11

ChapterChapter 1212 The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic WorldWords, Terms and People to KnowWords, Terms and People to Know

AllianceAlliance PtolemiesPtolemies ArchimedesArchimedes PhalanxPhalanx BarbaroiBarbaroi BreakwatersBreakwaters OratorOrator HostageHostage EratosthenesEratosthenes

EuclidEuclid FactoriesFactories HellenesHellenes XerxesXerxes King PhilipKing Philip ChaeroneaChaeronea Indus RiverIndus River AlexandriaAlexandria

22

Time line of Alexander The Great’s LifeTime line of Alexander The Great’s Life

Or…Or…WhatWhat have have youyou done lately? done lately?

In the short span of 33 years Alexander conquers the known world

33

Chapter 12Chapter 12 The Hellenistic PeriodThe Hellenistic Period

335 B.C. –145 B.C335 B.C. –145 B.C.. pages 192–201pages 192–201

HellenicHellenic:: of or of or relating to therelating to the ancient ancient HellenesHellenes, their , their languagelanguage, or , or their their historyhistory; ; Greek Greek

HellenisticHellenistic:: relating to or relating to or characteristic of the characteristic of the classical Greek classical Greek civilization-civilization-”Greek ”Greek like” like” The Battle of Issus (19ft in × 10ft 3 in in) found at

House of the Faun, Pompeii, displayed at Naples National Archaeological Museum

44

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great and the and the Gordian Knot:Gordian Knot: or how an man of action or how an man of action

handles problemshandles problems

On the night before the marriage was consummated, the bride (Olympias, Alexander’s mother) dreamed that there was a crash of thunder, that her womb was struck by a thunderbolt, and that there followed a blinding flash from which a great sheet of flame blazed up and spread far and wide before it finally died away.

Plutarch, Life of Alexander,

55

HellenisticHellenistic Period is Characterized By: Period is Characterized By: Broadening of thoughtBroadening of thought Movement away from the Movement away from the polis.polis. The polis The polis

gives way to the gives way to the cosmopoliscosmopolis More More individualismindividualism, , lessless imagination imagination, ,

and much and much more technicalmore technical– Most significant Most significant contributions in literaturecontributions in literature

come from come from scholarship—sign of growing scholarship—sign of growing professionalism professionalism the public man as master of words and the public man as master of words and ideas-ideas- rhetoric rhetoric

Larger scaleLarger scale– Classical Polis:Classical Polis: small plotssmall plots of land of land– Hellenistic:Hellenistic: vast estatesvast estates predominate predominate

Free of all provincial or national prejudicesFree of all provincial or national prejudices

rhet·o·ricnoun \ˈre-tə-rik\

1: the art of speaking or writing effectively: as a : the study of principles and rules of composition formulated by critics of ancient times b : the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion

66

Greek Gods Give WayGreek Gods Give Way----Greek Thought Greek Thought ChangesChanges

Poor seek spiritual and emotional Poor seek spiritual and emotional sustenance in the mystery religions sustenance in the mystery religions of the eastof the east– Cults:Cults: MithrasMithras Persian diety, Persian diety, Jehovah Jehovah

becomes most accepted of the eastern gods. becomes most accepted of the eastern gods. Religious influences now flow from the Religious influences now flow from the east to east to the west the west (later Christianity).(later Christianity).

Classical philosophyClassical philosophy: stresses : stresses man and man and the statethe state;; manman in in relation to the polisrelation to the polis

Hellenistic philosophy:Hellenistic philosophy: stresses stresses individualism and guidanceindividualism and guidance in their in their personal livespersonal lives.. ManMan in relationship to in relationship to the the cosmos.cosmos.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316885

77

The Two Dominant--The Two Dominant--Polar Polar Opposite-Opposite-- Philosophies During the- Philosophies During the

Hellenistic PeriodHellenistic Period

ZenoZeno (301 B.C. ) (301 B.C. )

EpicurusEpicurus (341-270 B.C.)(341-270 B.C.)

