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11
Air-Ground IntegrationAir-Ground Integration
Ed Bailey, Airborne Project LeaderEd Bailey, Airborne Project Leader
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Ian Wilson, PATs Project LeaderIan Wilson, PATs Project Leader
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The Aim :The Aim :
What is air-ground integration What is air-ground integration How was it doneHow was it done How How shouldshould it have been done it have been done How it worked in practice - technical story of a flightHow it worked in practice - technical story of a flight
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PHARE Objective:PHARE Objective:
““The objective of PHARE is to organise, The objective of PHARE is to organise, co-ordinate and conduct on a collaborative co-ordinate and conduct on a collaborative basis, experiments and trials aiming at proving basis, experiments and trials aiming at proving and demonstrating the feasibility and merits of and demonstrating the feasibility and merits of a future a future air ground integrated air traffic air ground integrated air traffic management system management system in all phases of flight.” in all phases of flight.”
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PHARE Air/Ground IntegrationPHARE Air/Ground Integration
Integration in PHARE was limited to Integration in PHARE was limited to Trajectory NegotiationTrajectory Negotiation
Trajectory Negotiation did Trajectory Negotiation did notnot involve ‘exchange of involve ‘exchange of trajectories’ or ‘Remote Procedure Calls’trajectories’ or ‘Remote Procedure Calls’
Simply Trajectory Negotiation was:Simply Trajectory Negotiation was: Trajectory from the aircraftTrajectory from the aircraft Constraints from the groundConstraints from the ground
Equivalent to:Equivalent to:“Here is my intent - is it safe, if not, make it safe”“Here is my intent - is it safe, if not, make it safe”
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Application Level ViewApplication Level View
Advanced Tool Clients
Negotiation Manager
Common Modular
Simulator API
PHARE
ATN
Ground Human Machine
Interface
Experimental Flight Management System
Common Modular Simulator API Lite
PHARE ATN
Air Human Machine
Interface
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Ideal Trajectory NegotiationIdeal Trajectory Negotiation
Aircraft downlinks User Preferred TrajectoryAircraft downlinks User Preferred Trajectory Ground checks trajectory for conflicts adding constraints if Ground checks trajectory for conflicts adding constraints if
necessary to deconflict and to sequence departure and arrival, necessary to deconflict and to sequence departure and arrival, then uplinks the constraints to the aircraftthen uplinks the constraints to the aircraft
Aircraft modifies User Preferred Trajectory and downlinks it to Aircraft modifies User Preferred Trajectory and downlinks it to the groundthe ground
Ground checks the new User Preferred Trajectory for conflicts, Ground checks the new User Preferred Trajectory for conflicts, broken constraints and infringements and if none uplinks broken constraints and infringements and if none uplinks deviation parameters to the aircraftdeviation parameters to the aircraft
Aircraft generates trajectory and downlinks ‘Accept’ Aircraft generates trajectory and downlinks ‘Accept’
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Its NOT that simpleIts NOT that simple
Problem areas - Problem areas - Is the first downlink really the User Preferred Trajectory ?Is the first downlink really the User Preferred Trajectory ? What ‘ground checks’ are really needed ?What ‘ground checks’ are really needed ? Does the controller need to see a trajectory that has no Does the controller need to see a trajectory that has no
conflicts ?conflicts ? Is there a need to co-ordinate sector-sector on trajectory Is there a need to co-ordinate sector-sector on trajectory
changes and what is the place of Letters of Agreement ?changes and what is the place of Letters of Agreement ? Delay during checks causes asynchronous work for Delay during checks causes asynchronous work for
controllercontroller
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User Preferred Trajectory ?User Preferred Trajectory ?
Ideally Blue Sky trajectoryIdeally Blue Sky trajectory But it includes known ATC restrictions such as But it includes known ATC restrictions such as
Flight Levels and posslibly routingsFlight Levels and posslibly routings If the user does not get the request the If the user does not get the request the
alternative may be alternative may be veryvery different different
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Ground ChecksGround Checks
Negotiation Manager Software checks forNegotiation Manager Software checks for Conflicts caused in current and neighbour sectorsConflicts caused in current and neighbour sectors Constraints not metConstraints not met Changes in entry exit conditions at sector boundariesChanges in entry exit conditions at sector boundaries
Conflicts must be checked, but the other checks Conflicts must be checked, but the other checks may be unnecessary may be unnecessary
Forcing co-ordination not appreciatedForcing co-ordination not appreciated Time delay means controller may need to multi-taskTime delay means controller may need to multi-task
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Controller displayController display
Does a trajectory without problems need to be Does a trajectory without problems need to be displayed ?displayed ?
