1 Analyzing Jobs and Work Analyzing Jobs and Work Dividing Work into Jobs Dividing Work into Jobs Work Work Effort directed toward producing or Effort directed toward producing or accomplishing results. accomplishing results. Job Job A grouping of tasks, duties, and A grouping of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that constitutes the responsibilities that constitutes the total work assignment for an total work assignment for an employee. employee.
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Analyzing Jobs and WorkAnalyzing Jobs and Work Dividing Work into JobsDividing Work into Jobs
WorkWork Effort directed toward producing or Effort directed toward producing or
A grouping of tasks, duties, and A grouping of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that constitutes the total responsibilities that constitutes the total work assignment for an employee.work assignment for an employee.
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Factors Affecting Jobs, People, Factors Affecting Jobs, People, and Related HR Policiesand Related HR Policies
HR Activities Focusing on Jobs• Job analysis • Recruiting, Hiring• Training and development• Performance management• Health, safety, and security• Employee relations • Compensation
Jobs Needed
Nature of Work
Organizational Values, Mission
CustomerNeeds
People Needed for Jobs
Organizational Strategy
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Workflow AnalysisWorkflow Analysis A study of the way work (inputs, activities, A study of the way work (inputs, activities,
and outputs) moves through an and outputs) moves through an organization.organization.
InputsPeople,
materials, equipment
Evaluation
ActivitiesWorks
organized into jobs
OutputsProducts and
services
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Concepts Concepts related to related to organizingorganizing
work
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Business Process Re-Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR)Engineering (BPR)
Measures for improving such activities as product Measures for improving such activities as product development, customer service, and service delivery.development, customer service, and service delivery.
Organizing tasks, duties, and responsibilities into a Organizing tasks, duties, and responsibilities into a productive unit of workproductive unit of work
Person/job FitPerson/job Fit Matching characteristics of people with characteristics Matching characteristics of people with characteristics
of jobsof jobs
Job Design Impacts
Performance
Job Satisfactio
n
Physical and
Mental Health
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Job Desig
nFactor
s
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Classic Approaches to Classic Approaches to Motivational Job DesignMotivational Job Design
Job Enlargeme
nt
Job Enrichment
Job Rotation
Job Design
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Job Characteristics Model
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Jobs Organized in TeamsJobs Organized in Teams
Types of Teams
Special-Purpose
Team
Self-Directed
Team
Virtual Team
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Factors Affecting Virtual Team Success
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Jobs Organized in TeamsJobs Organized in Teams
Advantages Disadvantages
• Improved productivity
• Increased employee involvement
•More widespread employee learning
•Greater employee ownership of problems
•More ideas, synergy
• Requires employees to be “group oriented”
• Not appropriate for some work in organizations
• Systems not consistent• Difficult to measure
team performance• Individual
compensation interferes with team concept
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Work SchedulesWork Schedules
Global Work Schedule
Differences
Work Schedule
Alternatives
Shift Work and
Compressed Workweek
Job Sharing
Flexible Scheduling
Work Schedules
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TeleworkTelework
TelecommutingTelecommuting Going to work via electronic computing and Going to work via electronic computing and
Effects of Alternative Work ArrangementsEffects of Alternative Work Arrangements More self-scheduling by employeesMore self-scheduling by employees A shift to evaluating employees on resultsA shift to evaluating employees on results Greater trust, less control and direct supervisionGreater trust, less control and direct supervision Lack of direct contact, less visibilityLack of direct contact, less visibility
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Growth of Telecommuting
*Estimated. Source: Gartner Dataquest.
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The Nature of Job AnalysisThe Nature of Job Analysis
Systematic way of gathering and Systematic way of gathering and analyzing information about the analyzing information about the content, context, and human content, context, and human requirements of jobsrequirements of jobs..
Work activities and behaviorsWork activities and behaviors Interactions with othersInteractions with others Performance standardsPerformance standards Financial and budgeting impactFinancial and budgeting impact Machines and equipment usedMachines and equipment used Working conditionsWorking conditions Supervision given and receivedSupervision given and received Knowledge, skills, and abilities neededKnowledge, skills, and abilities needed
CompetenciesCompetencies Individual capabilities that can be linked to Individual capabilities that can be linked to
enhanced performance by individuals or teams.enhanced performance by individuals or teams. Technical competencies Technical competencies Behavioral competenciesBehavioral competencies
Reasons for using a competency approach:Reasons for using a competency approach: To communicate valued behaviorsTo communicate valued behaviors To raise competency levelsTo raise competency levels To emphasize people’s capabilities for enhancing the To emphasize people’s capabilities for enhancing the
competitive advantagecompetitive advantage
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Typical Division of HR Responsibilities: Job Analysis
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Stages in the
Job Analysis Process
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Job Analysis MethodsJob Analysis Methods
Job Analysis Methods
ObservationWork Sampling
Employee Diary/Log
Interviewing Standardized
InterviewsPanel Interviews
Computerized Systems
QuestionnairesPAQ, MPDQ
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Typical Areas Covered in a Job Analysis Questionnaire
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Behavioral Aspects of Job Behavioral Aspects of Job AnalysisAnalysis
Behavioral Aspects of Job Analysis
“Inflation” of Jobs and
Titles
Employee and Managerial Anxieties
Current Incumbent Emphasis
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Job Analysis and the LawJob Analysis and the Law
Job Analysis and the ADAJob Analysis and the ADA
Essential job functionsEssential job functionsFundamental duties of the job performed regularlyFundamental duties of the job performed regularly
Requiring significant amounts of time, Requiring significant amounts of time,
Not easily assigned to another employee Not easily assigned to another employee
Necessary to accomplish the job.Necessary to accomplish the job.
Marginal job functionsMarginal job functions Part of the job but incidental or secondary to the primary purpose of the job..
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Determining Essential and Marginal Job Functions
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Job Analysis and Job Analysis and Wage/Hour RegulationsWage/Hour Regulations
Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act To qualify for an exemption from the To qualify for an exemption from the
overtime provisions of the act:overtime provisions of the act: Exempt employees can spend no more than 20% Exempt employees can spend no more than 20%
of their time on manual, routine, or clerical duties.of their time on manual, routine, or clerical duties.
Exempt employees must spend at least 50% of Exempt employees must spend at least 50% of their time performing their primary duties as their time performing their primary duties as executive, administrative, or professional executive, administrative, or professional employees.employees.
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Job Descriptions and Job Job Descriptions and Job SpecificationsSpecifications
Job DescriptionJob Description Identification of the tasks, duties, and Identification of the tasks, duties, and
responsibilities composing a jobresponsibilities composing a job Performance StandardsPerformance Standards
Indicators of what the job accomplishes and Indicators of what the job accomplishes and how performance is measured in key areas how performance is measured in key areas of the job description.of the job description.
Job Specification Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
individual needs to perform a job.individual needs to perform a job.
IdentificationIdentification Job titleJob title Reporting relationshipsReporting relationships DepartmentDepartment LocationLocation Date of analysisDate of analysis
General SummaryGeneral Summary Describes Describes
distinguishing distinguishing responsibilities and responsibilities and componentscomponents
Essential Functions and Essential Functions and DutiesDuties Lists major tasks, duties and Lists major tasks, duties and
