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1
Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC)-Armenia
Migration and Remittances:
Data from CRRC DI Surveys
Yerevan April 29, 2008
Heghine Manasyan
Arsen Aslanyan
2
DI-2007. Introduction
• Focused on Demography, Education, Employment, Migration, Health, Social Institutions, Social Capital, Politics, Crime, and Economic Condition;
• Multistage cluster sampling with three disaggregated populations: capital city, other cities, and rural;
• Annual surveys starting from year 2004;
• DI 2007 survey:
• 8,053 households (and approximately the same number of individuals) were surveyed in the South Caucasus countries:
2,514 in Armenia
2,148 in Azerbaijan
3,391 in Georgia
3
• The survey instrument – questionnaire was developed by the teams of researchers from three SC countries, and it has
been revised year after year. • As the survey gathers information about household
characteristics (household size, socio-demographics of household members, economic status/conditions, as well
information on current/past migrant members) and individuals sampled within those households (their
employment, education, health, political views, social capital, etc.), in 2007 the questionnaire had significant changes with
the introduction of new questions and elimination of some ineffective questions, and it was split into two parts -
individual and household questionnaires to be easy to administer them.
• The average time for completing either household or individual interview was about 30 minutes.
Survey Instrument
4
Main changes made in the “Migration” block of the Questions in 2004-2007
• The term “Migration” also referred to internal migration during DI 2007 survey;
• The period of migration was changed from “during past 3 years” to “since 1991;”
• The questions on migration reasons, employment status and employment spheres during migration were removed in 2007;
• The questions on remittances and their importance were added in 2007.
5
The DI 2004-2007 Survey Samples
6
Data from DI 2006 survey
7
Migration 2006: Reasons for leaving the home country (% of total migrants aged
16 and higher)
5769
79
2921
2014 4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yerevan Other cities Rural
Armenia
Other reasons
Could not get a jobcorresponding tohis/her qualifications
Money s/he wasearning was notenough for the HH
Was unable to get ajob
8
Migration 2006: Occupation of migrants before and during migration
(% of total migrants aged 16 and higher)
15
74
12 7
26
13
8
12
8 14
515
3
24
63
8
19
46
4
49
375
5 53
11
5
11 1223
40
5 6
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Before After Before After Before After
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Other
Student
Unemployed andlooking for work
Self-employed, withoutemployees
Employee in stateorganization/company/enterpriseEmployee in privateorganization/company/enterprise
9
Data from DI 2007 survey
10
Return Migrants:
Household members who have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned home
11
2017 17 18
6
11
15
108 7 7 7
Yer
evan
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Bak
u
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Tb
ilis
i
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Share of households who have had former (return) migrants (those who have left their household residence since 1991 to live elsewhere for a period longer than three months and returned home)
(% of HHs, year 2007)
12
Return Migration: % of household members who have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned home
7.0%5.5%
3.6%
1.0% 1.2% 1.4%2.0% 1.8%
1.3%
Yerevan Otherurban
Rural Baku Otherurban
Rural Tbilisi Otherurban
Rural
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
13
Migration: Destination countries for those who have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned home
6985
49
18
4
25
4
7
8 918
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Other foreign country/ Different region.
Western Europe.
Former SovietUnion, excludingRussia.
Russia.
14
Share of former/return migrants who financially supported their HHs
11%
0%
52%
66%
84%76%
9%
26%19%
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Studied abroad
Worked abroad
Neither studied norworked abroad
15
How long did the former migrants stay abroad?
(% of total)
21 1727
23 2317
16 26 15
2217
16
19 16 24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
4 years and more
2-4 years
1-2 years
6 -12 months
3-6 months
16
Current Migrants:
Household members who have left their households (either permanently or temporarily) for more than 3 months since 1991 but have not returned home.
17
Share of HHs having at least one member abroad as of October 2007
9%
15%11%
3%
7% 6%
3%
7%
3%
Yerevan Otherurban
Rural Baku Otherurban
Rural Tbilisi Otherurban
Rural
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
18
N of Current Migrants per 100 HHs
(October 2007)
29
7 9
34
8
14
23
86
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
RuralOther urbanCapital
19
Year of last Emigration for Armenian Migrants (% of all current migrants)
0.310.5
19.5
68.6
1.1
<1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2007 Unknown
20
Destination Countries for Armenian Migrants (% of all migrants)
74
8 6 6 3 2 1
21
How the Migrants Support their HHs Back Home?
(% of all)
13
36
21
40
43
32
47
19
46
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
No support
Non-monetarysupport only
Monetary supportonly
Both monetaryand non-monetarysupport
22
“How important are contributions received from the household members currently living abroad to your household’s well-being?”
55
222829
40 44
9
30
115 3 7
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Vital Important Moderately important Not very important
23
Importance of Remitances received from Current Migrants for Armenian HHs (%)
55 5853
29 2732
11 86
3 4 9
Rural Other urban Capital
Not very important
Moderately important
Important
Vital
24
24
43
15
7
12At least once a month
Approximately every 2-3months
Approximately every 4-6months
Less frequently than every4-6 months
Irregularly/Difficult to say
How often do Armenian Migrants Support their HHs Back Home?
(% of all)
25
How do the migrants send money back home? (%)
47
23
30
38
39
42
23
59
25
8
22
9
2
9
11
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Money Transfer Organizations
Bank transfer
Through friends /acquaintances/ relatives.
Brought personally by HH member
Through courier / bus driver / agent.
26
How did the HHs spend money received from their migrant members? (%)
91
87
86
55
65
45
26
18
25
17
9
20
6
15
9
4
23
6
8
4
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
FoodClothingEducationMedical care
Housing construction / RenovationSavingsOther
27
12 17 13
88 83 87
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
No
Yes
Does HH share remittances received from their migrant HH members? (%)
28
78
16
3 3
25% and less
26% - 50%
51% - 75%
76% - 100%
What share of those remittances did Armenian HHs share with other HHs? (%)
29
Visit www.crrccenters.org - > Data Initiative Project to find:
• Survey datasets (in SPSS format)• Questionnaires and show cards (in 4
languages)• Survey methodology document• SPSS online crash course
Want to learn more?
30
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Other Migration/Remittances SurveysBy CRRC-Armenia: “Profile of potential labor migrants”, needs assessment pilot survey conducted in February 2007 for IOM in Yerevan, Shirak, Lori and Syunik Marzes (300 HHs);
By EDRC: “Remittances of International Migrants and Povertyin Armenia”, countrywide survey conducted in 3000 HHs for ADB at the beginning of 2007;
By ICHD: “Remittances of International Migrants and the Financial Sector in Armenia”, a survey of 300 remittance recipients in Yerevan, Gyumri and Vandazor;
By APC LLC: a survey conducted for the CBA in 2005 in 2000 remittance receiving HHs in Armenia and 2000 remittance sending HHs in Moscow to estimate Money transfers during 2003-2005;
By NSS: Integrated Living Conditions Surveys (starting from 2004)
and “2005 Survey on estimating cash remittances received by Armenian households from foreign countries”;
Etc, etc