1 APA 101: The 411 on American Psychological Association (APA) “Publishing” 9.23.04 Everything...

1

APA 101:The 411 on American Psychological

Association (APA) “Publishing”

9.23.04 Everything you need to know about APA.ppt

Prepared by: DeLacy Derin Ganley

2

Slides that contain specific information for CGU Teacher Education Interns:

Slide #23, 62, 64, & 68

Slides that contain specific information for CGU School of Educational Studies’ Doctoral Candidates:

Slide #65

3

Main Reference:

Warning:

This manual is NOT easy to read. Indexing is very hard to figure out.

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

ISBN: 1-55798-791-2

4

Purpose of this Lecture/Presentation

• To get help students understand the basic points of APA in a manner that might be easier (and ideally quicker) than sitting in a corner and dealing with the dreaded APA manual.

5

APA-ing involves…

1. Good “Reader-Based” Writing!

2. Proper Documenting!

3. Formatting According To Prescribed Rules!

You need all

three to be

doing it right!

6

Priority #1.

Good “Reader-Based” Writing!

Warning: This is the part that takes the most time!

Good “Reader-Based” Writing

7

What is “Reader-Based” Writing?• Reader-based writing takes into account the

needs and concerns of the reader. It is…– Worthwhile to read

• Interesting & insightful• Not just a school assignment

– Accurate– Aware of its purpose– Tells the reader what he/she needs to know

• Defines key terms• Attributes ideas to their “maker” well documented

– Well organized– Well edited & proofread

• Grammatically “neat”• Has an appropriate tone• Uses appropriate words/language

– Has ‘visual cues’ that aid the reader consistently formatted

It’sReader

Friendly!

It’s NOT writer-based!


8

“Writer-Based” Shopping List• Fruit• TP• Yogurt• Ice Cream• Milk• Chips• Vegetables• Butter This list gets low-scores because it

leaves the reader with too many questions, and it’s not well organized.


9

“Reader-Based” Shopping List• Fruit

– 6 Fuji Apples

– 3 ripe Bartlett Pears

– 3 lbs. Bing Cherries (if on sale for $.99 or less)

• Vegetables– 3 large yellow onions

– 4 Russet potatoes

• Yogurt– 1 pint non-fat plain

• 1 gal. skim milk• 1 lb. unsalted butter

• Ice Cream– 1 gallon Ben & Jerry’s

“Funky Monkey”

• 1 large bag “traditional” Doritos

Looking better!


10

Is “writer-based” writing ever appropriate?

• Pre-Drafting & Idea Formulation– When the writer needs to

sketch out his/her own ideas to help get those ideas formulated, developed, and organized.

• Private Writing– Journals

– Diaries

OfCourse!


11

BUT…Don’t submit “writer-based” stuff

thinking it is “reader-based!” This is the

kiss of death!


12

Priority #2.

Proper Documentation!

Warning: This part takes an eye for details.

Documentation

13

You need to document when you…• Use other sources (people, texts, films, etc.) to develop your

own ideas and/or language. – You need to provide your reader with a sense of who you “drew

upon” so that it isn’t assumed the creation of your idea was like the “Big Bang” and it appeared out of nowhere.

• Quote, paraphrase, and/or summarize other people’s ideas and/or research.

• Utilize the language and/or key terms of others.

• Cite little known and/or highly specific information/facts/figures. (i.e., The GDP of Ghana was $1.2 billion in 1992.)

Documentation

14

What does documenting involve?A. In-text attributions Tells who is saying what

– According to Smith…– Smith argues that…

B. Parenthetical Citations Tells which source is being referenced and reveals where the “speaker” said it

– (Smith, 2002, p. 43).

C. List of References (aka: bibliography) Tells how to find the source

Allows your reader to discover –without undue fuss– the source of any language or ideas you have used in writing a paper.

Documentation

15

What is proper documenting?1. In-text attributions Tells who is saying what

– According to Smith…– Smith argues that…

2. Parenthetical Citations Tells where/when the “speaker” said it– (Smith, 2002, p. 43).

3. List of References (aka: bibliography) Tells the reader how to find the source if they want more information

You need all three to

be doing it right!

They work as a team!

