1

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR POWERING A GEODESIC-FALLPROPULSION SYSTEM THRU USE OF SPACETIME TORSION

1. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Field of Invention

The general area of technology is well defined in patent application

METHODS & SYSTEMS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION USINGCONTROLLED GEODESIC-FALL by Charles W. Kellum

The entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

This invention relates to methods and systems for generating and

supplying electric power to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. Electric power is

generated directly from spacetime. This generated electric power is then

supplied, in a controlled manner, to a geodesic-fall propulsion system. This

invention also includes a method and system to execute such a control function.

Deriving energy (e.g. electric power) directly from spacetime utilizes the

properties of spacetime termed curvature and torsion. Torsion can be viewed as

a form of curvature. Torsion can be defined as spin, thus curvature and spin are

properties of spacetime. Gravitation is the curvature of spacetime.

Electromagnetism is the torsion (i.e. spinning) of spacetime. Fundamentally, two

charged bodies of mass will exert a gravitational attraction on each other, and

have a spin connection. These properties are expressed in Cartan Geometry,

which can be viewed as a “generalization” (i.e. expansion) of the Riemann

Geometry used in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. A single body will be affected

by both gravitation and torsion (i.e. the curvature and the spinning of spacetime),

acting on said body. While geodesic-fall uses electromagnetism to induce

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spacetime curvature, this invention uses electromagnetism to amplify (via

resonance) the effect of spacetime spin (i.e. torsion).

At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced by the electromagnetic

field (i.e. spin) interaction between the body and spacetime, is amplified. This

force can be regarded as a field, expressed in spacetime potential Φ , and

measured in volts. This resonance is termed spin-connection-resonance (SCR)

in the (Cartan Geometry based) Evans-Cartan-Einstein Theory. The principles

involved in the geodesic-fall process are shown in [1] and [14]. The Evans-

Cartan-Einstein Theory (i.e. ECE-Theory) is presented in [2], and several other

papers. The amplified Φ is used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system.

This invention includes a laboratory-scale system that can produce and

demonstrate SCR, anti-gravity effects, and electric power generation from

amplified Φ . This device can be used for advanced ECE-Theory based

experiment and development.

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1.1 Introduction

A small-scale (laboratory) observation of geodesic-fall principles can be

achieved by examining the dynamics of the Levitron [1]. The Levitron is a toy, but

operates on magnetic-levitation (mag-lev)/counter-gravity principles. The most

definitive paper on Levitron dynamics [1], views the device as a rotating dipole, in

a magnetic field. Also it can be useful in demonstrating and observing principles

involved in the geodesic-fall concept.

A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion system, is illustrated

in a copy of Figure 1 below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are

electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle.

Although this technology is focused primarily as a propulsion system for

spacecraft, it can theoretically be applied to nearly all vehicles. Applications to

the automotive industry might aid in reducing environmental concerns, oil-

dependency, and safety related issues. The geodesic-fall technology represents

a major departure from conventional approaches to vehicular propulsion. It is an

M 2

M 1

( s )

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alternative to internal-combustion. This is fundamental, if environmental concerns

are to be effectively addressed. For spacecraft applications, the speed of light is

no longer a limit. Practical interplanetary travel (and perhaps interstellar travel)

can be within reach.

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1.1.1 Applicable Documents

[1] "The Levitron: An adiabatic trap for spins”By: M. V. Berry; H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, UKThe Royal Society London 1996

[2] “The Spinning and Curving of Spacetime: The Electromagnetic &Gravitational Field in the Evans Unified Field Theory”By: M. Evans; AIAS 2005

[3] “Ultrafast non-Thermal Control of Magnetization, By Instantaneous Photomagnetic Pulses”By. A. Kimel, et-al;Nature 435 pgs 655-7; 2005

[4] “Concepts and Ramifications of a Gauge Interpretation of Relativity”By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USAAIAS posting; April 2008

[5] "The B(3) Field as a Link Between Gravitation & Electromagnetism in theVacuum"By: M. Evans; York University, CanadaFoundations of Physics Letters, vol. 9, pgs 463-473; Oct. 1996

[6] “Spin Connected Resonance in Counter Gravitation”By: H. Eckardt, M. W. EvansAIAS (UFT posting [68])

[7] “Spin Connected Resonance in Gravitational General Relativity”By: M. W. Evans; Acta. Phys. Pol. B, vol. 38, No. 6, June 2007AIAS (UFT posting [64]

[8] “Resonant Counter Gravitation”By: M. W. Evans;AIAS (UFT posting [53])

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[9] “ECE Engineering Model”By: Horst. Eckardt,(AIAS posting)

[10] “The resonant Coulomb Law of Einstein Cartan Evans Field Theory”By: M. W. Evans, H. Eckardt,AIAS (UFT posting [63])

[11] “Spacetime and Geometry; An introduction to General Relativity”By: Sean M. CarrollAddison Wesley .2004; ISBN 0-8053-8732-3

