1 4th International Trade Statistics Expert Meeting Methodological issues relating to partner...

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4th International Trade Statistics Expert Meeting4th International Trade Statistics Expert Meeting

Methodological issues relating to partner Methodological issues relating to partner countriescountries

Presentation by PolandPresentation by Poland

Room document 2Room document 2

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Trade statistics by partner countriesTrade statistics by partner countries

analysis of economic trendsanalysis of economic trendsnational accountsnational accountsbalance of paymentsbalance of paymentsregional trade patternsregional trade patternstrade sharestrade sharesmarket analysis and business decisionsmarket analysis and business decisionstrade policy and negotiationstrade policy and negotiationschecking the accuracy and reliability of trade checking the accuracy and reliability of trade

datadata

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Trade-by-partner statisticsTrade-by-partner statistics

to estimate the value of imports and exports that does not to estimate the value of imports and exports that does not report (or does so only after substantial delay)report (or does so only after substantial delay)

to seek indications of any under- or overreporting of imports to seek indications of any under- or overreporting of imports or exports by copmarison of country’s trade dataor exports by copmarison of country’s trade data

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It is recommendedIt is recommended

in the case of in the case of imports:imports:

- the country of origin- the country of origin

- the country of consignment- the country of consignment

in the case of in the case of exportsexports: :

- the country of last known destination- the country of last known destination

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Types of partner country attribution usedTypes of partner country attribution usedin international merchandise trade statisticsin international merchandise trade statistics

country of purchase/salecountry of purchase/sale

country of country of consignment/destination/last consignment/destination/last known destination/shipmentknown destination/shipment

country of country of origin/consumptionorigin/consumption

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Country of purchase/saleCountry of purchase/sale

The country of purchaseThe country of purchase – the country where the – the country where the purchaser’s co-contractor (seller of goods) residespurchaser’s co-contractor (seller of goods) resides

The country of saleThe country of sale – the country where the seller’s – the country where the seller’s co-contractor (purchaser of the goods) residesco-contractor (purchaser of the goods) resides

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Country of consignment/destination/last Country of consignment/destination/last known destination/shipmentknown destination/shipment

The country of consignmentThe country of consignment (in the case of (in the case of importsimports) – the ) – the country from which goods were dispatched to the importing country from which goods were dispatched to the importing country, without any commercial transactions or other country, without any commercial transactions or other operations which change the legal status of goods taking place operations which change the legal status of goods taking place in any intermediate country.in any intermediate country.

The country of consignmentThe country of consignment (in the case of (in the case of exportsexports) – the ) – the country to which goods are dispatched by the exporting country to which goods are dispatched by the exporting country, without being subject to any commercial transaction country, without being subject to any commercial transaction or other operations which change the legal status of the goods.or other operations which change the legal status of the goods.

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The country of last known destinationThe country of last known destination - the last country to which goods - the last country to which goods are to be delivered, irrespective of where they have been initially are to be delivered, irrespective of where they have been initially dispatched to and whether or not, on their way to the last country, they are dispatched to and whether or not, on their way to the last country, they are subject to any commercial transactions or other operations which change subject to any commercial transactions or other operations which change their legal status.their legal status.

The country of shipmentThe country of shipment (in the case of (in the case of importsimports) – the country from ) – the country from which goods are shipped, irrespective of whether or not commercial which goods are shipped, irrespective of whether or not commercial transactions or any other operations which change the legal status of the transactions or any other operations which change the legal status of the goods occur after the goods are dispatched from the exporting country.goods occur after the goods are dispatched from the exporting country.

The country of shipmentThe country of shipment (in the case of (in the case of exportsexports) – the country to which ) – the country to which goods are shipped, irrespective of whether or not transactions or operations goods are shipped, irrespective of whether or not transactions or operations mentioned above are expected before arrival of the goods in that country.mentioned above are expected before arrival of the goods in that country.

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Country of origin/consumptionCountry of origin/consumption

The country of origin of a goodThe country of origin of a good (for (for importsimports) is ) is determined by rules of origin established by each determined by rules of origin established by each country.country.