Documentation

16

A. In-Text Attributions…• Help to distinguish your ideas from other

people’s ideas. – They help the reader understand the origins of

an idea AND prevent you from being accused of plagiarizing.

Documentation: A. In-Text Attributions

Beware! If an idea is not attributed to another person, it is highly

likely that the reader will assume that the idea is your own.

17

Alternatives to “he said”/“she said”

• Smith argues…• The author implies…• Smith contends…• Smith states…• Smith builds upon the

assumption that…• Smith extends his

argument by…• Smith draws upon his

work at…• Smith asserts…• Smith sums up his ideas

when he says…

• Smith makes three points: 1) Americans don’t agree on the purpose of public schools; 2) this lack of purpose creates an inability to create clear objectives; and 3) without measurable objectives, there is no way that schools cannot be adequately evaluated.

• Smith’s nihilistic ideas can be condensed into three points: …

Documentation: A. In-Text Attributions

18

B. Parenthetical Citations…• Tell your reader which source is

being referenced.

• Work in close conjunction with the “bibliography.”

• The parenthetical citation reveals which source is being referenced. It also could provide some specific information (like the exact page number of a particular quote or idea).

• The “bibliography” (called a “List of References” in APA) tells the reader how to find this source.

Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations

19

3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical Citations

Option #1: Place the author(s) and date(s) within parentheses at an appropriate place within or at the end of a sentence.

Examples:Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999, 2000) and services (Jones, 1992; Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

Ganley (1999a, 1999b) argues that…


Notes:• There is a comma between the name(s) and the year of publication.• Smith has two different publications: one in 1999 and one in 2000. Ganley also has two

publications, both written in 1999. The “a” and “b” distinguish them from each other. Assign the “a” and “b” according to the alphabetical order of the titles.

• When there are two joint authors, use an “&” in the parenthetical.• When more than one source is listed in a parenthetical, they are listed according to

alphabetical order by last name and are separated by a semicolon.

Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations: Placement

20

3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical CitationsOption #2: Place only the date within the parentheses…and cover the other information “in text.”

Examples:Jones and Beckett (1999) and Fischer (1999, 2000) argue that obesity will continue to be a health epidemic until educators take action.

In Paradise (1999), Ganley presents humans as being the real monsters.


Notes:• The date goes immediately after the author when there is no title. When a title is given,

the parenthetical goes right after the title.

• Although an “&” is used to link two joint authors in a parenthetical, the “and” is spelled out in the text.

• In these examples, no specific page numbers are provided. If a direct quote is used, specific page numbers would be required. If you are simply paraphrasing or summarizing, you only have to make reference to the author and year, but APA guidelines encourage to also include the page number (although it is not required).


21

3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical Citations

Option #3: Integrate both the author and date into your sentence.

Example:In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young people.


Notes:• In this example, no specific page numbers are provided. If a direct quote is used, specific

page numbers would be required. If you are simply paraphrasing or summarizing, you only have to make reference to the author and year, but APA guidelines encourage to also include the page number (although it is not required).

22

Parenthetical Citations: Nitty-Gritty IssuesLots of Co-Authors: When the reference is written by three to five authors, cite all the authors in the text the first time the reference appears. In subsequent references, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (which means “and authors”).

Example of 3-5 authors:Jones, Smith, and Beckett (1999) argue that the earth is not perfectly

symmetrical. In fact, Jones et al. contend that the earth is constantly changing shape.

When the reference is written by six or more authors, use only the first author’s name followed by et al. in the first and all subsequent references. The only exception to this rule is when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same authors being cited. In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear. See page 208 of the APA manual for specifics regarding et al. usage.

Corporate Author: When the work is done by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author.

Example of a corporate author:Retired officers retain access to all of the university’s educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).


23

Samples of Parenthetical Citations Used Frequently By CGU Teacher Education Interns

How to mention a class or lecture: Example 1:

Ganley (2004) outlined three different organizational theories.

How to mention a “personal communication” (i.e., letter, memo, telephone conversation, personal interview, home visit):Example 2:

R.J. Smith (personal communication, November 19, 2004) provided insights into John’s attitude.