[12] “Devices for Space-Time Resonance Based on ECE-Theory”By: Horst EckardtAIAS posting 2008

[13] “Counter-Gravitation at Spin Connection Resonance”By: Myron W. EvansAIAS (UFT posting 116 (1)) 2008

[14] “Curvature-based Propulsion Laboratory-Scale Demonstration Report”By: C. Kellum ; The Galactican Group, USAJune 2008

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1.2 Overview

It has been proven [2]-[5], that electromagnetism and gravitation are both

manifestations of spacetime curvature, and functionally equivalent. Specifically,

the ECE-Theory shows gravitation is the curvature of spacetime, and

electromagnetism is the torsion of spacetime. In terms of differential geometry,

torsion can be viewed as a form of curvature. Induced spacetime curvature

creates geodesic paths that a vehicle can move/fall along. Thus, a propulsion

system capability is realized. The velocity, of the fall along the induced geodesic

path, is not bounded by the speed-of-light. The velocity constraint is the degree

of induced spacetime curvature. The standard speed-of-light ( c ) can be

exceeded with sufficient induced curvature of spacetime. Estimates suggest that

magnetic field strengths of 10-20 teslas are sufficient for a 1st system capability.

These field strengths are within the capabilities of present technology.

The Levitron offers an observable, duplicable, laboratory-scale example of

a geodesic-fall process. In this document we discuss and analyze this factor. We

can thus view the Levitron as a lab-scale demonstration of a geodesic-fall

process. The Levitron instability (which causes the Levitron-top to fall away from

its base, when there is sufficient rpm/spin degradation) is an example of

uncontrolled geodesic-fall. The full geodesic-fall process is a controlled version of

the instability exhibited by the Levitron-top. The control mechanisms are briefly

discussed below.

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1.2.1 Background

From [2], the definitions in this section are used. The general framework of

this discussion is taken as two coordinate systems. Generally, an affine

connection exists on a smooth manifold, and connects nearby tangent spaces

(e.g. coordinate systems) to that manifold. In oversimplification, a Cartan

connection is a generalization of an affine connection. The coordinate systems of

the top and of the base are considered. An affine connection is;

Γλν µ = {λ µ ν } = ( ∂xλ ⁄ ξα ) ( ∂²ξα ⁄ ∂xµ ∂xν )

Where; → xµ , xν are the (translation and rotation) coordinates of the base

→ ξα is a free falling coordinate system

Γµνk is a gamma connection of differential geometry

Γµνk ≠ Γνµ

k → gamma connection is not symmetric in Cartan geometry(a generalization of the Riemann geometry used in Relativity theory)

T λ µν = q λ a T a µν → torsion tensor (where q is a tetrad/frame-field)

R λ σµν = ∂ν Γ σµν − ∂µ Γ σνλ + Γ σνρ Γρµλ − Γ σµρ Γρ

νλis the Riemann Curvature Tensor

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2. SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Using the ECE field equations from [2], one can define a curvature-based

analysis of the Levitron. Focusing on functional equivalencies of F and Gµν we

have

∫ F dqi = ∆Φtop ; where Φtop is the potential energy of the top

From [1], the forces F on the Levitron top (gravitational and magnetic) aredefined as follows;

F = − mgez + ∇µ (t) • B (r) ; where: µ (t) is the top’s vector moment (the top considered as a

magnetic dipole) µ (t) X B (r) is the magnetic torque

Equilibrium is achieved if ∇Φtop = 0 . If ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂z2 > 0 , vertical stability is

achieved. Horizontal stability is achieved when ∂2Φtop ⁄ ∂x∂y > 0 . Considering

the field equations of the ECE-Theory, we can write them in a simplified Einstein-

like form from [2];

Gµν = – К Tµν + ℓTλµν

where; --- К and ℓ are constants --- Tµν is the energy-momentum density --- the torsion/spin Tλ

µν is accounted for in the ECE-Theory

If ;Gµν = Rµν – ½ Rgµν , with Ricci tensor Rµν and metric tensor gµν

asymmetric (as defined in the ECE-Theory)

Then;

Their components are anti-symmetric, representing spin. We then have

equivalencies;

F ≈ Gµν → ℓTλµν ≈ ∇µ (t) • B (r)

Thus, spin, | B (r) | , and curvature are related. QED

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The greater the spin and/or the greater the B field strength, the greater the

induced curvature that causes these conditions. The top’s spin acts as a driving

function to amplify Φ (the scalar potential), and thus enhance counter-gravitation

between the top & base, at resonance. This spin connection resonance (SCR) is

defined in [6] thru [8]. As shown above, it too is needed to counter Gµν .

References [6] thru [8] also provide insight as to which kind of resonances can be

expected. The induced curvature counters gravitation, in this Levitron case.

Changes in spin, due to friction and other mechanical forces, reduce induced

curvature. This causes instability in the Levitron device, resulting in the Levitron’s

top to fall away form its equilibrium position above the Levitron’s base. The

observed behavior of the device conforms to this analysis, and the analysis given

in [1].