Stoicism--StoicStoicism--Stoic

Ep·i·cu·re·anism

88

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic Philosophers

Zeno Zeno (301 B.C. )single divine plan. Be patient in (301 B.C. )single divine plan. Be patient in adversity. adversity. Tolerance is a virtueTolerance is a virtue.. Brotherhood of Brotherhood of mankindmankind. . ““Man conquers the world by conquering Man conquers the world by conquering himself" himself"

""Virtue consists in a will which is in agreement with Virtue consists in a will which is in agreement with Nature."Nature." This principle also applies to the realm of This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationshipsinterpersonal relationships; ; "to be free from anger, envy, "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy",and jealousy", and to and to accept even slaves as "equals of accept even slaves as "equals of other men,other men, because all alike are sons of God." because all alike are sons of God." Slavery Slavery corrupts the master as well as the slave.. corrupts the master as well as the slave.. Stoic school of Stoic school of thought—very influential. (thought—very influential. (especially in Romeespecially in Rome))

Stoicism Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the the educated elite in the Greco-Roman Empire,Greco-Roman Empire, to the to the point where, in the words of point where, in the words of Gilbert MurrayGilbert Murray, ,

“…“…nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] professed themselves professed themselves Stoics."Stoics."

classical scholar

Gilbert Murray

Sto·ic  (stk) n. 1. One who is seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure, or pain.2. Stoic A member of an originally Greek school of philosophy, founded by Zeno about 308 b.c., believing that God determined everything for the best. Its later Roman form advocated the calm acceptance of all occurrences as the unavoidable result of divine will or of the natural order.

Zeno died around 264 BC. Laërtius reports about his death: "As he left the school, he tripped, fell and broke a toe. Hitting the ground with his hand, he cited words of Niobe: "I am coming, why do you call me thus?". Since the Stoic sage was expected to always do what was appropriate (kathekon) and Zeno was very old at the time, he felt it appropriate to die and consequently strangled himself.

Stoics largely believed that the moral permissibility of suicide did not hinge on the moral character of the individual pondering it. Rather, the Stoics held that whenever the means to living a naturally flourishing life are not available to us, suicide may be justified, regardless of the character or virtue of the individual in question. Our natures require certain “natural advantages” (e.g., physical health) in order for us to be happy, and a wise person who recognizes that such advantages may be lacking in her life sees that ending her life neither enhances nor diminishes her moral virtue. “Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers” http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/suicide/#AncClaVieSui

99

Another view of lifeAnother view of life EpicurusEpicurus (341-270 B.C.)(341-270 B.C.) For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain

the happy, tranquil life, characterized by the happy, tranquil life, characterized by aponiaaponia,, the the absence of pain and fear, and by living a absence of pain and fear, and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.

Pleasure and painPleasure and pain are the measures of what is are the measures of what is good and badgood and bad.. Death is the end of the body Death is the end of the body and the soul and should therefore not be and the soul and should therefore not be fearedfeared, that the , that the gods do not reward or punish gods do not reward or punish humanshumans, , that the universe is infinite and that the universe is infinite and eternal, and that eternal, and that events in the world are events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and ultimately based on the motions and interactions of interactions of atomsatoms moving in empty space. moving in empty space.

““Good and bad exist only by being perceived Good and bad exist only by being perceived and death deprives us of perception… while and death deprives us of perception… while we are, death is not,…when death is—we are we are, death is not,…when death is—we are not!”not!”

ep·i·cu·re·an adj.

1. Devoted to the pursuit of sensual pleasure, especially to the enjoyment of good food and comfort.3. Epicurean Of or relating to Epicurus or Epicureanism.

1010

HellenismHellenism TriumphsTriumphs AlexanderAlexander conquers a world conquers a world he he

can notcan not hold hold.. HellenismHellenism does what Alexander can does what Alexander can

not—it not—it binds a divergent world binds a divergent world togethertogether..

GreekGreek becomes the becomes the universal universal languagelanguage and the conduit through which and the conduit through which divergent cultures interact.divergent cultures interact.

The The world becomes more Greekworld becomes more Greek and and the the Greeks open to new possibilitiesGreeks open to new possibilities even as even as Greece Greece suffers and declinessuffers and declines..

1111

Section One:Section One: analyzes the political and military strategies that analyzes the political and military strategies that enabled Philip to conquer the Greek city-statesenabled Philip to conquer the Greek city-states

371 B.C

I. Philip II of MacedoniaI. Philip II of Macedonia People to Know: People to Know: Philip of MacedoniaPhilip of Macedonia

A. A. Learned to love Greek culture Learned to love Greek culture while a hostage in Thebeswhile a hostage in Thebes. . Macedonian kings were of Greek Macedonian kings were of Greek descent and admired theirdescent and admired their cultureculture

B. Believed it to be his destiny to B. Believed it to be his destiny to unify the Greek city-statesunify the Greek city-states mapsmaps