Example 3:He provided insights into John’s attitude (R.J. Smith, personal communication,

November 19, 2004).

Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations: Samples for Special Ed

Notes:• In Example 1, Ganley had given a lecture in 2004 about organizational theories. There would be a

bibliographic entry for this lecture (see page 260 of the APA manual for a sample). In the case of the personal communications (Examples 2 & 3), there is no bibliographic entry but the date of the communication is recorded in the parenthetical citation. After using “R.J. Smith,” you would just use the last name, “Smith.” Notice that if a pronoun is used “in text” (as it is with Example 3), you need to include the name in the parenthetical citation.

24

See the green sheets (attached) for some samples of

Parenthetical Citations .

25

Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & Quotations

Quotations: How to handle?• Quotations are word-for-word transcriptions. They are verbatim duplications,

not summaries or paraphrases. There are rules for changing them but you must follow these rules to indicate that you have altered the quote. (See pages 119-120 of the APA manual for these rules.)

• When you include a direct quote in your text, your parenthetical citation needs to include specific information (i.e., a page #) so that the reader can find the quote within the given source.

• Reserve your quotes for “gems” – those phrases that are so good (i.e., so concise, so uniquely worded, so dazzling, etc.) that something would be lost if you paraphrased them. If you can say something more clearly or more concisely than the original text, do so! Don’t quote.

• Short quotes (fewer than 40 words) are handled differently than long quotes (more than 40 words).

26

Parenthetical Citations: Short QuotationsExamples:According to Jones (1998), “The typical American student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199).

She stated, “The typical American student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (Smith, 2000, p. 23), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

What will it mean if Jones (1998) is right that “the typical American student has been trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199)?

Documentation: B. Parenthetical CitationsDocumentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & (Short) Quotations

Notes:• Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by

double quotation marks (“ ”). Notice how there is a pair of quotation marks.

• Your punctuation marks (such as periods, commas, semicolons, question marks, and exclamation points) should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points that are part of the text should appear within the quotation marks.

• If you use the author’s name in the text, don’t put it in the parenthetical citation. If you use a pronoun, put the name in the parenthetical citation.

27

Parenthetical Citations: Long QuotationsExample:Putnam (1993) explains the recursive nature of social capital production when he writes,

Stocks of social capital, such as trust, norms, and networks, tend to be self-reinforcing and cumulative. Virtuous circles result in social equilibrium with high levels of cooperation, trust, reciprocity, civic engagements, and collective well-being. These traits define the civic community. Conversely, the absence of these traits in the uncivic community is also self-reinforcing. Defection, distrust, shirking, exploitation, isolation, disorder, and stagnation intensify one another in a

suffocating miasma of vicious circles. (p. 177)

Documentation: B. Parenthetical CitationsDocumentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & (Long) Quotations

Notes:• Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of double-spaced typewritten lines and omit

the quotation marks. To create the “block” indent both the right and left margins. The parenthetical citation comes after the closing punctuation mark (i.e., the period).

• If you overuse, your reader is likely to feel he/she is reading somebody else’s work, not yours.

• Be sure to introduce and interpret your quote.

• See page 117 –119 of the APA manual.

28

Parenthetical Citations: Source sited within a source

Example for a quote:Putnam explained that “life is not kind to the antisocial” (as cited in Sandusky, 1990, p. 38).

Example of a paraphrase:Sidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)….


Notes:• In the “List of References” you would have entries for Sandusky 1990 and

Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993….not for Putnam or for Sidenberg and McClelland.

• See page 247 of the APA manual.

29

C. The List of References…• Tells your reader how to find “the source”

mentioned in the parenthetical citation.

• Works in close conjunction with the “parenthetical citations.”

• The parenthetical citation reveals which source is being referenced, and maybe it provides some specific information (like the exact page number of a particular quote or idea).

• The “bibliography” (called a “List of References” in APA) tells the reader how to find this source.

Documentation: C. List of References

30

Reference List: Basic Guidelines• The reference list is on a separate piece of paper and is titled

References. It follows the final page of the text (e.g., it goes before any appendixes). It has a page number(s).

• There should be a bibliographic entry for every source mentioned in the text. Another way of saying this: For every source mentioned in a parenthetical, there should be a bibliographic entry.