The geodesic-fall propulsion concept utilizes induced spacetime curvature,

similar to the Levitron mag-lev process. Thus the Levitron’s instability-behavior

(i.e. the top’s fall away from the base) is similar to a vehicle under geodesic-fall

propulsion. However said vehicle’s fall along a geodesic path is controlled, and

not an instability condition. The parameters governing the instabilities exhibited

by the Levitron, can be properly controlled to provide a command & control

method for the geodesic-fall process. Overall, the Levitron illustrates an

application of induced spacetime curvature. It can be used to better understand

the principles governing geodesic-fall. It should be clear that magnetic forces

are not used “directly” to drive the vehicle.

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2.1 Overview of Basic Geodesic-Fall Concept

Gravitation is a manifestation of spacetime curvature. It is shown by the

derivation of geodesics in a neighborhood. Gravity and electromagnetism are

both manifestations of spacetime curvature. They are respectively the symmetric

and antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor. The Ricci Tensor is a second order

covariant tensor, formed by the contraction of the curvature tensor ßmikj , and

usually denoted as Rij . It is used to analytically express the curvature of

spacetime, in a specified neighborhood, at a specified time. Dynamic spacetime

curvature thus could be viewed as an event in spacetime. If said neighborhood is

defined as the immediate vicinity of a vehicle (wherein said vehicle possesses a

configuration of electromagnetic devices, such that said devices project an

electromagnetic field (i.e. bubble), in/about the neighborhood of said vehicle), the

vehicle could move/fall along the geodesic produced by manipulating the

curvature of said neighborhood. The process is thus called "geodesic-fall".

The equivalence of gravity and electromagnetism has been established.

The process of magnetic levitation (mag-lev) is described in [4]. This mag-lev

process, where;

MB ═> strength of base magnet

ML ═> strength of levitation magnet (usually attached to a vehicle, such as a mag-lev train)

is equivalent to the geodesic-fall process presented in this document. The force

between the base (MB) and the vehicle (ML) is referred to as the heave-force h, in

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mag-lev applications. The heave-force neutralizes gravity locally. This is a

manifestation of spacetime curvature, and one has the following;

h = h (MB , ML)

h ≈ H , where: H = H(MB , ML)

Before deriving an elementary set of equations-of-motion for H it is useful to

summarize the geodesic-fall. In a generalized mag-lev application, the base-

magnet MB and the lev-magnet ML are both connected to the vehicle undergoing

geodesic-fall (H).

The process of geodesic-fall is to induce spacetime curvature, and fall

along the geodesic resulting from said induced curvature. While under geodesic-

fall (H) the process continues. At a point i, along the initial geodesic-fall path H0 ,

curvature is induced forming Hi (the ith geodesic-fall path). Thus, between a point-

of-origin po and a destination point pd, the vehicular trajectory is a sequence of

geodesic-fall vectors { Hi } │i ε N+ which are bounded by H0 (the initial geodesic-

fall vector) and the vector Hd (the final vector of the sequence).

The heave-force h is now used to derive an expression for H (MB , ML).

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The Ricci Tensor (in terms of ML and MB) can define the heave-

force/induced-curvature of the mag-lev effect resulting from ML and MB . From

reference [4], (noting that a vector is a tensor of rank 1), an expression for

induced spacetime curvature is derived. From [5], we have a heave force F,

which acts against gravity, and can thus be viewed as an example of induced

spacetime curvature.

F (a heave force between two magnets) is defined as follows;

F = MLMB ⁄ r2 (where r is the distance between magnets ML and MB)

Rµν = – К Tµν is the Ricci Tensor, Tµν is the Energy-momentum Tensor, and

µν are translation and rotation coordinates respectively.

If F and Rµν are both expressions of spacetime curvature, one has the following;

MLMB ⁄ r2 ≈ – К Tµν

≈ Rµν (ML , MB)

= H

With an expression for H in terms of ML and MB , it is possible to define a set of

“equations-of-motion” for the geodesic-fall process.

Definitions:

H --- the (ML and MB induced curvature) geodesic path velocity of a vehicle

∫ H dt --- position (along the induced curvature) geodesic path

dH ⁄ dt --- acceleration (along the induced curvature) geodesic path

The curvature induced by ML and MB is equivalent to the heave-force h (i.e. mag-

lev effect) induced by ML and MB . This defines a simple set of equations-of-

motion for geodesic-fall.

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2.2 Equations-of-Motion Conclusions

Gravitation and Electromagnetism are respectively the symmetric and

antisymetric parts of the Ricci Tensor, within a proportionality factor. Gravitation

and electromagnetism are both expressions of spacetime curvature. Thus the

mag-lev heave-force is also an expression of spacetime curvature, and h and H

are arguably equivalent. Arguably, these concepts can be applied to planetary

vehicles, as well as spacecraft.

Obviously, a more rigorous derivation can lead to a fully comprehensive

set of equations-of-motion for geodesic-fall. The purpose here was to further

illustrate the geodesic-fall process, and to illustrate that process in an

experimental (laboratory-scale) framework.