C. Created a year-round, well C. Created a year-round, well organized organized professionalprofessional army army

D. Develops the D. Develops the phalanxphalanx Terms to Learn: Terms to Learn: PhalanxPhalanx – 1. Close formation with 14 foot long 1. Close formation with 14 foot long

spears spears http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=449000http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=449000

Greek armies before Philip largely had disdain for missile troops and other forms of fighting. This added to the hilly topography of Greece meant that cavalry never played a crucial role in deciding

battles. Philip changed all this when he organized the first combined arms army. He organized the companion cavalry, made up of mounted noble men armed with lances and swords. These elite cavalry squadrons were the first

true use of shock cavalry, they charged infantry and engaged in melee something that was rare before. They were usually used to attack the flanks

while the Macedonian phalanx fought the enemy from the front. The companions were highly successful and indeed it was Alexander's skillful welding of his companions that was the deciding factor in many of the battle that Alexander fought against the Persians (battle of the Granicus, battle of Issus, battle of Gaugamela)

Ancient depiction of Macedonian cavalry

1313

I. ContinuedI. Continued

– 2. Philip’s army included slingsmen 2. Philip’s army included slingsmen calvary and bowmen calvary and bowmen who could fight in who could fight in hilly areashilly areas Terms to Learn: Terms to Learn: AlliancesAlliances

– 3. Used tactic of divide and conquer3. Used tactic of divide and conquer (a.) married 6-7 times to form political alliances(a.) married 6-7 times to form political alliances

E. E. DemosthenesDemosthenes quotesquotes tries totries to warnwarn the the Greeks about Greeks about Philip Philip

People to KnowPeople to Know: : DemosthenesDemosthenesTerms to KnowTerms to Know: Orator: person noted for skill in public : Orator: person noted for skill in public

speakingspeaking

"... not only no Greek, nor related to the Greeks, but not even a barbarian from any place that can be named with honors, but a pestilent knave from Macedonia, whence it was never yet possible to buy a decent slave."

DemosthenesThird Philippic, 31

All speech is vain and empty unless it be accompanied by action. Demosthenes

Beware lest in your anxiety to avoid war you obtain a master. Demosthenes

He who confers a favor should at once forget it, if he is not to show a sordid ungenerous spirit. To remind a man of a kindness conferred and to talk of it, is little different from reproach.

Demosthenes

Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises. Demosthenes

The easiest thing of all is to deceive one's self; for what a man wishes he generally believes to be true.

Demosthenes

The fact speak for themselves.

Demosthenes

The man who has received a benefit ought always to remember it, but he who has granted it ought to forget the fact at once.

Demosthenes, First Olynthiac

There is a great deal of wishful thinking in such cases; it is the easiest thing of all to deceive one’s self.

Demosthenes, Olynthiac

Nothing is easier than self-deceit. For what each man wishes, that he also believes to be true.

Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac

You cannot have a proud and chivalrous spirit if your conduct is mean and paltry; for whatever a man's actions are, such must be his spirit.

1414

More I.More I.

F. F. Greek army defeated at Greek army defeated at the battle of Chaeroneathe battle of Chaeronea

G. 336 B.C G. 336 B.C PhilipPhilip was was assassinated and Alexander assassinated and Alexander takes throne.takes throne.

According to Polyaenus, the Macedonians used a stratagem. The right wing of their army slowly moved backwards, and the Athenians (on the Greek left wing) moved forwards. This created a gap in the Greek lines. When this gap opened, the Macedonian crown prince Alexander, who commanded the left wing, immediately charged and broke through. He attacked the Greek right wing, which was occupied by the Theban "Sacred Band", which was massacred. This was the end of the battle - and the beginning of the spectacular military career of Alexander. The story is also told by Diodorus of Sicily, who stresses different aspects of the fight

Philip stood, very drunk, and lunged forward with his sword drawn. His target was not Attalus but Alexander. However, Philip missed, tripped over a foot stool, and fell face first on the floor. Alexander looked about him – looked at his

father's worthless favorites – and said: "That, gentlemen, is the man who's been preparing to cross from Europe into Asia, and he can't even make it from one couch to the next.” 338 B.C.

