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AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education
Group Dynamics
In the context of interactive sports it is said that a champion team will defeat a team of individual champions and therefore the study of how groups operate as a unit is important
Can you think of an example of when this has happened?
2006 – Ryder Cup, Europe had one player in the top ten rankings yet won against America!
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So what is a group?
Although a group can be described as comprising three or more individuals, this is not an adequate definition.
The important factor in the formation of a group is that individuals interact. Group members should be aware and relate to each other by having a shared objective, which will bring about interaction.
“Groups are those social aggregates that involve mutual awareness and the potential for interaction” (McGrath)
What makes a good Group?
Watch the following
clips of these teams,
write down what you
think makes them so
successful?
What makes a successful group/team?
• have a strong collective identity• members have an opportunity to socialise• have members who share goals and ambitions• and share ownership of ideas• have members who are able to communicate
effectively (on the same wavelength)
• have strong cohesion (see later slides)• have members who value relationships within
the group• have a successful coach or leader (see later
slides) • who ensures that members’ contributions to the
group are valued
GROUP COHESION
According to Carron, a group will form a
“bond” if the following characteristics are in
place:
A collective identity A sense of shared purpose A clear structure for communication
The term given to describe the degree of
successful bonding or the strength of a
collective group co-operation is called
GROUP COHESION
Group cohesion: two dimensions
1. TASK COHESION
Relates to the way in which team members work
with each other to successfully complete a task.
2. SOCIAL COHESION
Involves personal relationships within the group
And relies on individuals enjoying social interaction
TASK COHESIONTo develop task cohesion the group will be
given an overall team goal which is
accepted and valued by all team members.
To achieve the long-term goal there must be
a collective affiliation to team tactics and
strategies of play.
e.g. A football team may set out to win the
league by adopting an attacking policy at
home and away matches.
Task cohesion is most important in
interactive games, e.g hockey
SOCIAL COHESION
To develop social cohesion the group leader
would create opportunities for social
development. An environment would be
created where players could interact
positively by relaxing and making friends.
e.g. A touring team often develops strong social bonds.
Social cohesion is most important in
Co-active sports, e.g track and field
TASK - Identify a successful sports team or organisation
By applying the terms of McGrath and Carron, discuss in pairs how well the team operates as a unit
Identify outstanding individuals, key pairings or sub-groups that operate in the context of the whole group
Identify an occasion when the cohesiveness of the unit had broken down and suggest reasons for this
Discuss how cohesiveness was restored
CARRON’s MODEL
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COH ESI ON
environm entalfactors
personalfactors
leadershipfactors
teamfactors
FOUR factors affect the development of cohesion
ENVIRONMENTAL• factors binding members to a team
– contracts, location, age, eligibility• avoid star system, provide opportunities for
socialising
PERSONAL• factors which members believe are important
– motives for taking part• develop ownership feelings and social groupings
within the team
LEADERSHIP• the behaviour of leaders and coaches
TEAM• factors relating to the group
– team identity, targets, member ability and role
• creation of team short and long-term goals• rewarding of individual and team efforts
SOCIO-GRAMOne way to gather information about the
dynamics of a group is to compile a
socio-gram.
In a socio-gram, each player nominates
players with whom they could best work
within a team situation
TASK - identify the following:
Who is the most popular and would possibly be captain?
Who is an exclusive group. The term given to a sub-group.
Who are reciprocal pairs. Friends who vote for each other.
Who would be a reject? Making nominations but receiving none back.
Who is an Isolate, someone who made and received no nominations.
SOCIO-GRAM
E
H
F
A
B
G
J
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ID
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COHESION - BreakdownMost team sports rely on units within a
team working closely together and
individuals performing tasks that may
remain unnoticed by spectators.
The potential of the team to function as a
cohesive unit is affected when co-
ordination between team players fails
and motivation of the individual drops.
STEINER’S MODEL
Actual Potential Losses due
Productivity = Productivity – to Faulty
Process
(AP=PP-FP)
Actual productivity is the team performance at a
given time during the game. Potential productivity
Is the maximum capability of the group when
cohesiveness is strongest. Faulty processes relate
to the factors that can go wrong in team
performance, which will affect the group cohesion
and collective potential.
There are two faulty processes that bring about losses in potential productivity:
1. Co-ordination losses
These losses occur because the effectiveness of
the group as a unit cannot be sustained for the
duration of a match. Even the most carefully
planned and rehearsed strategies may fail
occasionally because of a positional error or an ill
timed move.
Any breakdown in teamwork is regarded as a
co-ordination loss and is termed the RINGLEMAN
effect.
Ringleman effect:
Ringleman stated that problems in team
co-ordination are more likely to occur as the
team numbers increase. Research was done
where a team of eight in a tug of war did not
pull eight times as hard as solo performers!!
2. MOTIVATION LOSSES
These relate to an individual who suffers a
reduction of motivation during performance
causing the player to withdraw effort and
coast through a game. This relaxation of
effort is called “social Loafing”
TASK – Analyse a game you last played for the school, Identify the following:
Situations when group cohesion facilitated good play.
Circumstances when team play broke down due to the onset of faulty processes
The faulty processes
How could a coach prevent the
Ringlemann effect and Social loafing
from occurring?