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Chapter 7Chapter 7

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Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs

A drug which alters a person’s A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousnessexperiences or consciousness

Can cause intoxicationCan cause intoxication A state in which sometimes unpredictable A state in which sometimes unpredictable

physical and emotional changes occurphysical and emotional changes occur

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What Is Addiction?What Is Addiction?

Addiction traditionally used only when the Addiction traditionally used only when the habitual use of a drug produced chemical habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s bodychanges in the user’s body Tolerance: body’s adaptation to drugTolerance: body’s adaptation to drug

Concept of addiction as a disease Concept of addiction as a disease process, based in brain chemistry rather process, based in brain chemistry rather than moral failing, led to many advancesthan moral failing, led to many advancesAddictive behaviors are habits that have Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out of control, resulting in negative gotten out of control, resulting in negative effects on a person’s healtheffects on a person’s health

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Characteristics of Addictive Characteristics of Addictive Behavior Behavior

ReinforcementReinforcement

Compulsion or CravingCompulsion or Craving

Loss of ControlLoss of Control

EscalationEscalation

Negative ConsequencesNegative Consequences

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Addictive BehaviorAddictive BehaviorThe development of addictionThe development of addiction Often starts when person does something to bring Often starts when person does something to bring

pleasure or to avoid painpleasure or to avoid pain

Characteristics of people with addictionsCharacteristics of people with addictions Difficulty dealing with stress and painful emotionsDifficulty dealing with stress and painful emotions Risk-takers, impulse control problemsRisk-takers, impulse control problems

Examples of addictive behaviors:Examples of addictive behaviors: Compulsive gamblingCompulsive gambling Compulsive exercisingCompulsive exercising Work addictionWork addiction Sex and love addictionSex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shoppingCompulsive buying or shopping Internet addictionInternet addiction

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Drug Use, Abuse, and DependenceDrug Use, Abuse, and Dependence

Drugs are chemicals other than food that Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyfunction of the body Prescription medicinesPrescription medicines Over-the-counter substancesOver-the-counter substances

CaffeineCaffeine

TobaccoTobacco

AlcoholAlcohol Illegal substancesIllegal substances

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Drug AbuseDrug Abuse

The APA’s The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMental Disorders – authoritative reference – authoritative reference

Abuse: APA definitionAbuse: APA definition Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill Recurrent drug use, resulting in failure to fulfill

major responsibilitiesmajor responsibilities Drug use in situations that are physically hazardousDrug use in situations that are physically hazardous Drug-related legal problemsDrug-related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal

problemsproblems Physical dependency may or may not presentPhysical dependency may or may not present

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Drug Dependence Drug Dependence

Substance dependenceSubstance dependence1. Developing tolerance to the substance1. Developing tolerance to the substance

2. Experiencing withdrawal2. Experiencing withdrawal

3. Taking in larger amounts3. Taking in larger amounts

4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down

5. Spending great deal of time getting, using, or recovering 5. Spending great deal of time getting, using, or recovering from the substancefrom the substance

6. Giving up or reducing important activities6. Giving up or reducing important activities

7. Continual usage despite the knowledge of a problem7. Continual usage despite the knowledge of a problem

Diagnosis with at least 3 or more symptoms during Diagnosis with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month perioda 12-month period

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Who Uses Drugs?Who Uses Drugs?

Drug UsersDrug Users All income and education levelsAll income and education levels All ethnic groupsAll ethnic groups All agesAll ages

People more likely to try drugs People more likely to try drugs Young people are at a higher riskYoung people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely)Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescentsTroubled adolescents Thrill-seekersThrill-seekers Members of dysfunctional familiesMembers of dysfunctional families Members of peer groups that accept drug useMembers of peer groups that accept drug use People who live in disadvantaged areasPeople who live in disadvantaged areas Teen girls who date older boysTeen girls who date older boys

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Why Do People Use Drugs? Why Do People Use Drugs?

