors
40© 2012 InfoComm International
Conductors
Material that allows current and voltage to pass
Classification
Size
Construction
Conductive material
41© 2012 InfoComm International
Insulation
Insulation protects equipment and people
42© 2012 InfoComm International
Shield
Shields
Protect conductors from interference
43© 2012 InfoComm International
Jackets
Jackets provide physical protection for cable.
44© 2012 InfoComm International
Cable Types
Coax
Twisted pair
Fiber optic
45© 2012 InfoComm International
Connectors
XLR
inch, 1/8 inch phone
RCA
F type
DB9
RJ45 (8P8C)
BNC
Speakon
Captive Screw
DVI
HD15
DisplayPort
HDMI
46© 2012 InfoComm International
Signal Integrity
Preserve signal quality
Interference and signal integrity
EMI
Lighting
Transformers
Many more
47© 2012 InfoComm International
Distance Limits
Affects signal strength
Signal level
Signal bandwidth
Cable loss characteristics
A cross section of a cable shows signal loss as distance increases.
48© 2012 InfoComm International
Switchers
Selects signal(s) from multiple sources to send to a destination
49© 2012 InfoComm International
Distribution Amplifiers
Sends a single signal source to multiple destinations
maintains signal integrity
50© 2012 InfoComm International
Rack Building
Rack: Protects and organizes electronicequipment
Outside width: 21 – 25 inches (530 – 630 mm)
Vertical Mounting Height: 1 foot (300 mm) – 7 feet (2130 mm)
Rack unit = 1.75 inches (44 mm)
51© 2012 InfoComm International
Part FourRadio Waves
52© 2012 InfoComm International
Radio Waves Introduction
1. Radio Waves Introduction
2. Radio Waves
3. Transmitting and Receiving RF
4. Allocations of Radio Frequencies
5. The Importance of Antennas
6. Diversity Systems
7. RF Video Systems
8. Broadcast Transmission
9. Radio Waves Summary
53© 2012 InfoComm International
Radio Waves
Transmitting and Receiving RF
Frequency Allocation
Importance of Antennas
Diversity Systems
RF Video Systems
Broadcast Transmission
54© 2012 InfoComm International
Allocations of Radio Frequencies
Modulation
RF Carrier
Demodulation VHF (Very High Frequency) 30MHz -300MHz
UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 300MHz - 3GHz
55© 2012 InfoComm International
The Importance of Antennas
Antennas
oLengths
oGround Plane
oOrientation
56© 2012 InfoComm International
Diversity Systems
Diversity Systems
oDirect and reflected energy
oShifts between antennas
oDynamic comparison
57© 2012 InfoComm International
RF Video Systems
MATV and CATV
Modulators and Demodulators
Splitters
Distribution amplifiers
Combiners
58© 2012 InfoComm International
Broadcast Transmission
Analog Standards o PAL, NTSC, SECAM
Digital Standards o ATSC
o DVB-T
o ISDB-T
Bandwidth o 6MHz for analog and digital
59© 2012 InfoComm International
Radio Waves Summary
Transmitting and Receiving RF
Frequency Allocation
Importance of Antennas
Diversity Systems
RF Video Systems
Broadcast Transmission
60© 2012 InfoComm International
Essentials of AV TechnologyCustomer Service and Future Trends
61© 2012 InfoComm International
Customer Service
• What is customer service, and why is itimportant?
• What makes customer service “good”?
• What aspects of customer service do you need to work on?
62© 2012 InfoComm International
Future Trends
• What future trends in AV do you see coming?
• Which will be the most important? Why?
63© 2012 InfoComm International
Course Completion-Time for a Showdown