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2.3 An Implementation Approach

Considering the vehicle configuration on page 1. two magnets M1 and M2

are used as sources for the induced spacetime curvature. Each magnet can be

implemented as an array of electromagnets. These electromagnetic elements, of

each array, can be sequentially excited such that a virtual spin is produced. The

rate of this virtual spin, and the field strength of the electromagnetic elements,

are control parameters for a geodesic-fall control mechanism.

From basic principles of geodesic-fall, the electromagnets are used to

induce spacetime curvature in the neighborhood of the vehicle, in such manner

as to cause that vehicle to fall along the resulting geodesic path. Considering

ECE-Theory, the induced curvature can be significantly enhanced at SCR. If, for

example, one considers the resonance equation 14.32 of [6],

d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 14.32 of [6]

Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection

amplification of Φ (the scalar potential) at resonance can result in significant

curvature inducement. Thus, geodesic-fall effects can be practically achieved.

Analytically, the following argument presents;

Let: M1 = ∇µ1 (t) • B1 (r) , M2 = ∇µ2 (t) • B2 (r)Where; Bi = Σ BI

j , BI j → the jth element of Mi

< Summation is over j =1 to n >

(∇µ1 (t) • B1 (r) + ∇µ2 (t) • B2 (r) ) = Φ λ

Thus Φ λ is the potential, due to counter-(virtual) rotation of M1 and M2 , in the

neighborhood of the vehicle. Substituting Φ λ into 14.32 of [6], can give insight

as to field dynamics in this neighborhood.

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Now considering Coulombs Law ∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0 , one also has E = ∇Φ .

Using Φ λ one has the following;

∇ ² Φ λ = ρ ⁄ ε0

which is the driving function for the resonance equation 14.32 of [6]. The driving

term depends on the magnitude & spin of M1 and M2 , in this case. Thus,

theoretically, these parameters of M1 and M2 can be adjusted for maximum SCR,

resulting in maximum induced spacetime curvature.

From the above discussion, one has a method to control induced

spacetime curvature, from 0 to some maximum value. Also, the direction of the

resulting geodesic path can be controlled in this manner. At this juncture, an

array implementation of M1 and/or M2 sources, appears to offer a highest level of

flexibility.

It is important to note that this discussion is presented as an example

approach to geodesic-fall implementation. Any implementation effort would

obviously be driven by the particular vehicular application being addressed. Such

applications could range from spacecraft propulsion, to automotive applications,

to nautical applications.

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2.3.1 Powering a Geodesic-Fall System

A generic geodesic-fall propulsion system is “functionally controlled” by

the electromagnetic arrays M1 and M2 . We note (in this context) that an array

can have a single element. Powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system consists

of supplying electric power to M1 and M2. This can be done conventionally with

batteries/generators aboard a vehicle. This approach has the traditional

constraints of fuel requirements, weight, cooling, etc. An advanced approach to

electric power generation might address these issues.

For such an advanced approach, one can look to the ECE-Theory, and to

the work of ECE Technologies, Ltd. Their primary work is focused on deriving

electrical energy directly from spacetime, by using SCR to amplify the scalar

potential (measured in voltage), and tap off portions of that amplified energy, as

electrical power. This concept is detailed in [6] thru [9]. This , coupled with

Geodesic-fall, would enable a continuous power source for a geodesic-fall

propulsion system. The conventional constraints and issues involved with

vehicular electric power generation could be effectively addressed/eliminated. As

a further consideration (in addition to spacecraft velocities unconstrained by c),

these concepts applied to planetary vehicles (e.g. the automotive industry) could

eventually eliminate the issues of fossil-fuels, consumption, global warming, oil

dependency. These concepts are a viable alternative to internal combustion.

The remainder of this section 4.3.1 presents a (geodesic-fall oriented)

overview of the electrical energy generation concepts derived from the ECE-

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Theory. An initial merging of the geodesic-fall propulsion system technologies

and the ECE energy generation technologies is discussed and illustrated.

2.3.1.1 Generic Concepts

We start by considering the Coulomb Law under ECE-Theory. From [9] wehave;

∇ • E = ρ ⁄ ε0 Where: E = – ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇Φ – ω0A + ωΦ

∇ • (– ∂A ⁄ ∂t – ∇Φ – ω0A + ωΦ) = ρ ⁄ ε0

In spherical coordinates we have the resonance equation 14.32 of [6];

d²Φ ⁄ dr² + (1 ⁄ r – ωint) dΦ ⁄ dr – (1 ⁄ r² + ωint ⁄ r) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0Where; ωint → the interaction spin connection

Considering the Poisson equation {∇ 2Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 } of the Standard Model, and

introducing the vector spin connection ω of the ECE-Theory, one has the

following:

∇ • (∇Φ + ω Φ ) = – ρ ⁄ ε0 The ECE Poisson equation

∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇Φ + (∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 9.6 of [10]

This equation, 9.6 of [10], has resonance solutions. From the ECE-Theory and

[11], it is shown that the gravitational field curves spacetime. It is also shown that

the electromagnetic field curves spacetime, but by spinning spacetime.