• The entries are listed in alphabetical order according to the last name of the author. Do not number the entries.

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called a hanging indentation..

Documentation: C. List of References: Basic Guidelines

31

Reference List: More Basic Guidelines • When there are two or more works by the same author, list the works in

chronological order according to the date of publication (thus a 1999 article would appear before a 1996 article). When there are two or more works by the same author, repeat the name of the author in each entry. If there are two or more works by the same author that were published at the same time, assign letters to the works (1999a…1999b) according to the alphabetical order of the works’ titles.

• If a work has no author, put the entire title in the author position.

• If the work is edited, the editor(s) assume the author position.

• Personal communications (such as e-mail messages, personal interviews, and/or telephone conversations) do not provide “recoverable data” and, as such, are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in the text only (using a parenthetical citation). Give the initials as well as the exact surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. (See page 214 of the APA manual.)

Documentation: C. List of References: Basic Guidelines

32

Reference List: Examples

Documentation: C. List of References: Examples

I can’t provide you with samples of everything, but I will try to give you examples of the most common type of entries. For a list of the examples provided, see the PINK SHEET attached.

Be sure to consult the APA manual if you don’t see what you need here…or if you have questions.

33

Reference List:

Single-Author (Book)

Documentation: C. References: Examples

Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Ganley, D. (2000). Paradise. New York: Random House.

Jacobson, Z. (2002). The savage god: Suicide in America’s inner-cities. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

Notes:• The entries are listed according to alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.• Use just the initial of the author’s first name.• The book’s title is in italics and is not underlined or put in quotes.• Except for proper nouns, only the first letter of the first word of the title and the first word of the sub-title are capitalized.• When the city is not terribly well-known, add the state’s 2-letter abbreviation. • Notice the punctuation…and then be consistent.

34

Reference List: Multiple Authors (Book)

Documentation: C. References

Brown, H., & Milsted, J. (1996). Patterns in poetry: An introductory anthology. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Hymes, J.T., Dunn, B.R., Gould, J.E., & Harris, W. (1997). Love is in the air. Los Angeles: Little Tree Press.

Notes:• In the reference list, list all the authors. Don’t use et al. in the reference list. Only use et al. in the parenthetical citation. See page 208 of the APA manual for specifics of using et al. in the parenthetical.• Note the use of the “&.”• Notice the “hanging indent.”• See pages 208-209 of the APA manual.


35

Reference List: Edited Volumes (Book)


Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991). Beaches in the Pacific. Kula, HI: Upcountry Publishing.

Gibbs, J.T., & Huang, L.N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interviews with minority youth. San

Francisco: Jossey-Bass.


Notes:• See page 249 of the APA manual.

36

Reference List:

Dictionary and/or Encyclopedia


Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity: In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 5010 508). Chicago:

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

Notes:• The Bergmann entry is for an authored entry found in an encyclopedia.• For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name of the lead editor, followed by et al.• In the example, “Grove” is a proper noun and is therefore capitalized.•See pages 250-254 of the APA manual.


37

Reference List:

Non-English Books & Translations


Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de l’idee de hastard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Quiet, P. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.W. Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published in 1814).



38

Reference List: Edition Other Than First (Book),

Author with Jr. in Name


Creech, P.J., Jr. (1975). Radiology and technology of the absurd (3rd ed). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Notes:• Note capitals and placement of the punctuation marks.• See pages 248-249 of the APA manual.


39

Reference List: Article or Chapter in a Book


Author, A.A., & Author , B.B. (year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In A. Editor & b. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p. pages of chapter or article). Location: Publisher.

Bjork, R.A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.


Notes:• Chapter author: Bjork; Title of chapter: Retrieval inhibition…; Book Editors: Roediger and

Craik; Book title: Varieties of memory...; Chapter page numbers: pp. 309-330.• See page 252 of the APA manual.

40

Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number if available), pages.

Herman, L.M., & Kuczaj, S.A., III. (1993). Response to anomalous gesture sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence

for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 184-194.

Notes:• Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122 is the periodical title and publication information.• 184-194 are the page numbers.• See page 239 of the APA manual.

Reference List:

Journal Article, 1-2 authors


41

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number if

available), pages.

