1 DNA Technology 2 DNA Extraction Chemical treatments Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst sticky The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture spooling This is called spooling DNA 3 Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences Different people have different genetic codes so each person will have different sized pieces left over Cuts at restriction sites which is a specific set of nucleotides that form a palindrome manageable fragments for analysis Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments for analysis 4 Electrophoresis size and charge DNA can be separated based on size and charge phosphate groups negatively The phosphate groups are negatively charged Sizes are based on the results of restriction enzymes gel electricity DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through 5 Electrophoresis DNA is negative DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end Smaller farther and faster Smaller fragments move farther and faster 6 7 Crime scene analysis 8 Paternity Testing 9 Copying DNA What to do if the sample size is small? What to do if the sample size is small? Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA 10 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 11 Cloning Clone Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells asexual reproduction May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis) 12 Cloning Dolly Born July 5, 1996 Had three mothers One provided the egg One provided the DNA One carried the baby Died at 6.5 years old (normal life span is years) from cancer thought to be unrelated to being a clone 13 Cloning organisms body cell egg cell A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused divides like a normal embryo The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo Human clones in the future? Human clones in the future? Human clones in the future? Human clones in the future? 14 Human Genome Project (Video) Video 15 Human Genome Project Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Conducted by scientists around the world All data was made freely and rapidly available on the Internet, accelerating the pace of medical discovery around the globe. This spurred a revolution in biotechnology innovation around the world and played a key role in making the U.S. the global leader in the new biotechnology sector. In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule. 16 What we learned The Human Genome Project has already fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes. The Human Genome Project has already fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes. Researchers can now find a gene suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years. Researchers can now find a gene suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years. There are now more than 2,000 genetic tests for human conditions. There are now more than 2,000 genetic tests for human conditions. At least 350 biotechnology- based products are currently in clinical trials. At least 350 biotechnology- based products are currently in clinical trials. 17 Much work still remains to be done. Despite many important genetic discoveries, the genetics of complex diseases such as heart disease are still far from clear. Much work still remains to be done. Despite many important genetic discoveries, the genetics of complex diseases such as heart disease are still far from clear. The Cancer Genome Atlas (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), aims to identify all the genetic abnormalities seen in 50 major types of cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), aims to identify all the genetic abnormalities seen in 50 major types of cancer.http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ Be able to create drugs that are much more effective and cause fewer side effects than those available today. Be able to create drugs that are much more effective and cause fewer side effects than those available today. NIH (National Institute of Health) is striving to cut the cost of sequencing an individuals genome to $1,000 or less. Having ones complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage and treat many diseases. NIH (National Institute of Health) is striving to cut the cost of sequencing an individuals genome to $1,000 or less. Having ones complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage and treat many diseases. The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with non-medical conditions, such as intelligence and personality traits, will challenge society, making the role of ethical, legal and social implications research more important than ever. The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with non-medical conditions, such as intelligence and personality traits, will challenge society, making the role of ethical, legal and social implications research more important than ever. What we hope to learn