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1 集合論 Chapter 3. 2 Chapter 3 Set Theory 3.1 Sets and Subsets A well-defined collection of...

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集集集 Chapter 3
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1

集合論Chapter 3

2

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

A well-defined collection of objects

(the set of outstanding people, outstanding is very subjective)

有限集合 , 無限集合 , 一個集合的基數 , 子集合

A={1,3,5,7,9}B={x|x is odd}C={1,3,5,7,9,...}A 的基數 (|A|=5)A 為 B 的真子集 .C 為 B 的子集合 .

1 1 1 A B C, ,

A B

C B

3

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

相等的 C D C D D C ( ) ( )

子集合 A B x x A x B [ ]

A B x x A x B

x x A x B

x x A x B

[ ]

[ ( ) )]

[ ]

C D C D D C

C D D C

( )

4

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

零集或空集合 : {},

宇集 : U

A 的冪集合 :A 的所有子集合所成的集合

A={1,2}, P(A)={, {1}, {2}, {1,2}}

If |A|=n, then |P(A)|=2n.

5

If |A|=n, then |P(A)|=2n.

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

對任一有限集合 A , |A|=n0, 共有 C(n,k) 個大小為 K 的子集合

依據子集合的元素 K ,計數 A 的子集合,我們得合

0for ,2210

n

n

nnnn n

6

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

Ex. 3.10 Number of nonreturn-Manhattan paths betweentwo points with integer coordinated

由 (2,1) 到 (7,4): 3 向上 , 5 向右

8!/(5!3!)=56R,U,R,R,U,R,R,Upermutation

8 個 路徑 , 選出3個路徑向上{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, 一個三元件子集合表示一個方法 ,例如 , {1,3,7} 表示路 徑 1, 3, and 7 為向上 .許多三元件子集合 =C(8,3)=8!/(5!3!)=56

7

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

Ex. 3.11  一個正整數的許多合成4=3+1=1+3=2+2=2+1+1=1+2+1=1+1+2=1+1+1+1

4 有 8 個合成 .(4 有 5 個分割 .).

Consider 4=1+1+1+1

第一個 加號

第二個 加號

第三個 加號

The uses or not-uses ofthese signs determinecompositions.

合成 = 子集合 {1,2,3}=8

8

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

Ex. 3.12  對整數 n , r 及n r 1

prove n

r

n

r

n

r

1

1combinatorially.

Let A x a a an{ , , , , }1 2

考慮含 r 個元素的 A 的所有子集合:n

r

n

r

n

r

1

1

不包含 x所有可能的 包含 x

9

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

Ex. 3.14 巴斯卡三角形0

01

0

1

1

2

1

2

2

2

0

3

2

3

1

3

3

3

0

4

1

4

2

4

3

4

4

4

0

binomialcoefficients

10

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

common notations

(a) Z= 所有整數的集合 ={0,1,-1,2,-1,3,-3,...}(b) N= 所有非負整數或自然數所成的集合(c) Z+= 所有正整數所成的集合(d) Q= 所有有理數所成的集合 ={a/b| a,b is integer, b not zero}(e) Q+= 所有正有理數所成的集合(f) Q*= 所有非零實數所成的集合(g) R= 所有實數所成的集合(h) R+= 所有正實數所成的集合(i) R*= 所有非零實數所成的集合(j) C= 所有複數所成的集合

11

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.1 Sets and Subsets

common notations

(k) C*= 所有非零複數所成的集合(l) For any n in Z+, Zn={0,1,2,3,...,n-1}(m) 對每個實數 a,b with a<b,

[ , ] { | }a b x R a x b ( , ) { | }a b x R a x b

[ , ) { | }a b x R a x b

( , ] { | }a b x R a x b

closed interval

open interval

half-open interval

12

習題P134 Exercises3.1

8,12,14,20

Chapter 3 Set Theory

13

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

Def. 3.5 For A,BU

a) A B x x A x B

A B x x A x B

A B x x A B x A B

{ | }

{ | }

{ | }b)c)

聯集交集對稱差集

Def.3.6  互斥 A B

Def 3.7  餘集 A U A x x U x A { | }

Def 3.8 A 在 B 的(相對)餘集B A x x B x A { | }

14

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

對任意宇集 U 及任意集合 A,B in U ,下面敘述為等價的︰

A B

A B B

A B A

B A

a)

b)c)

d)

reasoning process

(a) (b), (b) (c),

(c) (d), and (d) (a)

15

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

集合論定律

)()()(

Laws )()()( (5)

)()(

Laws )()( (4)

Laws (3)

Laws ' (2)

of Law )1(

CABACBA

veDistributiCABACBA

CBACBA

eAssociativCBACBA

ABBA

eCommutativABBA

BABA

sDemorganBABA

ComplementDoubleAA

16

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

集合論定律

A)BA(A

Laws Absorption A)BA(A (10)

Laws Domination =A ,UUA (9)

Laws Inverse AA ,UAA (8)

Laws Identity AUA ,AA (7)

Laws Idempotent AAA ,AAA (6)

17

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

s 對偶 s (sd)

U

U

對偶原理。令 S 表一個處理二個集合表示式相等的定理,則Sd , S 的對偶,亦為一個定理

18

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

Ex. 3.17 What is the dual of A B ?

Since A B A B B A B

A B B A B B B A

.

.

The dual of is the dual of

, which is That is, .

U

AA A B

A B范恩圖

19

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set TheoryEx. 3.19. Negate

B

A B

A B x x A x B A

A B A B A B

.

{ | }

Ex. 3.20 Negate A B

A B x x A B x A B

A B A B A B A B

A B A B A B A B A B

A B A B A B A A B B

B A A B A B A B

A B A B

.

{ | }

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) [( ) ] [( ) ]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

20

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory

Def 3.10.

i I

i i

i Ii i

A x x A i I

A x x A i I

{ | }

{ | }

for at least one , and

for every

I: 指標集

Theorem 3.6  一般化的狄摩根定律

i Ii

i Ii

i Ii

i Ii

A A

A A

21

習題P146 Exercises3.2

4,8, 9,10,

Chapter 3 Set Theory

22

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.3 Counting and Venn Diagrams

在一個50位大一新生的班級上,有30位學習 C++ ,25位學習 JAVA ,且有10位二種語言都學習,試問有多少位大一新生學習 C++ 或 JAVA ?

U A B

10 1520

5| | | | | | | |A B A B A B

23

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.3 Counting and Venn Diagrams

對100個此類門樣本set A: with D1

set B: with D2

set C: with D3

Ex 3.26. :AND 門有任何或所有下面的缺陷D1: 輸入 I1 卡住在0。 D2: 輸入 I 2卡住在 0D3: 輸入 O 卡住在 1

with |A|=23, |B|=26, |C|=30,| | , | | , | | ,| |A B A C B CA B C

7 8 103, 有多少個門至少有一個缺陷 ?

A

B

C

11 43

57

12

15

43

Ans:57

| | | | | | | | | || | | | | |A B C A B C A B

A C B C A B C

24

Chapter 3 Set Theory

3.3 Counting and Venn Diagrams

Ex 3.27 有三種遊戲,有多少種方法一位學生可每天玩一種遊戲,使得五天內,這三種遊戲他每種至少玩一次?

set A: 不玩第一種遊戲set B: 不玩第二種遊戲set C: 不玩第三種遊戲| | | | | |

| | | | | || |

| |

A B C

A B B C C AA B C

A B C

Ans

2

10

3 2 3 1 0 93

3 93 150

5

5

5 5

5

balls containers12345

g1g2g3

25

習題P150 Exercises3.3

4,6,10

Chapter 3 Set Theory


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