Herman, L.M., Kuczaj, S.A., III, & Holder, M.D. (1993). Response to anomalous gesture sequences by a language-trained

dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 184-194.Notes:• Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122 is the periodical title and publication information.• 184-194 are the page numbers.• See page 239 of the APA manual.

Reference List: Journal Article, 3-6 authors


42

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., Author, C.C., Author, D.D., Author, E.E., Author, F.F. et al. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number if available), pages.

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection.

Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.


Reference List:

Journal Article, 6+ authors


43

Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B20.

Reference List: Article – Weekly Newspaper



44

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993. July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Reference List:

Daily Newspaper Article – Discontinuous pages


Notes:• The first article had no author.

• See pages 242-243 of the APA manual.

45

Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on

motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Notes:• See pages 259 of the APA manual.


Reference List: Published Proceedings, Contribution to a

Symposium

46

Lanktree, C. & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the

Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

Poplin, M. (2003, December). The history of education. Lecture given to the students enrolled in Claremont Graduate University’s EDU 562: Learning/Teaching Theories in Education, Claremont, CA.

Notes:• See pages 260 of the APA manual.

Reference List: Unpublished Lecture/Paper Presented at

A Meeting, Symposium, or Class


47

Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947).

Reference List: Doctoral Dissertation Abstracts in

Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI


Notes:• See pages 260-261 of the APA manual.

48

Ross, D.R. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University,

1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.


Reference List: Doctoral Dissertation Abstracted in

(DAI) and Obtained from the University


49

Wilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.


Reference List: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation with

no listing in DAI


50

Almeida, D.M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for fathers’ stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Derin, D. (1993). What happens in schools. Unpublished master’s thesis, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont,

California.Notes:• Only put the country if it is a country other than the United States of America.

• See pages 262-263 of the APA manual.

Reference List:

Unpublished Master’s Thesis


51

Schatz, B.R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.

Zapler, M. (2003, November 10). Now J-Lo and Ben have peace [Review of the motion picture Gigli]. Times, 280, 45-46.

Notes:• Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television

program, etc.).

• See page 265 of the APA manual.

Reference List:

Book Review


52

Producer, P.P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

Apple, B.D. (Producer), & Costner, K. (Writer/Director). (1992). Dances with wolves [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.


Reference List: Movies and Videos


53

Producer, P.P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or distributor.

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.


Reference List: Television Broadcast or Series


54

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & De, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Notes:• For more about electronic sources, see the APA style web site’s coverage of electronic

references at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html or http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html

• See page 271 of the APA manual..

Reference List: Internet Articles Based on a Print

Version of the Text


55

Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Article 001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from

http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume.11/psyc.00.11.001.langauge-sex-chrmosomes.1.crow.

Notes:• See page 272 of the APA manual..

Reference List:

Article from an Internet-only Journal


56

Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (date of publication). Title of article. Retrieved month, date, year from http://Web address.

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech/gvu/user_survey/survey-1997-10/

Notes:• In the example above, there is no author, and no date, so we start with the title of the article.• n.d. stands for no date.• See page 274 of the APA manual..

Reference List: Stand-alone e-document

(Web page)


57

Chou, L. (1993). Technology and Education. Retrieved August 24, 2002, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning

Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwinel.html.

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrocate/

Notes:• See pages 274-275 of the APA manual..

Reference List:

Other E-Samples


58

Priority #3.

Formatting

Warning: This part takes some computer skills and an eye for consistency.

Formatting

59

What does formatting involve?A. Making your document look like it is

supposed to…• Margin sizes

• Title pages (done in a certain way)

• Section headers/titles (and the size and look of those headers)

• Running headers/footers

• Page numbers

• Stylizing

• Placement and titling of figures

60

Formatting: Starter Hints• It is easiest to find a text that you know is done in proper APA format

and then to use this text as a guide/model for formatting. Seeing proper formatting really helps. You must, however, be super confident that your sample is correct. Looking at previously “published” dissertations is not always wise.