Depends on:Depends on: Trust in systemTrust in system Method of controller working - with tools it is not strictly Method of controller working - with tools it is not strictly
necessarynecessary
The ‘Big Picture’ - is it still required by controllers The ‘Big Picture’ - is it still required by controllers with automated support ?with automated support ?
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Shortened ProceduresShortened Procedures
Standard Trajectory Negotiation may be too Standard Trajectory Negotiation may be too long in some circumstances. long in some circumstances.
Shortened procedures:Shortened procedures: From Air - Pre-Emptive NegotiationFrom Air - Pre-Emptive Negotiation From Ground - Formal ClearanceFrom Ground - Formal Clearance
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Pre-Emptive NegotiationPre-Emptive Negotiation
The aircraft The aircraft isis doing something therefore the doing something therefore the ground is ground is toldtold not asked. not asked.
Sequence:Sequence: Trajectory sent to groundTrajectory sent to ground Deviation parameters and acceptDeviation parameters and accept
Equivalent to:Equivalent to: “Here is what I am flying - is it safe ? If not, “Here is what I am flying - is it safe ? If not, make it safe.”make it safe.”
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Formal ClearanceFormal Clearance
The ground requires an aircraft to do something The ground requires an aircraft to do something nownow therefore the aircraft is therefore the aircraft is toldtold not asked. not asked.
Sequence:Sequence: Set of constraints and deviation parameters are sent to Set of constraints and deviation parameters are sent to
the aircraftthe aircraft The aircraft generates a trajectory and flies it when the The aircraft generates a trajectory and flies it when the
pilot acceptspilot accepts Equivalent to:Equivalent to:
“Fly this trajectory.” “Fly this trajectory.”
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Flight Planning to 40 MinsFlight Planning to 40 Mins
Nominal values to process the informationNominal values to process the information Trajectory Predictor Generates Initial Trajectory into Trajectory Predictor Generates Initial Trajectory into
Flight Data BaseFlight Data Base Flight Database distributionFlight Database distribution Conflict Probe on TrajectoryConflict Probe on Trajectory Initial Arrival and Departure sequencing commencesInitial Arrival and Departure sequencing commences
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Air Trajectory Prediction Air Trajectory Prediction
The Trajectory is generated for the entire flight.The Trajectory is generated for the entire flight. SID and STAR (plus any procedural routings) SID and STAR (plus any procedural routings)
are used for initial constraints.are used for initial constraints. Trajectory is in 3 main ‘Phases’: Trajectory is in 3 main ‘Phases’:
Climb,Climb, Cruise,Cruise, Descent.Descent.
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Ground Trajectory PredictionGround Trajectory Prediction
For ‘what-if’ modelling of all flights, by the For ‘what-if’ modelling of all flights, by the controller and by the sequencing tools.controller and by the sequencing tools.
For provision of advisories to the Tactical For provision of advisories to the Tactical Controller to pass to non-equipped aircraft.Controller to pass to non-equipped aircraft.
Non-equipped - either without Datalink or with a less capable Non-equipped - either without Datalink or with a less capable FMSFMS..