Olympias from PirusAlexander’s mothermarried Cleopatra, a Macedonian girl

1515

John Keegan John Keegan andand types of leadership types of leadership

HeroicHeroic—Alexander the Great—Alexander the Great—personal greatness—personal greatness

““The Man Who Would Not Drink Alone”The Man Who Would Not Drink Alone” p.657 p.657 Book of VirtuesBook of Virtues

Anti-heroicAnti-heroic----Duke ofDuke of Wellington--tool of the stateWellington--tool of the state

Unheroic Unheroic –U.S. Grant-familiar –U.S. Grant-familiar reverence reverence

Fake Heroic-Fake Heroic--Adolf Hitler -Adolf Hitler Post Heroic-Post Heroic--John Kennedy-John Kennedy

By the end of his fighting career, Alexander was,…literally covered by the scares of old wounds. He had…been struck at Opis by almost every weapon available to an enemy; sword, lance, dart, arrow and catapult missile.

…a Persian called Rhoesaces launched a bow at his head with a cleaver that took off part of his helmet. He was wounded fro a second time at Issus by a sword in the thigh…

At the siege of Gaza in the autumn of 332 he was struck in the shoulder by a shot from a catapult…that penetrated both his shield and his quilted breastplate…

In 329, campaigning against mountain tribesmen on the River Jaxartes…he was shot right through the leg with a a narrow..

Besieging the city of Cyropolis …he was “struck violent with a stone upon his head and neck…

Then at Multan…

Page 62 The Mask of Command

1616

Still More…Still More…

H. Alexander takes throne at age of H. Alexander takes throne at age of 20. 20. First great victory was over the First great victory was over the Persian Empire. Persian Empire. ((Battle of Battle of GranicusGranicus 334 B.C334 B.C. . BattleBattle

of Issusof Issus ( ( captures Darius's wife, mother, and three children)captures Darius's wife, mother, and three children) 333 BC333 BC. . Battle Battle of of

GaugamelaGaugamela 331 B.C. 331 B.C. Darius was assassinated in 330)Darius was assassinated in 330) – 1. 1. Taught literature, political science, Taught literature, political science,

geography and biology by Aristotlegeography and biology by Aristotle– 2. Many scientists included in Alexander’s 2. Many scientists included in Alexander’s

armyarmy– 3. Marches as far east as northern India, 3. Marches as far east as northern India,

perhaps to the Indus Riverperhaps to the Indus River

1717

Alexander the Great was the son of the Macedonian king. Learn how Alexander became a great Alexander the Great was the son of the Macedonian king. Learn how Alexander became a great

commander after his father's death. See how he built his empire without losing a battle. 4:06commander after his father's death. See how he built his empire without losing a battle. 4:06

1818

Alexander's conquest of PersiaIn 334 BC the Macedonian king Alexander III (reigned 336-323 BC) led his forces into Asia. At the River Granicus he routed a Persian army before capturing the coastal cities of western Anatolia. Moving inland in 333 BC he reached Gordian and continued towards Syria where, at the Battle of Issus, the Persian forces under Darius III (reigned 336-332/330 BC) were defeated. Alexander advanced along the Mediterranean coast in 332 BC capturing the Phoenician cities before moving into Egypt where he was crowned as Pharaoh. The following year Alexander returned to the Levant and into north Mesopotamia. At Gaugamela he again defeated Darius III and advanced to Babylon and Susa.

Gaugamela

1919

The Battle of the Persian Gates and the Sack of Perseopolis

Alexander's army had been reinforced in a level of about 80 thousand. This army traveled south along the plains at the foot of the Zagros Mountains. It was winter and Alexander stopped at Sussian Rocks. Here he split out 20 thousand to follow him through the mountains to Persepolis. The rest of the army under Parmenion, a trusted general from Philip's time, were to take the long route to the south around the mountains.

Alexander's route was uneventful until they came to the defile leading out of the mountains. This was called the Persian Gates. The Persians had fortified the exit. Alexander's army was trapped.

But again Alexander was resourceful. From a local shepherd he found that there was another trail out. The shepherd did not think it was passable by an army but Alexander took the chance and what is more amazing he took the trail at night.

2020

Alexander's emerged behind and above the Persian guarding the fortification at the Persian Gates. The Persians were overwhelmed. Some five thousand managed to escape but the rest of the Persians were slaughtered. The city of Persepolis was now defenseless.

Alexander's army occupied Persepolis and took possession of the Persian treasury there. The gold Alexander acquired was sufficient to finance any campaign he chose to launch. After a period of drinking binges at Persepolis Alexander decided to leave and torched the palace.

Although Alexander has been known as The Great to Europeans, to Persians his image was more like that of Attila the Hun among Western Europeans. Interestingly enough within the territories ruled by Attila he image is that a wise and benevolent monarch. Alexander's image is further complicated because there is reference to him in the Holy Koran. The Arabic version of Alexander is Iskandar and it is a not uncommon name throughout the Middle East. Incidentally the name of the Afghan city of Kandihar is basically Alexandria.

