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Academic Content Standards TargetsAcademic Content Standards Targets

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Chapter 6Chapter 6 The American The American RevolutionRevolutionChapter 6, Section 1Chapter 6, Section 1

► Did You Did You Know? Know? (find a grave)(find a grave)

► Thomas Paine'sThomas Paine's Common SenseCommon Sense was was published in 1776 in published in 1776 in order to influence order to influence Americans to support the Americans to support the Revolution, The Revolution, The pamphlet met this goal, pamphlet met this goal, Today, more than 200 Today, more than 200 years years laterlater, , Common Common SenseSense is still in print! is still in print! The CrisisThe Crisis

► “ “ THESE are the times THESE are the times that try men's souls.”that try men's souls.”

About religion, The Age of Reason says:

I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.

All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.

He also wrote An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry (1803-1805), about the Bible being allegorical myth describing astrology:

The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally payed to the sun. Needless to say this did not win him many friends in the new Unites States.

In 1793, Thomas Paine was imprisoned in France for not endorsing the execution of Louis XVI. During his imprisonment, he wrote and distributed the first part of what was to become his most famous work at the time, the anti-church text, The Age of Reason (1794-96). He was freed in 1794 (narrowly escaping execution) thanks to the efforts of James Monroe, then U.S. Minister to France. Paine remained in France until 1802 when he returned to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson. Paine discovered that his contributions to the American Revolution had been all but eradicated due to his religious views. Derided by the public and abandoned by his friends, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in New York City.

When Paine returned to the US in 1802, he received a cool welcome. He was now the infamous author of The Age of Reason, an infidel with whom even old allies like his friend in the White House, Thomas Jefferson, were reluctant to associate. Meddlesome Christians urged the sick and dying man to embrace their faith, but were brusquely dismissed. One of his friends facetiously suggested that Paine could resolve his financial worries by publishing a ‘recantation’. The author of The Age of Reason replied, ‘Tom Paine never told a lie’.

Thomas Paine’s funeral was sparsely attended. Thomas Paine, who died 200 years ago, in June 1809, at the age of 72, and was buried in the small farm he owned in what was then the rural hamlet of New Rochelle, 20 miles north of New York City.

Not long before, New Rochelle’s bigwigs had barred Paine from voting, claiming he was not a US citizen. Paine, who had virtually invented the idea of US citizenship, was furious. But this was not the end of his indignities. When he sought a place to be buried, even the Quakers would not oblige him. Hence the muted funeral of the man who had inspired and guided revolutions in north America and France, and equally important, the revolution that did not happen in Britain.

At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Citizen, which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good and much harm." Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely

freedmen. The writer and orator Robert G. Ingersoll wrote:

Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th of June, 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.[49]

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►"Posterity — you will "Posterity — you will never know how much it never know how much it has cost my generation has cost my generation to preserve your to preserve your freedom. I hope you will freedom. I hope you will make good use of it."make good use of it." — —John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February (July 11, 1767 – February

23, 1848)23, 1848) eldest son of eldest son of John AdamsJohn Adams, 2nd US president, 2nd US president..

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I. I. The Opposing Sides The Opposing Sides ((Pages Pages 162-162-166)166)

► In order for the colonies to actually gain their In order for the colonies to actually gain their independence from Britain, they had to fight independence from Britain, they had to fight (and win) a war. No one expected it to last (and win) a war. No one expected it to last long, however.long, however.

► The Patriots, or Americans who The Patriots, or Americans who supported independence,supported independence, faced several faced several obstacles:obstacles:

► Britain had a larger Britain had a larger population-8 million population-8 million against 2.5 million.against 2.5 million.

► Britain had the Britain had the strongest navystrongest navy in the world in the world and a well-trained army as welland a well-trained army as well The Americans The Americans did not have a regular army or did not have a regular army or

navy.navy. Many colonists belonged to Many colonists belonged to militiasmilitias who who were basically volunteers and served for short were basically volunteers and served for short periods periods of of time.time.