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Aircraft Log In to DatalinkAircraft Log In to Datalink
Aircraft Provides trajectory based on aircraft Aircraft Provides trajectory based on aircraft data.data. Get Meteo dataGet Meteo data Derive vertical profile and 3D plus relative timesDerive vertical profile and 3D plus relative times Pilot checks then ‘Negotiate’sPilot checks then ‘Negotiate’s
First Trajectory Negotiation to GroundFirst Trajectory Negotiation to Ground Ground sequences the flight and constraints Ground sequences the flight and constraints
passed for push-back and take-off passed for push-back and take-off
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Take OffTake Off
DAP or trajectory indicating Take OffDAP or trajectory indicating Take Off Trajectory now certainTrajectory now certain Re-negotiate Trajectory if requiredRe-negotiate Trajectory if required New contract if requiredNew contract if required
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Diagrammatic View of Planning and Control AuthorityDiagrammatic View of Planning and Control Authority
FDB FDB FDB FDB
TC PC MSP AM
TP TP TP TPNM NM
EFMS
Sector 1 Sector 2
Multi-Sector 1 Multi-Sector 2
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Post Take-off PlanningPost Take-off Planning
‘‘Next’ Planner plans and deconflicts Next’ Planner plans and deconflicts (using CP, CT, PS, TP, NM)(using CP, CT, PS, TP, NM)
Tactical controller monitors Tactical controller monitors (using FPM and CT, PS, TP, NM if change (using FPM and CT, PS, TP, NM if change required)required)
Multi-Sector Planner 30 minutes away - checks Multi-Sector Planner 30 minutes away - checks loadings on the sectors loadings on the sectors (Using TLS and TP, NM if change required)(Using TLS and TP, NM if change required)
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Control by Pictures - AirControl by Pictures - Air
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Control by Pictures - GroundControl by Pictures - Ground
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Airborne Route AmendmentsAirborne Route Amendments
Pilot amends route on AHMIPilot amends route on AHMI Aircraft generates trajectory based on aircraft data.Aircraft generates trajectory based on aircraft data. Constraints provided from the ground for en-route Constraints provided from the ground for en-route
deconfliction and Arrivaldeconfliction and Arrival Aircraft recomputes trajectory to meet constraints Aircraft recomputes trajectory to meet constraints
and datalinks downand datalinks down Checked and Checked and AgreedAgreed with ground with ground
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Automated Holds - StacksAutomated Holds - Stacks
Long lookahead to avoid holds…Long lookahead to avoid holds… If hold required trajectory predictors in the If hold required trajectory predictors in the
EFMS and on the ground create oneEFMS and on the ground create one If there are other aircraft in the hold a Stack If there are other aircraft in the hold a Stack
Manager process on the ground provides Manager process on the ground provides descent constraints.descent constraints.
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ArrivalsArrivals
Sequencing continual while aircraft are en-route Sequencing continual while aircraft are en-route with sequence arrival times definedwith sequence arrival times defined
Changes of Time of Arrival only ‘negotiated’ Changes of Time of Arrival only ‘negotiated’ when change exceeds parameter timewhen change exceeds parameter time
Automated sequencing frozen prior to descentAutomated sequencing frozen prior to descent
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Automated Approaches Automated Approaches
Expedite and Retard using trombones or Expedite and Retard using trombones or approach fansapproach fans
Aircraft uses the area of the trombone or fan to Aircraft uses the area of the trombone or fan to amend its trajectory to achieve accuracies amend its trajectory to achieve accuracies within 5 seconds at the approach gatewithin 5 seconds at the approach gate
Always misunderstood by controllersAlways misunderstood by controllers
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Problems - CommunicationsProblems - Communications
Datalink Datalink Slow, very low bandwidthSlow, very low bandwidth Trajectory Information StructureTrajectory Information Structure
System System Some single threaded - resulted in unworkable delaySome single threaded - resulted in unworkable delay If multi-threaded, controller also has to ‘multi-thread’If multi-threaded, controller also has to ‘multi-thread’
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Achievement of ConceptAchievement of Concept
PHARE integrated the aircraft and ground systemsPHARE integrated the aircraft and ground systems The The aircraft aircraft generates the trajectory held in the generates the trajectory held in the ground ground
flight databaseflight database The aircraft is only ‘constrained’ if required to avoid The aircraft is only ‘constrained’ if required to avoid
conflictconflict Similar control by pictures approach both in the air and on Similar control by pictures approach both in the air and on
the groundthe ground Data-Link with sufficient bandwidth is Data-Link with sufficient bandwidth is essentialessential for full for full
benefitbenefit
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Air-Ground IntegrationAir-Ground Integration
Ed Bailey, Airborne Project LeaderEd Bailey, Airborne Project Leader
&&
Ian Wilson, PATs Project LeaderIan Wilson, PATs Project Leader