2121

Alexander at MultanAlexander at Multan

“The Indians may have been brave, but they recognized a near-inhuman killing machine, a veritable mythic hero from their Vedic epics come to life.”

Alexander the Great’s Most Heroic Moment. Military History on-line

2222

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

2323

Alexander the Great was a wise, strict commander who never lost a battle. Learn how this Macedonian led his army to Alexander the Great was a wise, strict commander who never lost a battle. Learn how this Macedonian led his army to

create a huge empire. Discover how bringing together Greece and the Middle East started the Hellenistic Age 22 min.create a huge empire. Discover how bringing together Greece and the Middle East started the Hellenistic Age 22 min.

2424

Section 2:Section 2: Discuss how Alexander attempted to bring unity to his empire, and describes how Alexander’s Discuss how Alexander attempted to bring unity to his empire, and describes how Alexander’s empire changed after his deathempire changed after his death

II. Alexander’ EmpireII. Alexander’ Empire– A. Dreamed of bringing all people together in A. Dreamed of bringing all people together in

peace to achieve his goal was to unite peace to achieve his goal was to unite Macedonians, Greeks and Persians. Macedonians, Greeks and Persians. Extends as far Extends as far east as the Indus Rivereast as the Indus River

– B. invites Persians into his army and he and his B. invites Persians into his army and he and his soldiers marry Persian women.soldiers marry Persian women.

– C. Alexander begins to claim he is C. Alexander begins to claim he is a god a god p.196p.196

– D. Greeks object to equal treatment of PersiansD. Greeks object to equal treatment of Persians– E. E. Greeks looked down upon people who did not Greeks looked down upon people who did not

speak Greek or follow Greek customs calling them speak Greek or follow Greek customs calling them barbaroi--barbarians barbaroi--barbarians

Term to know: Term to know: BarbaroiBarbaroi

– F. Alexander not successful in uniting the various F. Alexander not successful in uniting the various peoplepeople

2525

More II.More II. GG. . AlexandriaAlexandria

– 1. Alexander founds more than 70 cities, 16 bear 1. Alexander founds more than 70 cities, 16 bear his name.his name.

– 2. encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle 2. encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle in the new citiesin the new cities

– 3. 3. Alexanderia had 2 great harbors protected by Alexanderia had 2 great harbors protected by breakwaters.breakwaters.

– 4. palace and a school with a library—school 4. palace and a school with a library—school known as known as the Museumthe Museum

– 5. This 5. This Lighthouse of Lighthouse of Alexandria Alexandria was considered the was considered the 7th Wonder of the ancient world7th Wonder of the ancient world

– 6. Construction6. Construction a.) Started by a.) Started by Ptolemy I Ptolemy I SoterSoter who died who died

prior to its completionprior to its completion b.) Enormous cost and slave labor were employedb.) Enormous cost and slave labor were employed C.) The architect was Sostrato the GreekC.) The architect was Sostrato the Greek d.) Completed and inaugurated by the first Ptolemy's d.) Completed and inaugurated by the first Ptolemy's

son, son, Ptolemy II Ptolemy II PhiladelphusPhiladelphus, in 283 BC., in 283 BC.

Seven Wonders Of The Ancient WorldSeven Wonders Of The Ancient World video video

2626

7 Wonders 7 Wonders of the Ancient Worldof the Ancient World1.Great Pyramid of Giza

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3. Statue of Zeus at Olympia 4. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 5. Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus 6. Colossus of Rhodes 7. Lighthouse of Alexandria

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316383

2727

II. continuedII. continued H. The lighthouse was reached from H. The lighthouse was reached from AlexandriaAlexandria's harbor 's harbor

through an approach that extended 3.5km and connected the city through an approach that extended 3.5km and connected the city with Pharos Island.with Pharos Island.it consisted of a monumental edifice with three tiers, consisting of it consisted of a monumental edifice with three tiers, consisting of a lower quadrangular one, surmounted by an octagonal layer and a lower quadrangular one, surmounted by an octagonal layer and topped by a cylindrical section. The approach to its entrance was topped by a cylindrical section. The approach to its entrance was by way of a long ramp with vaulted arcades. Within, a large spiral by way of a long ramp with vaulted arcades. Within, a large spiral ramp led to some fifty service rooms in the third tier were wood ramp led to some fifty service rooms in the third tier were wood was used to burn a fire that acted as the light source, which could was used to burn a fire that acted as the light source, which could be seen from almost 100 miles out to seabe seen from almost 100 miles out to sea

II. Library had largest collection of books in ancient times. Library had largest collection of books in ancient times J. becomes the cultural and intellectual center of empireJ. becomes the cultural and intellectual center of empire K. K. Euclid wrote his geometry book thereEuclid wrote his geometry book there L. L. Eratosthenes reasoned a ship could reach India by Eratosthenes reasoned a ship could reach India by

sailing west while in the librarysailing west while in the library M. M. Archimedes and Hero Archimedes and Hero inventedinvented manymany useful machines there. useful machines there.