Not all Americans supported the war effort. Some Not all Americans supported the war effort. Some were neutral, were neutral,

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Americans were ill-prepared for war with a military giant such as England. Examine the problems in gaining Americans were ill-prepared for war with a military giant such as England. Examine the problems in gaining

support for the war effort, from mustering soldiers to buying ammunition, clothing, and food for the army.support for the war effort, from mustering soldiers to buying ammunition, clothing, and food for the army. 2:332:33

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I. ContinuedI. Continued

► The The Loyalists, or Tories,Loyalists, or Tories, supported Britain supported Britain for several for several reasons: reasons:

► Some were members Some were members of of the Anglican Church and thus loyal the Anglican Church and thus loyal to Britain.to Britain. Some depended on the British for jobs.Some depended on the British for jobs. Some feared the changes a new government might bring Some feared the changes a new government might bring

and feared challenging an existing government.and feared challenging an existing government. Some just did not understand the war.Some just did not understand the war. Loyalist strength varied from region to region but was Loyalist strength varied from region to region but was

strongest in the Carolinas and Georgia.strongest in the Carolinas and Georgia.► Some African Americans were promised their Some African Americans were promised their

freedom if they fought on the British side, so they freedom if they fought on the British side, so they became Loyalists.became Loyalists.

► The Patriots had some advantages over the British The Patriots had some advantages over the British troops.troops. They fought on their own ground, not 3,000 miles from They fought on their own ground, not 3,000 miles from

home.home. They had a personal stake in fighting to protect the They had a personal stake in fighting to protect the

freedom of their own land as opposed to thefreedom of their own land as opposed to the Hessian Hessian mercenaries, or hired soldiers, who fought for the mercenaries, or hired soldiers, who fought for the British for moneyBritish for money..

George Washington was a George Washington was a leaderleader with courage, honesty, with courage, honesty, and determination and determination (video: The Real George Washington 49 minutes)(video: The Real George Washington 49 minutes)

After the war ended in 1783, some 17,313 Hessians returned to their homelands. Of the 12,526 who did not return (see chart below)

George Washington's life mask was made in 1785 by French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon when Washington was fifty-three. In commenting to a friend, Houdon said he had no idea of "the majesty and grandeur of Washington's form and features" until he studied him as a subject.

The life mask shows Washington as he really appeared in life....without the personal and, often, subjective interpretations of the many artists, painters and sculptors who came to sketch, paint and model his countenance.

When Washington returned to Mount Vernon after the War, he was one of the most famous men in the world. His newly-won celebrity status brought him a steady pilgrimage of visiting foreigners, Americans, historians and innumerable artists, all of whom consumed many hours of his time.

In a letter to Francis Hopkinson in 1785, the year his life mask was made, Washington wrote: "I am so hackneyed to the touches of painters' pencils that I am now altogether at their beck, and sit 'like patience on a monument,' whilst they are delineating the lines of my face. It is a proof, among many others, of what habit and custom can accomplish."

George Washington Houdon Life Mask First President of the USA FACE CAST IN WHITE

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►Quick Review1:Quick Review1:

Explain how, for many Explain how, for many colonists, the colonists, the Revolutionary War was Revolutionary War was also a civil war.also a civil war.

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Why did the thirteen colonies have to fight a war if they declared their independence from Britain?Great Britain was not just going to let the colonies

go without a fight. The colonies were too profitable (mercantilism required colonies as sources of raw materials and controlled markets) and too important to the empire to just let them go.

Can’t we all just get along?

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Which of the following choices represents the proper sequence of events surrounding the American Revolution?

a. Declaration of Independence Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles of Confederation Treaty of Paris

b. Battles of Lexington and Concord Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Treaty of Paris

c. Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles of Confederation Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris

d. Declaration of Independence Battles of Lexington and Concord Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation

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II.II. Fighting in New York Fighting in New York (Pages (Pages 166-167)166-167)

► The British troops outnumbered the Americans. The British troops outnumbered the Americans. During the summer of During the summer of 1777,1777, Britain sent Britain sent 32,000 32,000 troops to fight in America. The British hoped to troops to fight in America. The British hoped to win an early victory.win an early victory.

► The British defeated the Continental Army at the The British defeated the Continental Army at the Battle of Long IslandBattle of Long Island in August. in August. Nathan Hale Nathan Hale became a hero for America.became a hero for America. He was He was discovered as a spy and hangeddiscovered as a spy and hanged. After the . After the defeat, Washington retreated to attack defeat, Washington retreated to attack Manhattan and then slipped across New JerseyManhattan and then slipped across New Jersey into Pennsylvania, pursued by the British.into Pennsylvania, pursued by the British.

► The The Continental ArmyContinental Army faced many obstacles. faced many obstacles. They ran They ran short of suppliesshort of supplies. The . The size of the army size of the army shrank.shrank. Soldiers Soldiers became discouragedbecame discouraged. Some . Some soldiers soldiers finished their termfinished their term of service and went of service and went home. Others home. Others ran away. ran away. (usually one year was (usually one year was customary) customary)

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What if the term of service for the armed forces had been a mandatory three-year term or the length of the war, not just the one-year term? Would the Americans have had an advantage and won the war earlier?

