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Convergent/Divergent Validity

between Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Social

Competence and Abstract Intelligence

A study with Portuguese children from primary school

A. A. Candeias, M. M. Oliveira & G. Franco

CIEP & CIMA – UE - University of ÉvoraUM - University of Madeira

PORTUGAL

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European Conference in Psychological Assessment

Ghent, 16-19 September 2009

Dynamic Assessment of Functioning and Oriented at Development and Inclusive Learning

A Comenius multilateral project - 142084-2008-LLP-BE-COMENIUS-CMP

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• This work is focused on the description of social and emotional intelligence and its relationships with social and emotional competences in children and their relationship with abstract intelligence.

• Such analysis will allow us to identify more specific and significant ways to assess and to identify children’s socio-emotional cognitive process characteristics in general and could improve a new approach to look at human abilities and socio-emotional competence.

Introduction

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This means studies of social and emotional intelligence are becoming increasingly important if one wants to understand the individuals' knowledge, thinking and behavioral processes (Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000; Candeias, 2004).

The performance of individuals on every task, clearly, involves, at the same time, types of mental processes (reasoning, memory, perception, creativity) as well as types of contents of the task to be performed (verbal, numerical, spatial, figurative, social, emotional).

State of art

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Social intelligence construct can be understood through two main dimensions: cognitive and behavioral (e.g., Jones, & Day, 1997) that involve: Interpersonal Problem Solving, Familiarity with Interpersonal Situations, Motivation and Self-confidence to cope with Interpersonal Situations (Candeias, 2007).

Emotional Intelligence operates on “hot” cognitions or information processing that involve matters of personal and emotional importance for individuals, namely: Adaptability, Intrapersonal: Positive Impression, Interpersonal: Expression of emotions, Stress Management (Bar-On & Parker, 2004).

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Specifically, in keeping with the results of previous studies, our problem focalize:

Convergent/divergent validity between Social intelligence, Emotional intelligence, Abstract intelligence and Social competence.

Problem

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METHODS

Participants

All participants were Portuguese children:

- The sample was composed by 171 subjects from primary school, from 2nd to 4th grade, with ages between 7 and 13 years old (M= 8.53 e DP= 1.10), of both gender (54% girls and 46% boys), from several ethnic cultures.

- The study was conducted from April to June, 2008.

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Procedure

The administration of the tests took place during a single fifty-minute session during lesson hours and in the presence of the researcher.

Responses to the questionnaires were provided on a total voluntary basis, after the authorization of parents.

Collected data are analyzed through SPSS.

METHODS

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– Social Intelligence

Test of Interpersonal Problem Solving for Children (PRPI-6/11; Candeias et al., 2008):

The participants are expected to analyse an interpersonal problem-situation (in a pictorial format), in three major dimensions:

• Interpersonal Problem Solving (PRPI-IPS); • Familiarity or Experience (PRPI-F); • Motivation and Self-confidence (PRPI-M).

The test has great validity of construct, proved by confirmatory factorial analyses (Candeias et al.; 2008) found an internal consistency of .93 for Interpersonal Problem Solving, .78 for Motivation and Self-confidence, and .72 for Familiarity or Experience.

METHODSMeasures

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– Social Competence

Social Competence Test for Children (PACS-6/11, Candeias et al., 2008)

The participants are expected to analyse five interpersonal problem-situations (in a verbal format), in which the participants are requested to self-evaluate social competence performance and facility on a 1-to-3 Likert scale, in which 1 is “Poor” and 3 is “Excellent”.

Candeias et al. (2008) found an internal consistency of .82 for PACS-6/1.

METHODSMeasures

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– Emotional Intelligence

Bar On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i:YV; Bar-On & Parker, 2004).

In Portuguese studies (Candeias et al., 2008) the questionnaire has great validity of construct, pointing out for five dimensions: Adaptability, Intrapersonal-Positive Impression, Interpersonal scale, Intrapersonal-Expression of Emotion and Stress Management.

With an internal consistency of .87 for Total EQ-i:YV (Total EQ), and .86 for Adaptability scale (EQ-AS), .83 for Intrapersonal-Positive Impression scale (EQ-PI), .81 for Interpersonal scale (EQ-IS), .70 for Intrapersonal-Expression of Emotion scale (EQ-EE) and .69 for Stress Management (EQ-SM), improving the full version questionnaire properties.

METHODSMeasures

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– Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Perception Test for children (TEP, Franco et al., 2008)

This test is composed by 10 images of children faces expressing the six basic emotions: Anger, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Disgust and Surprise, measured in a 3 point likert scale: 0= “Definitely not present”, 2= “Definitely Present”, in a total of 60 items.

The test as a good reliability (alpha Cronbach= 0. 85), and it was found a similar structure with the construct. The factorial analysis isolated 5 dimensions.

METHODSMeasures

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– Abstract Intelligence and Academic Intelligence

Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM, Raven, 1965)

Abstract intelligence was measured by CPM.

The participants are expected to solve 36 items (3 series), choosing the correct solution among 6 options.

We‘ve used the Portuguese adaptation (Simões, 2000), with an internal consistency of .89.

School performance: Maths & Portuguese (language)

METHODSMeasures

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Table 1. Correlations of the studied variables. (Notes: * p<.05; ** p<.01, (2-tailed)).