The Library in Alexandriahttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=448921

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=448928 its destruction

2828

II. ContinuedII. Continued N. End of the EmpireN. End of the Empire

– 1. 323 B.C. Alexander becomes ill in 1. 323 B.C. Alexander becomes ill in Babylon and Babylon and dies at 33dies at 33 writingswritings

– 2. His empire 2. His empire extended 22,000extended 22,000 miles from miles from the Nile to the Industhe Nile to the Indus

– 3. Body wrapped in gold and placed in a 3. Body wrapped in gold and placed in a glass coffin in the Royal Tombs of glass coffin in the Royal Tombs of Alexanderia Alexanderia

– 4. Fighting breaks out to determine who 4. Fighting breaks out to determine who will control the empirewill control the empire

a.) Antigonus—“one-eyed” king of Macedoniaa.) Antigonus—“one-eyed” king of Macedonia b.) b.) PtolemyPtolemy Ptolemy establishes a dynasty in Egypt Ptolemy establishes a dynasty in Egypt c.) Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in c.) Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in

PersiaPersia

Alexander's body was placed in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus, which was in turn placed in a second gold casket and covered with a purple robe. Alexander's coffin was placed, together with his armour, in a gold carriage that had a vaulted roof supported by an Ionic peristyle. The decoration of the carriage was very lavish and is described in great detail by Diodoros.

According to one legend, Alexander was preserved in a clay vessel full of honey (which can act as a preservative) and interred in a glass coffin. According to Aelian (Varia Historia 12.64), Ptolemy stole the body and brought it to Alexandria, where it was on display until Late Antiquity. It was here that Ptolemy IX, one of the last successors of Ptolemy I, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one, and melted the original down in order to strike emergency gold issues of his coinage. The citizens of Alexandria were outraged at this and soon after, Ptolemy IX was killed.

The Roman emperor Caligula was said to have looted the tomb, stealing Alexander's breastplate, and wearing it. Around 200 AD, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public. His son and successor, Caracalla, was a great admirer of Alexander, and visited the tomb in his own reign. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are sketchy.

2929

After eleven years of battle, Alexander the Great had created a huge empire. Explore the steps he took to unify his After eleven years of battle, Alexander the Great had created a huge empire. Explore the steps he took to unify his

territory and the people under his power. Observe how his untimely death affected control in his empire.territory and the people under his power. Observe how his untimely death affected control in his empire. 3:293:29

3030

II. Cont.II. Cont. O. Greek cultural influence grows O. Greek cultural influence grows

stronger.stronger. P. Greek City-states were never the P. Greek City-states were never the

samesame– 1. economic conditions worsen1. economic conditions worsen– 22. great . great factories factories in the new cities out in the new cities out

compete the city-statescompete the city-states– 3. Greeks emigrate and population falls 3. Greeks emigrate and population falls

but the area influenced by the Greeks but the area influenced by the Greeks grew. grew.

– 4. 4. Those areas greatly influenced by Those areas greatly influenced by Greek culture were said to be Helenistic Greek culture were said to be Helenistic “like the Hellenes, or Greeks“like the Hellenes, or Greeks””

Q. Q. By 146 B.C. most Greek city-By 146 B.C. most Greek city-states were under Roman controlstates were under Roman control

3131

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

3232

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

3333

3434

Pick one of the following to write on Pick one of the following to write on for tomorrow’s testfor tomorrow’s test

1. Although Alexander the Great 1. Although Alexander the Great created the largest empire in the created the largest empire in the ancient world he was never able to ancient world he was never able to achieve unity among its various achieve unity among its various people. Why do you think Alexander people. Why do you think Alexander was unable to achieve unity among was unable to achieve unity among the people of his vast empire?the people of his vast empire?

2. Explain how Philip II of Macedonia 2. Explain how Philip II of Macedonia gained control of Greece.gained control of Greece.