It depends. If the overall effect of the term lengthening translated into greater overall troop numbers, then perhaps. However, such a long length of service may have caused fewer to enlist.

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II. continuedII. continued►Raising an army was difficult. Raising an army was difficult.

Congress had Congress had trouble enlistingtrouble enlisting soldiers soldiers and and raising moneyraising money to fight the war. to fight the war. The Americans had militias, not a The Americans had militias, not a regular army. Soldiers, usually signed regular army. Soldiers, usually signed up for up for one year of serviceone year of service. The . The Congress offered a Congress offered a three-year termthree-year term, or , or length of service, but the length of service, but the one-year one-year enlistmentenlistment was was most common.most common.

►Some women Some women linkslinks also fought in the war also fought in the war as Patriots.as Patriots.

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Women in the WarWomen in the War

► Sarah Franklin BacheSarah Franklin Bache

► Mary McAculey Mary McAculey AKA Molly PitcherAKA Molly Pitcher

Molly Pitcher at the Molly Pitcher at the Battle of MonmouthBattle of Monmouth, ,

► Deborah Sampson: Deborah Sampson: "Robert Shurtliff"Robert Shurtliff"" ► Lydia Darragh: Lydia Darragh: QuakerQuaker spy spy► Margaret Corbin Margaret Corbin November 16, 1776,November 16, 1776,

► the British and Hessians mounted a joint attack on the British and Hessians mounted a joint attack on ► Fort Washington in northern ManhattanFort Washington in northern Manhattan

►Quick Review 2: Explain some of the ways in which colonial women contributed to the effort (there are at least 6 of them)

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►Quick Review 2:Quick Review 2: Explain some of Explain some of the ways in which colonial women the ways in which colonial women contributed to the effort contributed to the effort (there are at (there are at least 6 of them)least 6 of them)

►______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

►Many colonial women(1) boycotted British goods. Farm women (2)took care of their farms while their husbands fought in the war. City women (3)managed their husbands’ businesses. Some women (4)raised money (Sarah Franklin Bache) for the soldiers, some (5)made clothes for the troops, and others, such as Molly Pitcher, Deborah Sampson and Lydia Darragh, (6)took an active part in the fighting. Sarah Ludington-rode to Danbury Conn. To warn.

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African Americans in the WarAfrican Americans in the War

► British-American British-American Black LoyalistBlack Loyalist Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign

This portrait (left) of an unidentified Revolutionary War sailor was painted in oil by an unknown artist, circa 1780. Prior to the war, many blacks were already experienced seamen, having served in the British navy and in the colonies' state navies, as well as on merchant vessels in the North and the South. This sailor's dress uniform suggests that he served in the navy, rather than with a privateer.

Quick Review 3: Why did the Continental Army begin to allow African Americans to enlist after first banning them from service?

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► Quick Review 3:Quick Review 3: Why did the Why did the Continental Army begin to allow African Continental Army begin to allow African Americans to enlist after first banning Americans to enlist after first banning them from service?them from service?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

►This policy was changed after the British began offering freedom to any slave who fought for them. Large numbers of slaves flocked to the British army in the South. As many as 14,000 African Americans left with the British after the war was over; As more and more African Americans joined the British, George Washington and all the states (except Georgia and South Carolina) changed their minds about allowing African Americans to fight in the war. Slaves who enlisted were promised their freedom at the war’s end, but they could not join without their masters’ permission. As a result, ‘most of the 5,000 African Americans who enlisted were from the North.

Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, the words "Liberty to Slaves" emblazoned on their chests.

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Analyze the diagram below. Which of the following

periods is BEST described by the rights and powers listed?

a. Renaissance c. Great Awakening

b. Glorious Revolution d. Enlightenment

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Quick Review 4:Quick Review 4: What was one of What was one of Washington’s major problems as Washington’s major problems as commander-in-chief of the Continental commander-in-chief of the Continental Army?Army?

►A. keeping his men from A. keeping his men from desertingdeserting

►B. traveling as fast as the B. traveling as fast as the British armyBritish army

►C. getting his soldiers to defend C. getting his soldiers to defend their home groundtheir home ground

►D. convincing colonists to rally D. convincing colonists to rally behind independence.behind independence.

Of course, another problem was financing the war effort. With a new national government lacking the power to tax (Articles of Confederation 1777), an absence of an established military bureaucracy and organized supply division, Washington was forced to rely upon either the states or private individuals for resources. The following letter to the governor of Delaware illustrates this point.