ExperimentExperiment

EscapeEscape

CopingCoping

Reliance Reliance

Social surroundingsSocial surroundings

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Risk Factors for DependenceRisk Factors for Dependence

Psychological risksPsychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulsesDifficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement, Strong need for excitement, stimulation, automatic gratificationstimulation, automatic gratification Feelings of rejectionFeelings of rejection HostilityHostility AggressionAggression AnxietyAnxiety DepressionDepression Mental illnessMental illness

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Other Risks of Drug UseOther Risks of Drug Use

IntoxicationIntoxication

Unexpected side effectsUnexpected side effects

Unknown drug constituentsUnknown drug constituents

Risks associated with injection drug useRisks associated with injection drug use

Legal consequencesLegal consequences

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How Drugs Affect the BodyHow Drugs Affect the Body

Changes in Brain chemistryChanges in Brain chemistry Drug factors:Drug factors:

Pharmacological propertiesPharmacological properties Dose-response functionDose-response function Time-action functionTime-action function Drug use historyDrug use history Method of useMethod of use

User FactorsUser Factors Social FactorsSocial Factors

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Representative Psychoactive DrugsRepresentative Psychoactive Drugs

Opioids (narcotics)Opioids (narcotics) Natural or syntheticNatural or synthetic

Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanylfentanyl

EffectsEffects Medical UsesMedical Uses Methods of administrationMethods of administration

Injection, snorting, sniffing, or smokingInjection, snorting, sniffing, or smoking Symptoms of overdoseSymptoms of overdose

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Representative Psychoactive DrugsRepresentative Psychoactive Drugs

Central Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System Depressants (Sedative Hypnotics)(Sedative Hypnotics) Slow down the overall activity of the CNSSlow down the overall activity of the CNS TypesTypes

Barbiturates (“downers”)Barbiturates (“downers”)Sedatives or tranquilizersSedatives or tranquilizers

EffectsEffects Medical usesMedical uses From use to abuseFrom use to abuse OverdosingOverdosing

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Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants

Speed up the activity of the nervous or Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemmuscular system CocaineCocaine

Methods of useMethods of use

EffectsEffects

Abuse and dependenceAbuse and dependence

Use during pregnancyUse during pregnancy

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Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants

Amphetamines (“uppers”)Amphetamines (“uppers”) Effects Effects From use to abuseFrom use to abuse

State dependenceState dependence

DependenceDependence MethamphetamineMethamphetamine RitalinRitalin CaffeineCaffeine

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Marijuana and Other Cannabis Marijuana and Other Cannabis ProductsProducts

Cannabis SativaCannabis Sativa

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

Short-term effects and usesShort-term effects and uses DepersonalizationDepersonalization

Long-term effects Long-term effects Respiratory damageRespiratory damage

DependenceDependence

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Hallucinogens Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushroomsmushrooms

EffectsEffects Altered states of consciousness, perceptions, Altered states of consciousness, perceptions,

feelings and thoughtsfeelings and thoughts

LSD effectsLSD effects SynesthesiaSynesthesia Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness FlashbacksFlashbacks

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InhalantsInhalants TypesTypes

Volatile solventsVolatile solventsAerosolsAerosolsNitritesNitritesAnestheticsAnesthetics

Methods of use Methods of use SniffingSniffingSnortingSnorting““Bagging”Bagging”““Huffing”Huffing”

EffectsEffectsNearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, which slow down body functionsanesthetics, which slow down body functions

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Drug Use: The Decades AheadDrug Use: The Decades Ahead

Drug researchDrug research

Drugs, society, and familiesDrugs, society, and families

Legalizing drugsLegalizing drugs

Drug TestingDrug Testing

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Treatment for Drug DependenceTreatment for Drug Dependence

Medication-assisted treatmentMedication-assisted treatment Drug substitutionDrug substitution

Treatment centersTreatment centersSelf-help groups and peer counselingSelf-help groups and peer counseling AAAA NANA

Harm reduction strategiesHarm reduction strategiesCodependencyCodependency

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Preventing Drug AbusePreventing Drug Abuse

Governmental attemptsGovernmental attemptsAnti-drug education programsAnti-drug education programsIndirect approachesIndirect approaches Building young people’s self-esteemBuilding young people’s self-esteem Improving their academic skillsImproving their academic skills Increasing their recreational opportunitiesIncreasing their recreational opportunities

Direct approachesDirect approaches Informing them about the adverse effects of Informing them about the adverse effects of

drugsdrugs Peer pressure resistance Peer pressure resistance

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Chapter 7Chapter 7

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