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689 Lecture 2

• Review of Last Lecture

• Networking basics

• TCP/UDP review

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Multimedia Applications

• Video-on-demand

• Near-video-on-demand

• Interactive games

• Teleconferencing

• IP Telephony

• Training/Travel videos

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Multimedia Requirements

• Guarantees over long periods of time

• Throughput guarantees

• Audio requires loss/delay guarantees

• Interactive apps. Require low delay

• Visual Perception allows adaptivity

• Audio not as forgiving as video

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Multimedia requirements

• CBR• VBR• Variable bit rate places extra burden

• Systems/devices/network support harder• Adaptive applications compensate for

bandwidth/performance degradation and packet losses.

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Typical System

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Delivering multimedia

• Network transport layers responsible

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Transport layers

• TCP/UDP

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TCP

• Transport Control Protocol

• Reliable In-order delivery

• Flow control

• Responds to congestion

• “Nice” Protocol

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TCP Header

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TCP flow control

• Window based

• Sender cannot send more data than a window without acknowledgements.

• Window is a minimum of receiver’s buffer and ‘congestion window’.

• After a window of data is transmitted, in steady state, acks control sending rate.

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Flow control

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Flow control

• Congestion window is increased gradually

• At the beginning, set cwnd = 1

• For each ack, double the cwnd until a threshold

• Increase by 1 for a window of acks after that.

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Slow Start

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Additive Increase

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Reliable delivery

• Sender, Receiver keep track of bytes sent and bytes received.

• Acks have an indication of next byte expected.

• Three duplicate acks considered a packet loss - sender retransmits

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Reliable Delivery

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Congestion Control

• Traffic on the network is constantly changing.

• Packets may be lost due to transmission errors, switch buffer overflows, receiver buffer overflows.

• Packet loss is taken as an indication of congestion.

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Congestion Response

• TCP reduces sending rate on packet loss

• cwnd is halved on a packet loss

• cwnd is set to 1 on a timeout

• TCP follows -- Multiplicative Decrease and Additive Increase policy for window adjustments

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Congestion Response

• Queue length reduction takes qudratic time

• Multiplicative decrease allows sufficient time to reduce queue lengths -- Jacobson

• Jain -- Multiplicative decrease and additive increase allows ‘fair’ sharing of bandwidth.

• TCP -- ‘good’ citizen - allows fair sharing, avoids congestion collapse.

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Congestion Response

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TCP Congestion Response

• TCP responds to congestion.

• Increases window size until a packet loss

• This allows maximization of utilization.

• No Congestion avoidance mechanism

• Number of Proposals - TCP Vegas -- includes a rate adjustment mechanism based on observed delay.

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DECbit

• Indicate congestion by setting a bit in the packet.

• Receiver echoes the bit to the sender.

• Sender adjusts sending rate based on percentage of marked packets.

• Avoids congestion before it happens

• Reduces the stair-case affect of TCP.

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TCP and multimedia

• Reliable delivery not needed for multimedia

• Timely delivery more important than in-order delivery.

• Late packet can be thrown away

• TCP’s reliability gets in the way.

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UDP

• Unreliable Datagram Protocol

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UDP

• Provides multiplexing and demultiplexing of sources.

• No reliability, flow control, congestion control.

• Sends data in a burst.

• Most multimedia applications using UDP

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UDP and multimedia

• Put flow control, congestion control into application.

• Retransmit if packet deadline not past

• Move on if packet deadline is past

• Don’t respond to Congestion

• Not a “nice” citizen.

• Possible to cause congestion collapse.

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Summary

• TCP not well suited to multimedia.

• TCP is a well understood, ‘nice’ protocol.

• Multiplicative decrease/additive increase allows fair sharing of BW and avoids congestion collapse.

• UDP is being used by multimedia developers.