Headquarters Morristown 26 December, 1779

Sir—The situation of the army with respect to supplies is alarming beyond description. It has been five or six weeks on half rations. We have not more than three days of bread, at one third ration on hand, nor…

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III. Patriot Gains III. Patriot Gains (Page (Page 167)167)

► More soldiers were needed, More soldiers were needed, so some so some statesstates enlisted African Americans. As enlisted African Americans. As many as many as 5,000 African Americans fought5,000 African Americans fought. . Among them were Lemuel Haynes Among them were Lemuel Haynes and Peter Salem.and Peter Salem.

► American troops scored victories at American troops scored victories at TrentonTrenton and and PrincetonPrinceton, New Jersey, New Jersey. . Washington caught the British troops Washington caught the British troops off guard when he surprised them at off guard when he surprised them at Trenton in late December 1776.Trenton in late December 1776.

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IV. A British Plan for Victory IV. A British Plan for Victory (Pages (Pages 167-168)167-168)

► The British planned to gain control of The British planned to gain control of Albany and Albany and the Hudson River to separate New Englandthe Hudson River to separate New England from from the Middle Colonies.. the Middle Colonies..

► Howe's troops captured Philadelphia,Howe's troops captured Philadelphia, and the and the Continental Continental Congress fled to the countrysideCongress fled to the countryside. . Howe Howe postponed the move to Albany and postponed the move to Albany and stayed stayed inin PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia (the American capital) (the American capital) during the during the winter.winter.

► The Americans, however, were able to slow down The Americans, however, were able to slow down the British. American forces led by the British. American forces led by Benedict Benedict ArnoldArnold forced the British under forced the British under General St. General St. LegerLeger retreat at retreat at Fort Fort StanwixStanwix, New York, New York. . Story Story St. St. St. St. Leger’sLeger’s army army spent afterspent after Battle of OriskanyBattle of Oriskany and he could not hook-up with Burgoyneand he could not hook-up with Burgoyne

► The British lost the Battle of Saratoga. The British lost the Battle of Saratoga. Burgoyne's troops were completely Burgoyne's troops were completely surrounded by the Patriot Army. On October surrounded by the Patriot Army. On October 17, 1777, they handed over their weapons to 17, 1777, they handed over their weapons to the Americans and surrendered.the Americans and surrendered.

The central figure is the American General Horatio Gates, who refused to take the sword offered by General Burgoyne, and, treating him as a gentleman, invites him into his tent

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I. Gaining Allies I. Gaining Allies (Pages (Pages 172-175)172-175)

► European nations helped the American cause. European nations helped the American cause. France France and Spain were at war with the British in Europe and and Spain were at war with the British in Europe and hated the British.hated the British. They realized that the Americans They realized that the Americans had a chance to win their had a chance to win their war, war, so they offered so they offered assistance.assistance.

► France at first secretly gave money to help the France at first secretly gave money to help the American war effort and then publicly American war effort and then publicly announced its support after the Battle of announced its support after the Battle of SaratogaSaratoga monumentmonument. . In February In February 1778, 1778, the French and the French and the Americans worked out a trade agreement the Americans worked out a trade agreement and an alliance.and an alliance. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347879http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347879

► France declared war on Britain and gave the France declared war on Britain and gave the Americans money,Americans money, equipment, and troops to fight the equipment, and troops to fight the British.British.

► Spain and the Netherlands were at war with Spain and the Netherlands were at war with Britain.Britain. Spain Spain did not recognize America’ s did not recognize America’ s independence until after the Revolutionindependence until after the Revolution, but the , but the Spanish Spanish governor of Louisianagovernor of Louisiana, , Bernardo de Bernardo de GalvezGalvez, , helped the war effort.helped the war effort.

"First Salute" of 16 November 1776, when Commander Johannes de Graaff of Sint Eustatius decided to return the salute fire of the visiting American brigantine Andrew Doria by firing the cannons of Fort Oranje, the first international acknowledgment of the independence of the United States.

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► Washington’s troops spent a hard winter at Washington’s troops spent a hard winter at Valley Valley Forge, Forge, Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania. The army lacked The army lacked enough enough food, food, clothing, and shelter.clothing, and shelter. Some Some men men deserteddeserted; others ; others resignedresigned. Yet the Continental . Yet the Continental Army survived. In April news of Army survived. In April news of France’France’s alliance s alliance cheered them.cheered them.

► A French nobleman, Marquis de A French nobleman, Marquis de Lafayette, Lafayette, spent spent the winter at Valley Forge.the winter at Valley Forge. He offered his services He offered his services and became and became one of Washington’s trusted aidesone of Washington’s trusted aides..