Considering Φ , measured in voltage, as the spacetime potential, it is clear that

Φ is amplified at resonance. At resonance, the force (Newtonian force) induced

by the electromagnetic field interaction between a body (e.g. mass) and

spacetime, is amplified. One can regard this force in terms of a field. This field

can be expressed in terms of spacetime potential Φ . The effect of this

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amplification can be viewed in two ways. It can be viewed as a counter-gravity

mechanism. It can be viewed as an electric power source.

Viewed as a counter-gravity mechanism, one considers the interaction of

two charged bodies of mass Mα and Mβ respectively. The total potential energy is

then

ΦTot = Φe + ΦM + Φint

Where: Φe → is the electric potential ΦM → is the gravitational potential Φint → is the interaction energy between Mα & Mβ

At resonance, ΦTot is greatly amplified, thus Φin is amplified. This can cause Φe

(the electric potential) to overcome ΦM (the gravitational potential). This

phenomenon can be interpreted as induced “negative” curvature, where

“positive” curvature is interpreted to be the natural curvature of spacetime. The

result is anti-gravitational effects. The Levitron device, and the Geodesic-Fall

concepts are examples of such induced spacetime curvature.

From the viewpoint of electric power generation, the amplified ΦTot can be

tapped to bleed-off excess electric energy. Arguably, this amounts to a

continuously available power source, directly from spacetime. This electric

energy could be used to power the electromagnetic sources M1 and M2 of a

geodesic-fall propulsion system process. For some applications, of the geodesic-

fall propulsion system, additional electromagnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be

used solely for power generation. An example of such an implementation is

illustrated in Figure 7. The Mp1 and Mp2 (power generation) sources could also

be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements. Thus they would also

have the flexibility to enable counter-rotating magnetic fields, in order to produce

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the most efficient driving functions to achieve the desired resonance (SCR)

effects. It is important to note that, from the engineering/implementation

perspective, an array structure (of electromagnetic elements) permitting “virtual

rotation” of the magnetic fields, eliminates mechanical issues involved in

physically rotating a magnetic device, especially a large device.

Given the resonance equation 9.6 of [10], also equation 12 of [12];

∇ 2Φ + ω • ∇Φ + (∇ • ω) Φ = – ρ ⁄ ε0 9.6 of [10]

An equivalent RLC circuit can be defined as in Figure 4. to analyze this circuit,

equation 15 of [13] can be used;

L dq ⁄ dt2 + R dq ⁄ dt + q ⁄ c = ε0 cos ωtWhere: ω ≈ R

∇ • ω ≈ 1 ⁄ c q ≈ Φ

As shown in [13], if the damping term (R dq ⁄ dt ) is eliminated, resonance occurs

when;

ω = (LC) – ½

then q → ∞ . For circuits such as this, proper adjustment of the capacitance

can achieve resonance. Generally, the amplified Φ , fed into a geodesic-fall

propulsion system, can act as a power source. The type of circuit illustrated in

Figure 4 is the conceptual basis for a control subsystem for the geodesic-fall

propulsion system operation.

The primary function of a geodesic-fall control subsystem is to regulate the

amount of amplified Φ that is fed to said geodesic-fall propulsion system. The

power levels control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the

geodesic-fall propulsion system operational process. The generic architecture for

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such geodesic-fall control subsystem is illustrated in Figures 2 thru 4. Selected

tapping points shown in Figures 2 and 3 can include an adjustable filter

device/system (such as illustrated in Figure 6a) to control the amount of tapped

energy transferred to the geodesic-fall propulsion system.

Finally, one can use variations of the geodesic-fall propulsion system

architecture to show both the power-generation aspect and the anti-gravity

aspect of the amplification of Φ . The geodesic-fall propulsion system

architecture includes two magnetic sources. Counter-rotating these sources to

achieve SCR is discussed in[14]. A power generation type demonstration device

(using counter-rotation of magnetic fields) is discussed in [12], and illustrated in

figs. 13 and 14 of[12]. The Levitron device [1] also employs the principal of

rotating magnetic fields. As discussed in [14], the Levitron device produces anti-

gravity effects by fundamentally employing an SCR process (generated from

spinning magnets) to produce an anti-gravity result.

Considering the electric power generation aspect, one can examine fig. 13

of [12], and Figures 6 and 6a of this application. From above discussions, one

remembers that Figures 6 and 6a also illustrate an architecture for control

subsystems (of geodesic-fall propulsion systems). Thus, by amplifying Φ , one

has a means to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system, a means to generate

electrical energy, plus a device architecture to demonstrate and study such

processes.

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2.4 Prior Art

As shown in [14], the LEVITRON device [1] uses the concept of a spinning

magnet (i.e. rotating magnetic field) to achieve SCR and produce an anti-gravity

effect.