• Realize that there are rules for EVERYTHING. You might consider flipping through the Table of Contents and Index of the APA manual just so you are aware of all the things for which there are rules. Here’s a sample of the subjects covered:– How to write numbers (p. 122-130 of the APA manual)– How to title figures and tables (p. 147-201 of the APA manual)– How to number pages (p. 10-29 of the APA manual)– How to use italics (p. 100 of the APA manual)– How to deal with foreign words (p. 102 of the APA manual)– How to do footnotes (p. 202-205) and appendices (p. 205-207 of the APA manual)– How to utilize abbreviations, etc.

Formatting: Starter Hints

61

Formatting: Starter Hints• The larger your document, the more important it is to NOT alter

the formatting using highlight + command cues. Leave your document in “normal format” (that is, sans bold, underlining, centering, font size changes, etc.) Then, when you are done, use “macro styling techniques.” This will decrease the chance of file corruption.

• APA mandates that when you are writing up the results of a study that you use the PAST TENSE. – Wrong: The study indicates that…– Correct: The study indicated that…

– Wrong: Marge is failing her math class.– Correct: When I talked to her (personal communication, March 18, 2003),

Marge was failing her math class.

Formatting: Starter Hints

62

Important choice CGU TE interns need to make regarding the tense

of their ethnography:

Option 1: • With this option, all sections

need to be in the past tense. In most cases this means that after finishing all sections of the ethnography that you go back and make sure everything is in the past tense.

Option 2: • With this option, you write each

part from a present-tense perspective. To explain the changing/evolving perspective, you write a short (1-2 page) introduction to your ethnography that introduces the project as a whole and “explains” the tense and perspective of each part.

63

Formatting: General Set Up• Typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 x 11 inches)

with 1 inch margins on all sides

• Your final essay should include, in the order listed below, as many of the following sections as are applicable, each of which should begin on a separate page:– Title page, which includes a running head for publication, title, and byline

and affiliation (see sample provided)– Abstract– Text– References (titled References no quotes or underlining)– Appendices (titled Appendix A no quotes or underlining)– Author note– Footnotes/endnotes– Tables– Figure captions– Figures

Formatting: General Set Up

64

Formatting: General Page Set Up

WARNING for CGU’s Teacher

Ed Interns: Interns in CGU’s Teacher Education Program are given some leeway concerning the formatting of

their texts. Covers, title pages, and running headers are styled in a non-APA manner. Also

the order of the parts (as outlined in the previous slide) are often changed. (For example, the

figures are often woven throughout the text, not placed at the end of the document.) Interns

should talk to their faculty advisors about the freedom they have. (Note: The handling of page numbers, parenthetical citations, reference lists, quotations, and the titling of figures are all done according to APA rules. No modification here.)

65

WARNING for CGU’s Ph.D. Candidates:

CGU dictates its own formatting for CGU dissertations! The margin-size is different as are other things (like how to handle the page numbers). Check with the Registrar’s Office for a list of these rules. Do this before you start to format

your dissertation.

66

Formatting: 5 Levels of Heading(See page 113 of the APA manual)

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (L5)

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (L1)

Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (L2)

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (L3)

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (L4)

Formatting: 5 Levels of Heading

67

Attached Pages• Green Sheets: Samples of parenthetical citations

• Yellow Sheets: Paper sample copied from APA manual

• Blue Sheets: List of other places to get help regarding APA

• Pink Sheets: List of reference examples provided in this “show”

• Salmon Sheets: Sample reference list entries

68

Important information for CGU TE interns: YOU MUST USE PSEUDONMYS

(FAKE NAMES)!

• All students– Suggestion: Give each student

a unique nickname…and explain why you assigned the specific nickname.

• Family members of all student participants

• All school personnel – Mr. Principal

– Ms. School Nurse

• The school itself

• The school district

• The school’s city

• Any other Personal Noun that could be used to readily identify the specific location of the school and/or the identity of the study’s student participants.

Most interns find it easiest to use a search/replace command on the computer to do a mass change at the end of the term. This illuminates confusion.

69

The End!

Prepared by DeLacy Derin GanleyClaremont Graduate University

Fall 2004

Date post:	23-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	allison-marianna-hill
View:	215 times
Download:	0 times

1 APA 101: The 411 on American Psychological Association (APA) “Publishing” 9.23.04 Everything...

Documents