► Other Europeans also volunteered to help.Other Europeans also volunteered to help. Casimir Pulaski from Poland died fighting for Casimir Pulaski from Poland died fighting for

the Continental Army in 1780.the Continental Army in 1780. Friedrich von SteubenFriedrich von Steuben from Germany taught from Germany taught

military discipline to Washington’s troops.military discipline to Washington’s troops.

Valley ForgeValley Forge 1777–17781777–1778 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316458ID=316458

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. . Juan de Miralles from Spain lent money Juan de Miralles from Spain lent money I I became became friends with Patriot leaders, and convinced friends with Patriot leaders, and convinced Cuba, Cuba, Spain, and Mexico to send financial aid to the Spain, and Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies.colonies.

► Getting moneyGetting money to finance the war was to finance the war was difficult. difficult. To pay for the To pay for the war, war, Congress and the Congress and the statesstates printed hundreds of millions of dollars printed hundreds of millions of dollars of paper money. Soldiers had to be paid and of paper money. Soldiers had to be paid and supplies bought.supplies bought. The The paperpaper quickly quickly lost its lost its valuevalue and in turn led to and in turn led to inflation.inflation. Congress Congress stopped issuing paper money because no one stopped issuing paper money because no one would use itwould use it

► Difficulties of establishing a national Difficulties of establishing a national governmentgovernment—Articles of Confederation—Articles of Confederation

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II.II. Life on the Home Life on the Home FrontFront

(Pages 175-176)(Pages 175-176)►Women often Women often took over the duties took over the duties of menof men while the men were in the while the men were in the military. Some women questioned military. Some women questioned their place in society, and some fought their place in society, and some fought for women's interests.for women's interests.

►The Loyalists in the colonies faced The Loyalists in the colonies faced hard times. hard times.

►The issue of slavery was questioned, The issue of slavery was questioned, especially in light of the ideals of especially in light of the ideals of freedom for which people went to war.freedom for which people went to war.

Governor William Livingston of New Jersey in 1778 Said, “Slavery is utterly inconsistent with the principles of Christianity and humanity.” “I hope we shall at last, and if it so please God I hope it may be during my life time, see this cursed thing [slavery] taken out. . . . For my part, whether in a public station or a private capacity, I shall always be prompt to contribute my assistance towards effecting so desirable an event. “

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IT’S IMPORTANT:IT’S IMPORTANT:

►Early battlesEarly battles of the of the Revolutionary War took place Revolutionary War took place inin NorthNorthern areas, but the war ern areas, but the war shiftshifted to ed to southsouthern areasern areas late later r in the warin the war

►The Revolution The Revolution involved allinvolved all American groupsAmerican groups including including Native Americans, African Native Americans, African Americans and Women.Americans and Women.

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III. War in the West III. War in the West (Pages (Pages 177-177-

178)178)

► The war in the West took place along the frontier, The war in the West took place along the frontier, west of the Appalachian Mountains, and involved west of the Appalachian Mountains, and involved Native AmericansNative Americans. . They often helped the British They often helped the British by raiding American settlements.by raiding American settlements.

► George Rogers ClarkGeorge Rogers Clark went west to end the went west to end the attacks. In July 1778, he and 175 soldiersattacks. In July 1778, he and 175 soldiers took took the British post at the British post at Kaskaskia inKaskaskia in present-day present-day Illinois and then captured the town ofIllinois and then captured the town of VincennesVincennes in present-day Indiana. in present-day Indiana.

► The The British recaptured British recaptured Vincennes under Henry Vincennes under Henry HamiltonHamilton in December in December. In . In FebruaryFebruary Clark and Clark and his troops surprised the British and his troops surprised the British and forced forced Hamilton to surrenderHamilton to surrender. This victory helped . This victory helped strengthen the western position.strengthen the western position.

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Notes Chapter Notes Chapter 6 6 Section Section 33

► Did You Know?Did You Know? ► Naval hero Naval hero John Paul John Paul

JonesJones is considered to is considered to be one of the founders be one of the founders of the of the United States United States NavyNavy. He was the . He was the first first person to person to hoist hoist the new the new American flag on a American flag on a warshipwarship. In . In 1778 Jones 1778 Jones sailed into a French bay sailed into a French bay and exchanged gun and exchanged gun salutes with a French salutes with a French ship.ship. This was the first This was the first time the United States time the United States flag was flag was officiallyofficially recognized by a foreign recognized by a foreign government.government.

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I. Glory at Sea I. Glory at Sea (Pages (Pages 178-179)178-179)

►A. A. The British had a powerful navy and The British had a powerful navy and thus were able to wage battles at sea. thus were able to wage battles at sea.