The LEVITRON device is a toy top that can be made to spin while

levitated above a magnetic base. Some West Coast toy companies market the

toy. Physical principles governing the LEVITRON are similar to those exploited

by the geodesic-fall process. The LEVITRON device is arguably a “miniaturized”

example of a mag-lev like process. Aspects of the LEVITRON device behavior

are used herein to illustrate the geodesic-fall process dynamics, on the laboratory

scale.

The discussions in [14] show the LEVITRON to be sufficient for

demonstration of anti-gravity effects due to rotating magnetic fields. This anti-

gravity condition is an induced curvature of spacetime. This is shown in [2] thru

[8].

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3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 Geodesic-Fall Generic architecture

Fig. 2 Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit

Fig. 3 Geodesic-Fall equivalent circuit (magnetic devices)

Fig. 4 Generic serial resonant circuit

Fig. 5 Basic Levitron device configuration

Fig. 6 Anti-gravity/electric-power generationDemonstration & Analysis device

Fig. 6a Control subsystem (for Demonstration & Analysis device)

Fig. 7 Enhanced Geodesic-Fall architecture

Fig. 8 Geodesic-Fall application (planetary vehicle propulsion)

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4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The invention has several fundamental embodiments which are described

in the following sections. Other embodiments are derived from these fundamental

embodiments.

Regarding Figure 1, A generic configuration, of a geodesic-fall propulsion

system, is illustrated the figure below. Items M1 (i.e. ML) and M2 (i.e. MB) are

electromagnetic devices. The item (s) represents a generic space vehicle.

Regarding Figure 2, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit is illustrated.

Considering energy/power, the SCR enhanced (spacetime potential energy Φ)

voltage could possibly be also used to power a geodesic-fall propulsion system.

A percentage of the amplified Φ could be used to power the electromagnetic

sources (M1 and M2) of the geodesic-fall process, instead of generic electric

power generation methods. The bulk of the enhanced Φ voltage would remain for

use directly by the geodesic-fall process. Again considering the energy

production process, The tapping points are obviously Ures1 and Ures2 (from the

notation of [10]), where M1 and M2 are as defined above.

In the generic geodesic-fall process, M1 and M2 are active electromagnetic

arrays. The resistances Mi are replaced by generic RLC serial resonance circuits

represented by the Zi elements, in Figure 3. The configuration, of the Zi elements,

is illustrated in Figure 4. The virtual spin of the electromagnetic arrays, and the

magnetic strength of the array elements, are adjusted to achieve a resonance

condition (amplification of Φ), by controlling the initial driving function. During a

power generation cycle, the amplified Φ is used to provide power directly from

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spacetime. During a geodesic-fall cycle, the amplified Φ is used to induce

spacetime curvature. Operationally, the resonance medium is the

electromagnetic bubble, which is the resultant electromagnetic field projected (in

the neighborhood of a vehicle) by sources Mi and Mj attached to said vehicle.

Regarding Figure 3, a geodesic-fall equivalent circuit (utilizing magnetic

devices) is illustrated. The tapping points, and conceptual operational principles

remain, as in Figure 2.

Regarding Figure 4, a generic serial resonant circuit is illustrated. The Zi

elements of Figure 3, have this generic RLC configuration for a serial resonate

circuit.

Regarding Figure 5, the basic configuration of the Levitron device is

illustrated. We can examine the geodesic-fall process by observing the Levitron

device dynamics. In this section, we view the Levitron as a laboratory-scale

functional equivalent of the geodesic-fall process. The mag-lev process of the

Levitron, and its stability dynamics, provide an observable (laboratory-scale)

basis for examination of the geodesic-fall process. By examining a planetary

(land-car/automotive) application, of geodesic-fall propulsion, some insight into

the geodesic-fall process and its overall utility can be gained. Starting with the

basics of the Levitron device, one can see that it neutralizes gravity. From [2] and

[4], we know that neutralization of gravity involves inducing spacetime curvature

in such manner as to eliminate the normal curvature inherent in the operational

neighborhood of the Levitron. If one extends thus concept outside of the

laboratory-scale (e.g. where the Levitron’s top is replaced with a vehicle), the

26

same general result could theoretically be expected, with proper magnetic

alignments and field strengths.

Regarding Figure 6, a device configuration (suitable for laboratory-scale

usage, or full size applications) is illustrated. The purposes of this device are

production of electric energy and production of anti-gravity conditions. The device

can be used to demonstrate SCR, to refine methods of attaining SCR, and to

examine SCR related conditions. The device can be implemented on the

laboratory-scale, or up-scaled for real applications. The device consists of two

magnetic sources 61, which can be implemented as magnetic disks or as arrays

of electromagnetic elements. The two control mechanisms 64, are each used to

control one of the magnetic sources. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as a

simple magnetic disk, its control mechanism 64 can be a simple rotary motor. In

this case, the magnetic source 61, and control mechanism 64, can be connected

by a simple shaft, as indicated by the dark vertical line between device-

components 61 and 64. If a magnetic source 61 is implemented as an array of

electromagnetic elements, its control mechanism 64 controls the

activation/deactivation sequence and field strength of the array elements. This

element activation/deactivation sequence is such as to generate a “virtual

rotation” of the magnetic source 61. A single device could employ both types of

implementation, depending on application and operational requirements.