Results and discussion SCALE AI-LP AI-M AI-CPM EI-Ch EI-Pa SC-Pa SC-Ch SI-PS SI-E SI-M EI-PPortuguese - AI-LP 1 ,748(**) ,196(*) -,228 ,125 ,127 ,139 ,177 -,072 ,006 ,018

Mathematics – AI - M ,748(**) 1 ,378(**) -,209 ,088 ,139 ,044 ,112 ,010 ,082 -,033

Coloured Progressive Matrices – AI-CPM

,196(*) ,378(**) 1 -,430 ,073 ,010 -,012 ,160 -,097 ,097 ,002

Emotional Intelligence – EI-Ch

-,228 -,209 -,430 1 ,120 1,000(**) ,974(**) ,325 ,288 ,698 ,407

Emotional Intelligence – EI - Pa

,125 ,088 ,073 ,120 1 ,409(**) -,094 -,099 -,186(*) -,149(*) ,018

Social Competence – SC -Pa

,127 ,139 ,010 1,000(**) ,409(**) 1 ,340(**) ,190 -,111 -,033 -,030

Social Competence – Sc - Ch

,139 ,044 -,012 ,974(**) -,094 ,340(**) 1 ,277(**) ,198(*) ,260(**) -,021

Social Intelligence - Problem Solving - SI-PS

,177 ,112 ,160 ,325 -,099 ,190 ,277(**) 1 -,168 -,136 ,045

Social Intelligence - Experience - SI-E

-,072 ,010 -,097 ,288 -,186(*) -,111 ,198(*) -,168 1 ,333(**) -,027

Social Intelligence - Motivation - SI-M

,006 ,082 ,097 ,698 -,149(*) -,033 ,260(**) -,136 ,333(**) 1 ,144

Emotional Intelligence – Perception – EI - P

,018 -,033 ,002 ,407 ,018 -,030 -,021 ,045 -,027 ,144 1

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Table 2. Factorial analysis (Exploratory soluction, Varimax rotation, Explained 65% of variance)

Results and discussion Component

1 2 3 4 5

Portuguese - AI-LP ,833 ,000 ,191 -,032 -,113

Mathematics - AI – M ,904 ,078 ,093 -,073 -,098

Coloured Progressive Matrices - AI-CPM ,598 -,074 -,178 ,070 ,217

Emotional Intelligence - EI-Ch-,126 ,178 ,294 ,577 -,187

Emotional Intelligence - EI - Pa,133 -,360 ,096 ,147 -,732

Social Competence - SC -Pa,066 -,172 ,725 -,093 -,078

Social Competence - Sc - Ch,029 ,297 ,749 ,098 ,184

Social Intelligence - Problem Solving - SI-PS,153 -,385 ,357 ,160 ,645

Social Intelligence - Experience - SI-E-,064 ,787 ,032 -,114 ,033

Social Intelligence - Motivation - SI-M,116 ,718 ,023 ,334 ,053

Emotional Intelligence - Perception - EI - P,043 -,050 -,179 ,793 ,084

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• Cognitive dimension of Social Intelligence (PRPI-IPS) presents a significant correlation with abstract intelligence (CPM).

• Significant positive correlation between Stress Management dimension of Emotional Intelligence (EQ-SM) and Abstract Intelligence (CPM) (p<.01). Likewise, Abstract Intelligence (CPM) is also positively correlated with Interpersonal Problem Solving dimension (PRPI-IPS) and Familiarity dimension (PRPI-F) of Social Intelligence (p<.01).

Results and discussion

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Emotional Intelligence (Total EQ and scales), and Social Intelligence (dimension Motivation: PRPI-M) are positively correlated (p<.05) with Social Competence (PACS).

Otherwise, correlation between Social Intelligence (dimension Familiarity: PRPI-F) and Social Competence is positively significant (p<.05).

Emotional Intelligence (Stress Management: EQ-SM) is significantly negative (p<.05), related with Social Intelligence (Familiarity dimension: PRPI-M).

Results and discussion

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Adaptability dimension and Positive Impression dimension of Emotional Intelligence are positively significant (p<.05), related with Motivation/Self-Confidence dimension (PRPI-M).

Emotional Intelligence dimensions – Interpersonal and Expression of Emotion – have significantly positive correlation (p<.01), with Social Intelligence (dimension Motivation); and Emotional Intelligence dimensions – Total EQ and Expression of Emotions - are significantly related with Social Intelligence (Familiarity dimension).

Results and discussion

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Conclusions and implications

• Results of the statistical analyses which have been carried out show a close relationship between cognitive functioning (CPM) and cognitive basis of social problem solving (PRPI-IPS), in, as if children use their cognitive abilities to learn, to think, to develop strategies and to solve interpersonal and emotional problems, but rather for intellectual interests, essentially, in accordance to some results obtained by Candeias, 2005 and Candeias et al., 2008.

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• In our study, the results stress a close relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence, namely Motivation to perceive, cope and solve social situations and Social Competence, like the results obtained in other studies suggests (Bar-on & Parker, 2004; Ford 1995; Candeias, 2007, 2008; Greenspan & Driscoll, 1997; Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2000).

• Otherwise the results show a different relationship between Experience and Familiarity with Social situations and Emotional intelligence and Social competence, as if the experience with social tasks constituted an important way to develop social and emotional competences.

Conclusions and implications

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• Relationship between Social and Emotional Intelligence:

– Social Intelligence, namely Motivation to perceive, cope and solve social situations has a close interaction with the Emotional Intelligence: Adaptability, or flexibility and efficiency in dealing with everyday problems and with the Positive impression or the emotional competence to attempt and create an overly positive self-impression.

– Likewise the results show a close interaction between Familiarity and experience in dealing with social tasks and Emotional Intelligence in general.

Conclusions and implications

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