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(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova1
Managing Assistance to the Victims of Managing Assistance to the Victims of Terrorist Acts. European experienceTerrorist Acts. European experience
September 2007, BrusselsCities Against Terrorism
Lina KolesnikovaConsultant
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova2
Introduction
March 11 Memorial Day expressing its solidarity to all
victims of terrorism (European Union) Madrid attacks
July 7 London bombings
September 3 The Day of Solidarity in the fight against terrorism
(Russia) Beslan hostage taking
September 11 New York. Twin Towers attack
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova3
Sad statistics of last years
Tens and hundreds of attacks- Mass hostage takings- Attacks on air transport- Attacks on ground transport- Attacks on underground transport- Attacks on railways- Terrorist raids on cities- High-jacking- Suicide bombings on transport and at mass
gatherings
High death toll
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova4
Definition of victims
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Degree of presence and direct impact
min
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova6
Pre-phase Hot phase Cold phase
“Immediate on attack” actions
Pre-phase: - before the terrorist act (response planning, intelligence, etc.)- during the event until the hot phase (mediation, perimeter
establishment, etc.)
Hot phase (for example, military action):- neutralising the terrorists- creating acceptable conditions for rescue services to act
- accessibility- safety
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova7
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cold phase
Short-term and long-term post-attack actions
New reality (long-term):1. inquiry (investigation, report, re-adjustment)2. long-term rehabilitation
Cold phase. 6 steps:1. on-the-spot treatment and evacuation2. assigning identification and local pre-hospitalisation
treatment3. victims sorting, dispatching and transporting4. hospitalisation (medical treatment)5. discharge from hospitals6. rehabilitation of victims, relatives, rescue teams and
society (all categories of victims)
New reality
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova8
Framework: Functional matrix
Victims
Phases
Primary (Direct) Secondary Tertiary (indirect)
Directly involved
Witnesses/ bystanders
Relatives/ friends/ associates
First responders (special forces, police, fire-fighters, military, rescue personnel)
Professionals who assist direct victims (medical personnel, psychologists, spiritual assistance, NGOs like Red Cross, etc.
Lay public. individuals in a community who are impacted by the secondary effects of disaster. Reached largely through the media
On attack (pre- and hot phases)
Short-term (Cold phase)
Long-term (rehabilitation). New reality
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova9
Framework: Immediate (types of support)
Victims
Phases
Primary (Direct) Secondary Tertiary (indirect)
Directly involved
Witnesses/ bystanders
Relatives/ friends/ associates
First responders
Professionals assisting direct victims
Lay public
On attack (pre- and hot phases)
Non-disclosure of sensitive private info (religion, citizenship, big bosses and their relatives, etc.)
Evacuation (move out of the scene)
Information dispatching (inform them that their relatives are impacted)
Information dispatching (what happened, what to expect about timing and conditions of their work, etc.)
Information dispatching (what happened, what to expect about timing and conditions of their work, etc.)
Information dispatching (what happened without terrifying details/pictures)
Continuous emergencies - supplies (water, food, etc.)
Medical support (if necessary)
Medical support (if necessary)
Medical support (if necessary)
Medical support (if necessary)
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Information dispatching (explain them what happened)
Psychological support (splitting in small groups, assign psychologists to each group)
Psychological support (anti-stress, anti-shock, post-traumatic stress disorder)
Psychological support (anti-stress, anti-shock, post-traumatic stress disorder)
Psychological support (anti-stress, anti-shock, post-traumatic stress disorder)
Hot lines (info gathering, dispatching, psycho assistance - help lines)
Insurance coverage (in contracts)
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova10
Framework: Short-term (types of support)
Victims
Phases
Primary (Direct) Secondary Tertiary (indirect)
Directly involved Witnesses/ bystanders
Relatives/ friends/ associates
First responders
Professionals assisting direct victims
Lay public
Short-term (Cold phase)
On-the-spot treatment and evacuation
Information dispatching (general info)
Information dispatching (conditions of victims, who is where, etc.)
