1. Coal 2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas

Section 19.2Section 19.2

What is it?What is it?• Mixture

•50–90% Methane (CH4) •Ethane (C2H6)•Propane (C3H8) •Butane (C4H10)•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

How is it formed?How is it formed?• Similar to oil, but can be

land or marine organisms

• Pressure, heat, and time

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Where is it found?Where is it found?•Conventional natural gas = above most reservoirs of crude oil

•Unconventional = deposits of gas hydrates (water + methane)

• Global deposits estimated to contain 2X as much carbon as all other fossil fuels

• Not yet economically feasible

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Where is it found in the Where is it found in the world?world?

•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas used in U.S. is domestic •255,000 miles of pipeline

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

billion cubic metres

Natural Gas Extraction

1. Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied (liquefied petroleum gas - LPG)

• Stored in pressurized tanks

2. Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities, pressurized & piped to homes.

• Odor is added to detect leaks

3. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

• Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

What is it used for?

• Fuel for transportation

• Producing electricity and heat

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

According to Figure 12–4, the percentage of global primary energy that is supplied by fossil fuels is approximately

1. 35%

2. 23%

3. 21%

4. 11%

5. 80%

12.2

According to Figure 12–4, the percentage of global primary energy that is supplied by fossil fuels is approximately

1. 35%

2. 23%

3. 21%

4. 11%

5. 80%

12.2

Which of the following fuels burns more cleanly than the others, releasing primarily carbon dioxide and water?

1. petroleum

2. coal

3. natural gas

12.3

Which of the following fuels burns more cleanly than the others, releasing primarily carbon dioxide and water?

1. petroleum

2. coal

3. natural gas

12.3

Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the least efficient energy end use?

1. transportation

2. industrial

3. residential

4. electrical

5. commercial

12.6

Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the least efficient energy end use?

1. transportation

2. industrial

3. residential

4. electrical

5. commercial

12.6

Which of the following is NOT true about petroleum, natural gas, and coal?

1. They are still being formed at rates that will sustain current use.

2. They were formed over millions of years from fossilized bodies of dead organisms.

3. The unevenness of deposits around the world has contributed to international conflict.

4. The presence of oil in modern day Alaska is evidence of tropical climate in the past.

5. They provide energy that has driven our economy, but also pollution that damages our environment.

12.7

Which of the following is NOT true about petroleum, natural gas, and coal?

1. They are still being formed at rates that will sustain current use.

2. They were formed over millions of years from fossilized bodies of dead organisms.

3. The unevenness of deposits around the world has contributed to international conflict.

4. The presence of oil in modern day Alaska is evidence of tropical climate in the past.

5. They provide energy that has driven our economy, but also pollution that damages our environment.

12.7

All of the following countries are OPEC members EXCEPT

1. Saudi Arabia.

2. Iraq.

3. Venezuela.

4. Nigeria.

5. Russia.

12.9

All of the following countries are OPEC members EXCEPT

1. Saudi Arabia.

2. Iraq.

3. Venezuela.

4. Nigeria.

5. Russia.

12.9

Which of the following is NOT true about coal use in the U.S.?

1. At current rates of consumption, U.S. coal reserves will likely be depleted by the end of the 21st century.

2. About half of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal.

3. There are large deposits of coal within the continental U.S.

4. Legislation has been used to reduce the negative impacts of coal mining and pollution.

5. Burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide and fly ash plus higher carbon dioxide emissions than oil or natural gas.

12.11

Which of the following is NOT true about coal use in the U.S.?

1. At current rates of consumption, U.S. coal reserves will likely be depleted by the end of the 21st century.

2. About half of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal.

3. There are large deposits of coal within the continental U.S.

4. Legislation has been used to reduce the negative impacts of coal mining and pollution.

5. Burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide and fly ash plus higher carbon dioxide emissions than oil or natural gas.

12.11