►B. B. The American Navy was too weak to The American Navy was too weak to fight the British, so they used fight the British, so they used privateers. privateers.

►C.C. John Paul John Paul JonesJones became a naval hero became a naval hero as a result of his battle near the coast of as a result of his battle near the coast of Great Britain in September 1779. Great Britain in September 1779. Bonhomme RichardBonhomme Richard and British and British

warship warship Serapis Serapis engage in a 3 hour engage in a 3 hour battle. battle. “I have not yet begun to fight!” “I have not yet begun to fight!” http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=449http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=449604604

“I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not sail fast; for I intend to go in harm's way.” John Paul Jones

“I may sink, but I'll be da***d if I strike! “ John Paul Jones

John Paul Jones' marble and bronze sarcophagus at the United States Naval Academy

John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.

John Paul Jones, Navy Issue of 1937

A person with a personality disorder indicated by a pattern of lying, exploitativeness, heedlessness, arrogance, sexual promiscuity, low self-control, and lack of empathy and remorse.

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II. Struggles in the SouthII. Struggles in the South (Pages (Pages 179-182)179-182)

► By 1778 the British saw that it would be difficult to unite the By 1778 the British saw that it would be difficult to unite the American colonies back into their empire. They American colonies back into their empire. They concentrated their efforts in theconcentrated their efforts in the South South, which had many , which had many Loyalists.Loyalists.

► In late In late 17781778 the British occupied the British occupied Savannah, GeorgiaSavannah, Georgia, and , and took over most of the state. In 1780 General took over most of the state. In 1780 General Henry ClintonHenry Clinton himself went to attack himself went to attack Charles TownCharles Town, South Carolina. , South Carolina. In In May Charles Town surrendered. It was May Charles Town surrendered. It was the worst the worst defeat for the Americansdefeat for the Americans during during the war.the war.

► General Charles Cornwallis remained in the South as General Charles Cornwallis remained in the South as commander of the British forces.commander of the British forces. The The BritishBritish scored scored anotheranother victory victory at at Camden,Camden, South Carolina, in August 1780. South Carolina, in August 1780.

► The Patriots used guerrilla warfare to catch the The Patriots used guerrilla warfare to catch the British off guard. Frances Marion was one of the British off guard. Frances Marion was one of the successful guerrilla leaders of eastern South successful guerrilla leaders of eastern South Carolina.Carolina.

► The Patriots were The Patriots were victorious at Kings Mountainvictorious at Kings Mountain in in central central North CarolinaNorth Carolina in September 1780. They forced the in September 1780. They forced the British to retreat.British to retreat.

Frances MarionFrances Marion

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II. Cont.II. Cont.► Another battle at Cowpens, South Another battle at Cowpens, South

Carolina, saw the British defeated in Carolina, saw the British defeated in January 1781.January 1781. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347303http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347303 (Battle of (Battle of

Cowpens)Cowpens)► http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347296http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347296 ( The Waxhaws Massacre ( The Waxhaws Massacre ) )

► In March the Continental commander In March the Continental commander Nathaniel GreeneNathaniel Greene met met General General CornwallisCornwallis's army at 's army at Guilford Guilford Courthouse in present-Courthouse in present-day Greensboro, North Carolina. Greene, (a draw) even day Greensboro, North Carolina. Greene, (a draw) even though Cornwallis's troops ended the battle.though Cornwallis's troops ended the battle. They suffered They suffered many losses, so Cornwallis abandoned the campaign to take many losses, so Cornwallis abandoned the campaign to take North Carolina.North Carolina.

► In April 1781, the In April 1781, the CornwallisCornwallis troops decided to march north to troops decided to march north to Virginia, carrying out raids and nearly capturing Virginia, carrying out raids and nearly capturing Governor Governor Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature in June. and the Virginia legislature in June. Cornwallis set up camp at Cornwallis set up camp at Yorktown, Virginia. Yorktown, Virginia. George George Washington sent Washington sent LafayetteLafayette and and General General Anthony WayneAnthony Wayne image image to fight Cornwallis. The battle for the South was almost over, but to fight Cornwallis. The battle for the South was almost over, but the war was at a point where each side needed a victory to win.the war was at a point where each side needed a victory to win.

Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton

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Chapter 6, Section 4Chapter 6, Section 4► Did You Know?Did You Know?

