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Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Nawazish NaveedNawazish Naveed

Instructor

Nawazish Naveed– Online course content and coordination:

• Group:– To be announced.

• Teaching Assistant:– To be Announced

• Office Hours– Will be announced with course of time

Grading(rigid)

Assignments 4

Quizzes 4

Projects 40% of Practical

Mid 12

Practical 20

Final 20

Total 60

Projects/Homeworks submission

• Deadlines are always final

• Submission guidelines must be followed.

• Submit compressed files (rar,zip).

• Name your submission folder in the format RollNo_Name_HW#

• e.g. 123_Umar_HW#3

• No grouping is allowed in assignments.

Late assignments

• To cater for emergencies however, everyone gets 3 late days.

• The concept is that you can use these at your discretion any time during this course for regular assignments (not for project).

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Homework Assignments

• Will be made very often in the class or lab with an opportunity for class discussion of answers.

• Answers for some problems can be discussed in class and others will be your responsibility.

• You should do all exercises by the stipulated time.

• It is important that you do the homework. Many (but not all) of the exam questions are similar to those assigned in the homework.

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Quizzes• Exact dates will be announced sometimes for the quizzes.

Mostly there will be snap quiz.

• If quiz are missed due to illness, I must have a doctor or health center excuse explaining why you could not take the exam on that date.

• Makeup quiz, available only with pre-notification and

prearrangement are often harder than the original.

• Excuses other than the above are not acceptable.

• The exams are prescheduled by the department as noted previously.

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Policy Regarding Exams

• If you feel that you have a reasonable excuse for missing your quizzes or exams, then the solution doesn’t lie with me.

• Contact the academic office and let them decide the fate for your missed opportunities.

• The decision by academic office will be given due recognition.

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Helping, Copying, Plagiarism• We want you to learn.• We want you to talk with each other, learn together, and help

each other, But Plagiarism is unacceptable!

(plagiarism = presenting other people’s work as your own)

• If you got help for your assignment from anyone but the lecturer or the TA,

STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT !

• If you copied bits of code from anywhere butthe lecture slides or the textbook

STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT !– (anything more than one line)

Guidelines

• Read your email and messages on the course yahoo group regularly

• Check notice board sub folder in course folder daily

• Start working on projects/homeworks from first day.

• Remain attentive during the class. Questions are always welcome.

• I will ask questions very often

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What is AI? What is AI?

• People have been, since ages, drawn to the ideaof creating intelligence outside the human body.

• Examples are numerous in Greek and European mythology

• Ever since the first computers were built, scientist have beentrying to make them intelligent

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What is AI? What is AI?

• The branch of computer science called Artificial Intelligence is said to have been born at a conference held at

Dartmouth, USA, in 1956

• The scientists attending that conference represented several different disciplines: mathematics, neurology,

psychology, electrical engineering, etc

• They had one thing in common: They all were trying to use the recently developed computers to simulate various aspects of human intelligence

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What is AI?What is AI?

• Artificial Intelligence may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior

• An exact definition of intelligence is not easy to formulate

• However, there are some general abilities which are universally considered as intelligent

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What is AI?What is AI?

According to Douglas Hofstadter these are:

- To respond to situations very flexiblyIf the same response is exhibited each time, the behavior is called mechanical. To survive in changing environments, one need to exhibit innovative behavior (e.g. art of begging)

- To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messagesWe understand such messages because our knowledge

and experience allows us to place them in context. (e.g. time flies like an arrow, buy this washing powder

versus buy that washing powder)

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What is AI?What is AI?

- To recognize the relative importance of different elementsof a situation(e.g. quality versus price of a commodity)

- To find similarities between situations despite differenceswhich may separate them(e.g. chairs in two different pictures)

- To draw distinctions between situations despite similaritieswhich may link them(e.g. differences in two cars)

These abilities are largely due to knowledge and experience,which allows you to place an information in its wider context

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What is AI?What is AI?

Another definition of intelligence:

It is the ability to - perceive inter-relationship of facts- learn and understand from experience- acquire and retain knowledge- respond quickly and successfully to a new

situation

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What is AI?What is AI?

Turing test was proposed in 1950.

It is a test to decide whether or not a particular machine is intelligent.

 Machine Human

  

Player

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What is AI?What is AI?

- Contact only through monitor and keyboard- Machine tries to pose as a human- If the player cannot distinguish between human and

machine, then machine is considered intelligent 

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History of AI?History of AI?

The term AI was formalised in Dartmouth Conference in 1957. Dartmouth is a college in USA.

 Up till 1980’s the AI expansion was in the field of Expert

Systems, Chess and other game playing and Natural Language Processing.

 During these times LISP was invented in 1957 and

PROLOG in 1970 (These are AI programming languages).

 In the 1990’s some new techniques became famous,

namely Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic.

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History of AI?History of AI?

1950 Turning describes his test for machine intelligence

1955 Bernstein develops first working chess program1956 McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence1957 McCarthy invents LISP1965 Feigenbaum develops the first expert system1967 Greenblatt develops the first competent chess

program1970 PROLOG language is invented1972 Natural language processing program

SHRDLU1982 Japanese 5th generation AI research effort

begins

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Major AI AreasMajor AI Areas

1. Expert SystemsAn ES is a computer program designed to act

as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise). It typically includes a sizeable knowledge base, consisting of facts about the domain and rules for application to those facts. Medical, chemical,

geological 2. Natural Language Processing

Goal is to enable people and computers to communicate in ordinary or natural English.

- Comprehension of natural language: Keyboard input, speech

recognition- Generation of natural language.

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Major AI AreasMajor AI Areas

3. Robotics and Computer VisionFactory automationAutonomous vehicles

Robots: Electromechanical devices programmed to perform manual tasks. Not all robots are intelligent. Some are pre-programmed by conventional techniques and are dumb. An

intelligent robot usually includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to changes in its environment.

Computer Vision: Comprehension of surroundings (interpretation of images)

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Major AI AreasMajor AI Areas

4. Game Playinge.g. Chess

 5. Languages and Environment of AI  6. Planning and Decision Support

Intelligent programs designed to provide active assistance in the planning process. They are

helpful to managers with decision making responsibilities

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Major AI AreasMajor AI Areas

7. Automatic ProgrammingThe aim is a computer system that could

develop programs by itself, in response to and in accordance with the specifications of a program developer

 8. Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction

Computerised tutors that shape their teaching techniques to fit the learning patterns of

individual students 9. Machine Learning & Emergent Computation

e.g. Neural Networks, Genetic algorithm.

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AI prehistory

Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality

Mathematics formal representation and proof

algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability

probability

Psychology adaptation phenomena of perception and motor control experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)

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Economics formal theory of rational decisions

Linguistics knowledge representation grammar

Neuroscience plastic physical substrate for mental activity

Control theory homeostatic systems, stability simple optimal agent designs

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AI Growing PainsAI Growing Pains

• Many methods and techniques have been developed under the umbrella of AI to simulate intelligent

behavior

• However, we are still far away from the goals set by Hollywood movies like Terminator

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Home Work

Uses and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing, Medicine, Defense, Chemistry, and other Applied

Disciplineschap. 1 of the given book

ArtificialIntelligence3rdEdModernApproachRussel