The dielectric material 62 is used in the process of electric energy

generation. The electric energy is generated by dynamics of the magnetic field,

produced by the counter-rotating magnetic sources 61, interacting with the

27

dielectric material 62. This process is defined in [12] and [14]. The dielectric

material 62 is removed from the stand 63, when generation of anti-gravity effects

is desired. The area 61a, between the magnetic sources becomes an anti-gravity

“bubble”, wherein anti-gravity effects can be examined and utilized. Such is a

basis of the geodesic-fall propulsion concept, and the electric power generation

concept of zero-gravity MHD power generation, presented in patent application

ENHANCED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC (MHD) ELECTRIC-POWER GENERATION IN A GRAVITY-NEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT;

by Charles W. Kellum

wherein an MHD process is conducted within the “bubble”, produced by a large

application-scale embodiment of the device.

The control circuit 65, and its initialization battery power subsystem 65a, is

used to control the electric energy feed, from the device when the electric power

generation application is in operation. The electric power is distributed to the

motors 64. It is important to note that the device of Figure 6 is obviously not an

“over unity” device. It is however, an efficient, multi-purpose system that (for

some applications) can generate some of its own power, after initial startup.

Regarding Figure 6a, a control system for the electric power generation

process, of the Figure 6 device, is illustrated. It consists of an initialization battery

subsystem, an XOR-gate device 66, an OR-gate device 67, and an optional

delay circuit 68. The purpose of the delay circuit 68 is to shut-off the battery

source 65a, after the electric power generation process has started, defined

when line (a) becomes active. When line (a) becomes active, line (b) cuts-off,

and only line (a) powers the motors (i.e. control systems) 64. The optional delay

28

circuit 68 prevents premature cut-off of power from initializing battery subsystem

65a, by delaying the active signal (a) to the control switch 69. When 69 receives

an active input, it breaks the connection between 65a and XOR-gate device 66.

Regarding Figure 7, the architecture of Figure 1 is enhanced to illustrate

the use of magnetic sources Mp1 and Mp2 applied directly to electric power

generation. For a space vehicle application such as is here illustrated, the

sources Mp1 and Mp2 could be implemented as arrays of electromagnetic

elements for a “virtual rotation” operation. The ship (s) would have dielectric type

material for part of its hull, thus enabling the generic electric power generation

process of the system defined in Figure 6. For optimal field configurations, the

“bubble” (b) could also be enhanced, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the

geodesic-fall process.

It is important to note that for large-scale implementations, such as space

vehicles, “virtual rotation” eliminates difficult mechanical issues inherent in

attempting to rotate a large object such as the magnetic sources applied to

geodesic-fall.

Regarding Figure 8, a planetary vehicle application, of the geodesic-fall

propulsion concept, is shown. M1 is logically equivalent to the Mtop of the Levitron.

M2 is the base magnet. It is produced (using the IFE, [2] - [3]) dynamically, by a

plasma field P emanating from the underside of the vehicle, which is impacted by

circularly polarized lasers L attached under the vehicle. The magnets M1 and M2

are configured in such manner as to utilize the planetary magnetic field, in a way

29

similar to the Levitron devices’ use a Perpetuator [14]. The Perpetuator device

provides a pulsed magnetic field, in the vertical direction, that enhances the

stability of the Levitron’s top. The plasma field P and/or L rotate to produce a

rotating magnetic field for an M2 implementation. The M1 electromagnetic array

can be a “virtually rotating” source.

30

It is expected that the present invention and many of its attendant

advantages will be understood from the forgoing description and it will be

apparent that various changes may be made in form, implementation, and

arrangement of the components, systems, and subsystems thereof without

departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of its material

advantages, the forms hereinbefore described being merely preferred or

exemplary embodiments thereof.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention

has been presented to illustrate the principles of the invention and not to limit the

particular embodiment illustrated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be

defined by all of the embodiments encompassed within the following claims and

their equivalents.

31

What is claimed :

1. A method for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also

referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from

spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion

(as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is

used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said

amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the

electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process;

2. A method for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of

amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into the

geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field

strength of the electromagnetic sources, and the parameters of the driving-

function (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters control the degree of

induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall process;

3. A method for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating

magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources

(attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood

about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime

curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein

the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby

32

the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/induce-

spacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”;

4. A method for laboratory-scale production of both electric power, and anti-

gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-

rotating electromagnetic sources, whereby said electromagnetic power

generation processes, and said anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature)

generation processes can be analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled

for applications;