► The song, "The song, "Yankee Yankee DoodleDoodle,","song song played as the British played as the British surrendered at Yorktown, surrendered at Yorktown, was reportedly written by a was reportedly written by a British army surgeon in the British army surgeon in the 1750s. The lyrics of the 1750s. The lyrics of the song make fun of the song make fun of the clothing Americans wore to clothing Americans wore to battle during the French and battle during the French and Indian War. Indian War. Americans Americans wore buckskins, furs, wore buckskins, furs, and ragged, unmatched and ragged, unmatched clothing, while the clothing, while the British wore spotless British wore spotless uniforms.uniforms. Even though Even though "Yankee Doodle" began as a "Yankee Doodle" began as a song that ridiculed the song that ridiculed the American soldiers, they American soldiers, they adopted it as their own adopted it as their own and sang it with pride.and sang it with pride.

► Father and I went down to campFather and I went down to campAlong with Captain GoodingAlong with Captain GoodingAnd there we saw the men and And there we saw the men and boys As thick as hasty pudding.boys As thick as hasty pudding.

ChorusChorusYankee doodle, keep it upYankee doodle, keep it upYankee doodle dandyYankee doodle dandyMind the music and the stepMind the music and the stepAnd with the girls be handy.And with the girls be handy.

There was Captain WashingtonThere was Captain WashingtonUpon a slapping stallionUpon a slapping stallionA-giving orders to his menA-giving orders to his menI guess there was a million.I guess there was a million.

ChorusChorus

And then the feathers on his hatAnd then the feathers on his hatThey looked so' tarnal fin-aThey looked so' tarnal fin-aI wanted pockily to getI wanted pockily to getTo give to my Jemima.To give to my Jemima.

ChorusChorus

And then we saw a swamping And then we saw a swamping gungunLarge as a log of mapleLarge as a log of mapleUpon a deuced little cartUpon a deuced little cart

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I.I. Victory at YorktownVictory at Yorktown (Pages (Pages 183-185)183-185)

► Washington planned a Washington planned a complexcomplex and and secretive secretive takeover at takeover at YorktownYorktown, Virginia, in hopes of , Virginia, in hopes of surprising Cornwallis. surprising Cornwallis. Washington was Washington was originally going to attack New York Cityoriginally going to attack New York City because he was expecting a French fleet to because he was expecting a French fleet to arrive there to help. The French fleet never arrive there to help. The French fleet never reached New York City because the British reached New York City because the British fleet trapped them in Newport. Washington fleet trapped them in Newport. Washington planned an attack on Yorktown instead.planned an attack on Yorktown instead. He knew the British expected him at New York City, He knew the British expected him at New York City,

so this change would surprise and confuse them.so this change would surprise and confuse them. He learned that a second French fleet was to arrive He learned that a second French fleet was to arrive

near Chesapeake Bay, and he hoped that they would near Chesapeake Bay, and he hoped that they would meet at Yorktownmeet at Yorktown..

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I. cont.I. cont. A third group from the west under Anthony A third group from the west under Anthony

Wayne was to march toward Yorktown, Wayne was to march toward Yorktown, Virginia.Virginia.

► The plan worked. By the end of September, The plan worked. By the end of September, 14,000 14,000 American and French troops trapped American and French troops trapped Cornwallis's Cornwallis's 7,5007,500 troops. The British troops troops. The British troops could not escape by sea because could not escape by sea because de Grasse'sde Grasse's ships blocked them. The rest of the British ships blocked them. The rest of the British Army was in New York under General Clinton, Army was in New York under General Clinton, unable to help Cornwallis in the South. unable to help Cornwallis in the South. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348124http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348124

► On October 11, American and French On October 11, American and French troops bombarded the British. On October troops bombarded the British. On October 19, Cornwallis 19, Cornwallis surrendered.surrendered. paintingpaintingThe Patriots The Patriots had won the Battle of Yorktownhad won the Battle of Yorktown and and George III agreed to give them their George III agreed to give them their freedom.freedom.

The British bands are reputed to have played “The world turned upside down” as the troops marched out to surrender. After the surrender the American and French officers entertained the British officers to dinner, other than Tarleton with whom the Americans refused to eat, due to the atrocities committed by his troops in North and South Carolina.

Version 1

If buttercups buzz'd after the bee,If boats were on land, churches on sea,If ponies rode men and if grass ate the cows,And cats should be chased into holes by the mouse,If the mamas sold their babiesTo the gypsies for half a crown;If summer were spring and the other way round,Then all the world would be upside down.

Version 2

Goody Bull and her daughter together fell out,Both squabbled and wrangled and made a great rout.But the cause of the quarrel remains to be told,Then lend both your ears and a tale I'll unfold.Derry down, down, hey derry down,Then lend both your ears and a tale I'll unfold.