Rules of origin consist of two basic criteria:Rules of origin consist of two basic criteria: the criterion of goods „wholly produced” (obtained) in the criterion of goods „wholly produced” (obtained) in

a given country, where only one country enters into a given country, where only one country enters into consideration in attributing origin;consideration in attributing origin;

the criterion of „substantial transformation”, where two the criterion of „substantial transformation”, where two or more countries have taken part in the production of or more countries have taken part in the production of the goods. the goods.

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Harmonization work programme Harmonization work programme on rules of originon rules of origin

develop definitions of wholly obtained goods and of minimal develop definitions of wholly obtained goods and of minimal operations or processes that do not by themselves confer operations or processes that do not by themselves confer origin to a good;origin to a good;

elaborate upon substantial transformation expressed by change elaborate upon substantial transformation expressed by change in HS tariff classification;in HS tariff classification;

develop - in cases where the exclusive use of the HS develop - in cases where the exclusive use of the HS nomenclature does not allow for the expression of substantial nomenclature does not allow for the expression of substantial transformation – supplementary criteria, such as transformation – supplementary criteria, such as ad valoremad valorem percentages and/or manufacturing or processing operations.percentages and/or manufacturing or processing operations.

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The country of consumptionThe country of consumption of a good (for of a good (for exportsexports) ) is parallel to the concept of country of origin for is parallel to the concept of country of origin for imports.imports.

The country of consumptionThe country of consumption – the country in which – the country in which the goods are expected to be used for private or the goods are expected to be used for private or public consumption or as inputs in a production public consumption or as inputs in a production process.process.

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Comparison of alternativeComparison of alternative approachesapproaches

country of purchase/salecountry of purchase/sale

country of country of consignment/destinationconsignment/destination/last known /last known destination/shipmentdestination/shipment

country of country of origin/consumptionorigin/consumption

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This approach is clear enough conceptually, but it This approach is clear enough conceptually, but it leads to inconsistencies in collected data since most leads to inconsistencies in collected data since most of the data are recorded on the basis of goods of the data are recorded on the basis of goods crossing borders. crossing borders.

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Country A produces goods which are sold to a resident of Country A produces goods which are sold to a resident of country B, who in turn sells them to a resident in country C.country B, who in turn sells them to a resident in country C.

Goods are shipped directly from country A to country C.Goods are shipped directly from country A to country C.

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No exact comparability of trade statistics between No exact comparability of trade statistics between partners can be expected if statistics based on partners can be expected if statistics based on combination of border crossing and purchase/sale combination of border crossing and purchase/sale principles.principles.

Purchases/sales comprise only a part of international Purchases/sales comprise only a part of international merchandise trade statistics.merchandise trade statistics.

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A relatively expensive operation, requiring A relatively expensive operation, requiring substantial effort to determine the residence of the substantial effort to determine the residence of the purchaser (for exports) and seller (for imports) for purchaser (for exports) and seller (for imports) for each external trade transaction.each external trade transaction.

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The method of compiling data by the country of The method of compiling data by the country of consignment/destination offers the possibility of consignment/destination offers the possibility of obtaining consistent statistics and reasonable obtaining consistent statistics and reasonable comparability since it promotes the recording of the comparability since it promotes the recording of the same transactions by importing and exporting same transactions by importing and exporting countries.countries.

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Goods recorded as imports by one country are to be recorded as exports Goods recorded as imports by one country are to be recorded as exports by another.by another.

The import and export of the countries involved might not provide such a The import and export of the countries involved might not provide such a symmetry due to, for instance, the added value by further processing, the symmetry due to, for instance, the added value by further processing, the cost of related services and profit marks-ups that would appear in import cost of related services and profit marks-ups that would appear in import figures compared to export figures.figures compared to export figures.

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The entire value of a transaction is attributed to a The entire value of a transaction is attributed to a country that may only be the location of a distribution country that may only be the location of a distribution warehouse or middleman.warehouse or middleman.