Information dispatching (general info)
Information dispatching (general info)
Information dispatching (general info)
Assigning identification and local on-site pre-hospitalisation treatment
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Transport for relatives to get to the place (whatever place is appropriate)
Medical support (if necessary)
Medical support (if necessary)
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Sorting, dispatching and transporting
Victim-witness protection (if necessary)
Accommodation on place (as appropriate)
Psychological support (anti-stress/anti-shock)
Psychological support (anti-stress/anti-shock)
Hospitalisation Supplies (food, …) on place (as appropriate)
Discharge from hospitals
Psychological support
Immediate medico-psychological rehabilitation and support
Medical support (if necessary)
Logistics - those non-local victims to be sent to their homes
Legal - to those who lost relatives, assist with paperwork
Victim-witness protection (if necessary)
Logistics - transportation of bodies. Potentially, transportation of survivors and relatives back to their residence
Financial assistance - to those who lost relatives (e.g. for funeral)
Legal and financial - to unattended children or incapable people who lost their parents/mentors
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova11
Framework: Long-term (types of support)
Victims
Phases
Primary (Direct) Secondary Tertiary (indirect)
Directly involved Witnesses/ bystanders
Relatives/ friends/ associates
First responders Professionals assisting direct victims
Lay public
Long-term rehabilitation. New reality
Medical assistance (regular medical surveillance; continuous healing of injuries/ consequences of the terrorist attack - PTSD)
Information dispatching (general info, lessons learned/ investigation report)
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Information dispatching (general info, lessons learned/ investigation report)
Information dispatching (general info, lessons learned/ investigation report)
Information dispatching (general info, lessons learned/ investigation report)
Legal assistance; it is necessary to define who is victim of terrorist attack
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Legal assistance (where necessary)
Medical assistance (regular medical surveillance; continuous healing of injuries/ consequences of the terrorist attack - PTSD/ anti-fatigue/ anti-shock/ anti-stress)
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance); professional and continuous anti-stress/ anti-shock/ PTSD/ anti-fatigue)
Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance)
Social assistance: not bureaucratic treatment of people
Preparedness trainings/info/…
Social assistance (where necessary);they should not request/ require support, but it should be readily offered
Legal - normally covered in contracts (some of them legally can not be investigated)
Preparedness trainings/info/…
Preparedness trainings/info/…
Financial compensation of material and moral damages (various types of grants, etc.)
Victim-witness protection (if necessary)
Financial compensation of material and moral damages (various types of grants, etc.)
Financial - normally covered in contracts and by insurance
Psychological assistance and long-term rehabilitation
Awareness program informing victims about their rights and benefits
Transport to the place Psychological support (hot lines - psycho assistance); professional and continuous anti-stress/ anti-shock/ PTSD/ anti-fatigue
Victim-witness protection (if necessary)
Psychological support Preparedness trainings/info/…
Awareness program informing victims about their rights and benefits
Awareness program informing victims about their rights and benefits
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova12
When support activities should start?
Support of victims and their relatives should start during the terrorist attack
Support of responders is also very important, especially in case of continuous emergencies
But Considered a secondary task. Appropriate
agencies are not present at command post Planning of relatives and victims support is
generally overlooked and priority is given to hot phase (neutralisation of terrorists)
Work with mass media must be organised during the crisis
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova13
Criminal justice process and information sharing
Information sharing and delivery it to those victims and their relatives
Right to be informed Perception, impression that nothing is happening Receive information and an explanation about
the progress of their case Informed decisions regarding participation in
criminal justice process Victim-protection
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova14
The role of civil society
The role of civil society is crucial Wide co-operation with NGOs is necessary State has not enough financial and human resources to
provide assistance to all categories of victims in long-term Official and non-official information channels Official and non-official channels for financial assistance
provision Mature NGO sector helps to establish trust, to overcome
distrust because of possible bureaucracy and corruption
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova15
Training to responders
More people busy with assistance Training to people, who are responsible for
assistance Creation of a service centre for psychology of
catastrophes People who involved in negotiations must be
trained Psychologists involved in assistance programs
need assistance and training
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova16
Training to all
Training people (we are all potential victims). Psychological assistance to indirect victims
Knowledge of civil defence saved many lives, so it is necessary to
Reanimate courses of civil defence, make them absolutely accessible and to add all information about new possible threats
Information should be delivered in simple and remember well forms (for example, comics and leaflets)
For schoolchildren, special classes should be organised by schools
It is necessary to teach people how to speak with terrorists (psychology) how to maintain water balance how economize force and rehabilitate muscles in case of long
immobility on safe behavioural patterns, in particular in normal life, as well
as during the rescue operation and afterwards how to deal with possible long-term consequences (stress, etc.)
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova17
Support and assistance for special category of victims
Programs for people who might be forced to become suicide-bombers
These programs may include: provision of financial and humanitarian assistance to
widowers, prostitutions or raped women in closed societies (i.e. Muslim communities in Europe)
explanatory work with fathers and heads of clans should be organized through muftis
Provision of pensions to widowed women and free access to professional retraining
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova18
What should we do?
Terrorism crisis and disaster management should be established, adopted, properly maintained and regularly tested.
Planning response as a whole, and not at individual agencies, categories of victims or processes. Planning for support and assistance to victims should be an organic part of the overall terrorist response.
Unbiased and unequivocal leadership “owning” the whole operation from A to Z is crucial to withstand terrorist attacks, to establish appropriate command chain, to ensure identification and availability of competencies and information exchange, and to drive the operation smoothly from the intake to the successful completion.
Establish Terrorism Victims fund to compensate victims for terrorism-related expenses.
Verify and establish ability of public health systems to understand and to prepare for terrorist attacks (in addition to other involved agencies and organisations).
Enforce learning from lessons. Specific arrangements should be implemented to ensure that lessons are learned.
(c) 2007. Lina Kolesnikova19
Managing Assistance to the Victims of Managing Assistance to the Victims of Terrorist Acts. European experienceTerrorist Acts. European experience
September 2007, Brussels
Lina KolesnikovaConsultant
E-mail: [email protected]
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