The old lady, it seems, took a freak in her head,That her daughter, grown woman, might earn her own bread,Self-applauding her scheme, she was ready to dance,But we're often too sanguine in what we advance.Derry down, down, hey derry down,But we're often too sanguine in what we advance.

For mark the event, thus for fortune we're cross,Nor should people reckon without their good host,The daughter was sulky and wouldn't come to,And pray what in this case could the old woman do?Derry down, down, hey derry down,And pray what in this case could the old woman do?

Zounds, neighbor, quoth pitt, what the devil's the matter?A man cannot rest in his home for your clatterAlas, cries the daughter, Here's dainty fine work,The old woman grows harder than Jew or than TurkDerry down, down, hey derry down,The old woman grows harder than Jew or than Turk.

She be damned, says the farmer, and do her he goesFirst roars in her ears, then tweaks her old nose,Hello Goody, what ails you? Wake woman, I say,I am come to make peace in this desperate fray.Derry down, down, hey derry down,I am come to make peace in this desperate fray.

Alas, cries the old woman, And must I comply?I'd rather submit than the hussy should die.Pooh, prithee, be quiet, be friends and agree,You must surely be right if you're guided by me,Derry down, down, hey derry down,You must surely be right if you're guided by me.

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After a long wait, French General Rochambeau finally received word that a French fleet After a long wait, French General Rochambeau finally received word that a French fleet would sail from the Caribbean to the Chesapeake Bay. See how American and French troops would sail from the Caribbean to the Chesapeake Bay. See how American and French troops launched a massive assault on the British stronghold of Yorktown. Run time 12:36launched a massive assault on the British stronghold of Yorktown. Run time 12:36

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II. Independence II. Independence (Pages (Pages 185- 187)185- 187)

► Fighting continued after the Battle of Fighting continued after the Battle of Yorktown,Yorktown, but the but the British realized that the war was too costly to continue. British realized that the war was too costly to continue. Delegates Delegates (for the Americans: John Jay, John Adams (for the Americans: John Jay, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin)and Benjamin Franklin) from both sides met in Paris. from both sides met in Paris. After a preliminary treaty was ratified in April 1783, the After a preliminary treaty was ratified in April 1783, the final final Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 17831783. It said that Britain recognized the United States as . It said that Britain recognized the United States as an independent nationan independent nation the United States territory extended from the the United States territory extended from the Atlantic Atlantic

OceanOcean west to the west to the Mississippi RiverMississippi River and from and from Canada Canada in in the north to the north to Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida in the south in the south

the British promised the British promised to withdraw all troopsto withdraw all troops and agreed and agreed to give Americans the right to fish off the coast of to give Americans the right to fish off the coast of CanadaCanada

the United States the United States agreed that British merchants could agreed that British merchants could collect on debts owed by Americans property taken collect on debts owed by Americans property taken from Loyalistsfrom Loyalists would be returned to them would be returned to them

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II. Cont.II. Cont.► George Washington gave up his command and George Washington gave up his command and

on on December 4December 4 commentarycommentary gave his farewell speech. gave his farewell speech. Two weeks later, he formally resigned and Two weeks later, he formally resigned and returned home to returned home to Mount VernonMount Vernon..

► America won the war against the world's America won the war against the world's strongest power.strongest power. Americans fought on their own land. Americans Americans fought on their own land. Americans

controlled the countryside, where they knew the controlled the countryside, where they knew the local terrain, even though Britain captured the cities.local terrain, even though Britain captured the cities.

Help from other nations contributed to the victory.Help from other nations contributed to the victory. Mostly, the people fought the battles with Mostly, the people fought the battles with

determination and belief in their ideals.determination and belief in their ideals.

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Pick one of the following to answer on the Pick one of the following to answer on the chapter testchapter test

►What were the Patriots’ What were the Patriots’ advantages in the War? The advantages in the War? The Patriots’ disadvantages?Patriots’ disadvantages?

►How did financing the war lead to How did financing the war lead to inflation?inflation?

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► Quick Review 5:Quick Review 5: What were three What were three advantages the Patriots had that advantages the Patriots had that helped them win the war?helped them win the war?

► ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)The Patriots were fighting on their homeland; (2) they used innovative battle tactics; they had a (3) great leader in Washington; they had help from the French

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► Quick Review 6:Quick Review 6: What were three What were three disadvantages faced by the British?disadvantages faced by the British?

► __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The British had to (1) resupply their troops from thousands of miles away; (2) communication between Britain and its army was difficult, so the British government was not very well-informed; (3) Britain could never create an army large enough to occupy a continent; (4) the Loyalists failed to stage uprisings; (5) British generals were overly cautious and made a series of blunders that hurt their cause.