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said counter-rotating magnetic fields

produce a proper driving-function such that resonance (i.e. Spin Connection

Resonance) is attained resulting in the amplification of spacetime potential

energy (in the neighborhood/”bubble” surrounding said vehicle), such that

sufficient power is available to said electromagnetic sources, so as to produce

the necessary degree of induced spacetime curvature, such that the desired

geodesic-fall process results;

6. A system for powering a geodesic-fall propulsion system process (also

referred to as a geodesic-fall process) wherein power is derived directly from

spacetime, by utilization of spacetime curvature, in the form of spacetime torsion

(as defined by the ECE-Theory), wherein SCR (Spin Connection Resonance) is

33

used to amplify spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage), wherein said

amplified potential energy is used as the power-source to drive the

electromagnetic sources of a geodesic-fall process, wherein this system for

powering constitutes a continuously available power source for a geodesic-fall

propulsion system;

7. A system for controlling a geodesic-fall process wherein the amount of

amplified spacetime potential energy (measured in voltage) being fed into said

geodesic-fall process determines the activation of the electromagnetic, the field

strength of (and the activation sequence of) the electromagnetic sources, and the

parameters of the driving-function (used to attain SCR), wherein said parameters

control the degree of induced spacetime curvature produced by the geodesic-fall

process, whereby this control system is a subsystem of a geodesic-fall

propulsion system;

8. A system for production of anti-gravity effects, from counter-rotating

magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-rotating electromagnetic sources

(attached to a vehicle) to produce an anti-gravity condition in the neighborhood

about said vehicle, such that said anti-gravity condition (i.e. induced spacetime

curvature) results in a geodesic path along which said vehicle can fall, wherein

the velocity of said geodesic-fall is not constrained by the speed-of-light, whereby

34

the neighborhood about said vehicle (in which said anti-gravity/induce-

spacetime-curvature occurs) is referred to as a “bubble”;

9. A system for laboratory-scale production of both electric-power, and anti-

gravity effects from counter-rotating magnetic fields, by utilization of counter-

rotating electromagnetic sources, wherein said anti-gravity effects can also

produce an anti-gravity environment (e.g. zero-gravity, negative gravity) suitable

for testing & evaluating processes such as attainment of resonance (SCR) and

related experiments, wherein said electric power generation processes, and said

anti-gravity (i.e. induced spacetime curvature) generation processes can be

analyzed, demonstrated, optimized, and up-scaled for applications, whereby said

applications can include creation of an anti-gravity environment to enhance

alternative methods for the production of electric power, such as MHD

(magnetohydrodynamic) processes in zero-gravity;

10. The system of claim 8, wherein said electromagnetic sources are

implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said

electromagnetic elements can be independently activated, wherein an activation

sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements in a

circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said electromagnetic sources,

in such manner that said electromagnetic sources are virtually counter-rotating

(thus enabling counter-rotating magnetic fields), wherein the velocity of virtual

35

rotation of each electromagnetic source is determined by its individual

activation/deactivation sequence of its array elements, wherein said “individual

activation/deactivation sequence” is a function of the geodesic-fall control

subsystem (defined in claim 7) for the electromagnetic sources;

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the virtual-rotation process avoids the

inherent mechanical difficulties (including reliability issues) involved in the

physical rotation of large objects, such as electromagnetic sources for vehicular

applications, wherein flexibility and adaptability are primary operational

requirements;

12. The system of claim 10, wherein said electromagnetic sources are

partially implemented as arrays of electromagnetic elements, wherein said

electromagnetic array elements can be independently activated, wherein an

activation sequence can activate/deactivate said electromagnetic array elements

in a circular sequence, resulting in a “virtual rotation” of said array implemented

partial electromagnetic sources, whereby such array implementation of parts of

an electromagnetic source might be optimal for specific applications.

36

ABSTRACT

The geodesic-fall propulsion concept uses induced spacetime curvature

as its primary mechanism. From the ECE-Theory, it is known that spacetime

curvature also includes torsion. Fundamentally, gravitation is a curvature

manifestation. Electromagnetism is a spacetime torsion manifestation. Thus

both gravitation and electromagnetism can be viewed as functionally

equivalent, and manifestations of spacetime curvature. The potential energy

of spacetime (measured in voltage) can be amplified, in a neighborhood of

spacetime, by inducing a resonance condition, in that neighborhood. This

resonance, referred to as SCR (Spin Connection Resonance), is achieved by

coupling with the torsion of spacetime through utilization of a proper driving-

function to produce resonance. This amplified potential energy can be used

as an electric power source. The invention applies this amplified energy to

power a geodesic-fall propulsion system process. The invention includes a

generic control-system for regulating the power feed to a geodesic-fall

propulsion system. Also, a device for generating SCR, on the laboratory-

scale, is defined. This device can be up-scaled for practical applications.

37

Fig. 1

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M1

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38

Fig. 2

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39

Fig. 3

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40

Fig. 4

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Fig. 5

(s)

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42

Fig. 6

63

62

61

61

64

64

61a

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43

Fig. 6a

6968

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44

Fig. 7

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(s)

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45

Fig. 8

(s)M1

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46