Such data on a consignment basis are also Such data on a consignment basis are also inconsistent with the need for the country-of-origin inconsistent with the need for the country-of-origin data required for quota and tariff purposes.data required for quota and tariff purposes.

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There can be a lack of knowledge about the There can be a lack of knowledge about the destination of goods at the time of export, goods can destination of goods at the time of export, goods can be redirected while at sea or goods can be trans-be redirected while at sea or goods can be trans-shipped from the original country of destination (and shipped from the original country of destination (and not included in that country’s imports).not included in that country’s imports).

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For certain product areas, including artwork, For certain product areas, including artwork, special circumstances may apply, such as the special circumstances may apply, such as the exclusion of goods imported for auction as exclusion of goods imported for auction as temporary imports, creating a discrepancy with temporary imports, creating a discrepancy with the counterpart exports in which they are the counterpart exports in which they are recorded as an export to the auctioning recorded as an export to the auctioning country.country.

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The use of country of shipment has the advantage that The use of country of shipment has the advantage that for the majority of transactions, in the case of both for the majority of transactions, in the case of both imports and exports, the trading partner can be easily imports and exports, the trading partner can be easily determined from shipping documents.determined from shipping documents.

The transportation of goods from the country of The transportation of goods from the country of consignment to the country of destination may consignment to the country of destination may involve the use of multiple shippers and passage involve the use of multiple shippers and passage through several countries ----- the country of through several countries ----- the country of consignment and the country of shipment may or consignment and the country of shipment may or may not coincide.may not coincide.

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The recording of imports by The recording of imports by country of origincountry of origin has has the advantage of showing the direct relationship the advantage of showing the direct relationship between the producing country and the importing between the producing country and the importing country.country.

This information is regarded as indispensable for This information is regarded as indispensable for matters of trade policy and negotiations, for matters of trade policy and negotiations, for administering import quotas or differential tariffs administering import quotas or differential tariffs and for related economic analysis.and for related economic analysis.

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Limitations:Limitations: Such an approach does not permit a symmetrical recording of Such an approach does not permit a symmetrical recording of

the same trade transactions by the exporting country and the the same trade transactions by the exporting country and the importing country if the goods were not directly imported importing country if the goods were not directly imported from the country of production.from the country of production.

A===========B============CA===========B============C

This fact complicates the issue of the comparability of data, This fact complicates the issue of the comparability of data, and detracts from their usefulness for some types of economic and detracts from their usefulness for some types of economic analysis.analysis.

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Difficulties in actually determining the country of Difficulties in actually determining the country of origin --- since the information on origin for different origin --- since the information on origin for different transactions may not have the same quality because transactions may not have the same quality because of variations in the requirements to produce of variations in the requirements to produce documentary evidence.documentary evidence.

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In the case of customs union countries:In the case of customs union countries: Imports based:Imports based:

-- on country of origin (extra-union trade)-- on country of origin (extra-union trade)

-- the country of consignment (intra-union trade)-- the country of consignment (intra-union trade)

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European Union tradeEuropean Union trade For exports and dispatches -For exports and dispatches - country (or Member State) of country (or Member State) of

final destination of goodsfinal destination of goods

For imports (extra-EU trade)For imports (extra-EU trade) : : -- country of origin-- country of origin -- country of consignment (for returned goods, goods which -- country of consignment (for returned goods, goods which

have been processed in a third country, works of art) have been processed in a third country, works of art)

For arrivals (intra-EU trade)For arrivals (intra-EU trade) – the Member State of – the Member State of consignment of the goodsconsignment of the goods

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Export data by country of consumptionExport data by country of consumption analytically usefulanalytically useful the lack of adequate source of informationthe lack of adequate source of information

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Recommendation Recommendation based on „International Merchandise Trade Statistics: based on „International Merchandise Trade Statistics:

Concepts and Definitions”Concepts and Definitions”

IMPORTSIMPORTS country of origincountry of origin country of consignmentcountry of consignment

EXPORTSEXPORTS country of last known country of last known

destinationdestination

Date post:	27-Mar-2015
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