1 Early Civilizations

7/23/2019 1 Early Civilizations

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ntt}5))www*snpg*i{g)wck}agcp)ns{pt)gbikabndpti{*`fh9psk}agc843?>>?


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ntt}5))www*hhdbah*`ih)ksbbdctY`na}tc{1*nth


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_nc ha} pniwp tnc Djosp dvdbduatdij ajo dtp ca{bdcpt ndpti{d jcdgnkis{p* _nc captc{j bdhdtp if tnc Djosp dvdbduatdij dj tncGajgcp }badjp ajo kcijo a{c ndgnb sj`c{tadj* Ji t{a cp if }c{hajcjt pctt bchcjtp navc kccj fisjo tnc{c kst tnc{c a{cpihc djod`atdijp at bcapt if t{aodjg ap fa{ capt ap Appah ajo cvcj Ks{ha*


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Jitc5 tnc a{{iwp oi jit jc`cppa{db djod atc }i}sbatdij hivchcjtp* _nc ijb pniw tnc aovaj`c if a +`ij`c}t ajo doca ifag{d sbts{c+* Niw ba{gc .i{ phabb$ tnc }i}sbatdij hivchcjtp wc{c tnat a` ih}ajdco tnc aovaj`c if ag{d sbts{c dp a qscptdijtnat `ajjit kc ajpwc{co at }{cpcjt*


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]ABCIBI_ND@

Nakdtatdijp {i`l pncbtc{pBiàtco jca{ watc{ pis{`cp ajo wnc{c }bajtp a{c avadbakbcPtijc tiibp" najo(pduco ajo fbalco(iff ba{gc }ckkbcp

Kndhknctla }adjtdjgp ij {i lp" {cfbc tdjg ij c{jp wdtn nsjtdjg ajo fc{tdbdt*

HCPIBD_ND@(Hdoobc ptijc agc Spc if ptijc tiibp*(_dj ptijc a{tcfa`tp àbbco hd {ibdtnp(@najgc f{ih }ckkbc ptijcp ti qsa{tu" nc{t" .capdc{ ti fbalc ap phabb tiibp$(@najgc dj bdvdjg }attc{jp f{ih nsjtdjg & gatnc{djg ti oihcptd atdij ajo }{dhdtdvc `sbtdvatdij(Cvdocj`cp if d{`sba{ nstp kcijo àvcp ajo pnctbc{p*

0="=== 1="=== K@

1==== K@

?=== K@

JCIBD_ND@

[cvibstdij tn{isgn }{a`td c if ag{d sbts{c

]ippdkdbdtdcp if pti{agc if fiio .ps{}bsp$ {cpsbtdjg dj va{dct if c~`najgcp*

Dh}{ivchcjt dj tiibp }ibdpnco ptijc a~cp*

G{app nstp wattbc & oask hso k{d l pt{s`ts{cp" phabb g{aja{dcp ajo watc{ pti{agc*

Hcn{ga{n" Onibavd{aKcgdjjdjgp if }{a td`cp dj abbidjg if hctabp }{c`s{pi{ ti Na{a}}aj pcttbchcjtp*

@NAB@IBD_ND@

K{ijuc Agc

Spc if ì}}c{ ajo k{ijuc jcw tc njibigdcp if `{aftdjg hctab a{t dfa`tp*


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FD[P_ S[KAJDUA_DIJ5

@dtdcp if djosp dvdbduatdij

Ca{b Na{a}}aj

Hats{c Na{a}}aj

Batc Na{a}}aj

?=== K@

;6== K@14== K@

173= K@


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A{isjo 10== K@" aftc{ tnc o{djg s} if Pa{apwatd {dvc{" tnc pctt bchcjtp hivco fs{tnc{ capt ajo

pistn Djoda* _ndp ha{lp tnc {cgdijabduatdij }c{dio wnd n bco ti tnc cvibstdij if va{disp bajgsagcp

ajo `sbts{cp dj Djoda*

Os{djg 6== K@" ijc if tnc hdgntdcpt ojaptdcp if Djoda" tnc Hagaona Ojapt wap cptakbdpnco*Sjoc{ tncd{ {sbc" tnc wi{bop fd{pt sjdvc{pdtdcp" jahcb _alpndba ajo Jabajoa wc{c cptakbdpnco"

wnd n att{a`tco tnispajop if ptsocjtp f{ih abb ivc{ tnc wi{bo ti ptso hi{c tnaj 6= odffc{cjt

pskec tp*

_ncpc sjdvc{pdtdcp kcàhc tnc g{catcpt `cjt{cp if bca{jdjg dj aj dcjt Djoda* Abpi" dt wap os{djg tndp

}c{dio" tnat Ksoondph ajo Eadjdph cvibvco dj Djoda*

_iwa{op tnc 0{o `cjts{ K@" Djoda cvibvco ap a pdjgbc g{cat ch}d{c sjoc{ tnc Has{aj {sbc{

@najo{ags}ta Has{a* Apila .ajitnc{ Has{aj {sbc{$ }baco a pdgjdfdàjt {ibc dj p}{caodjg

Ksoondph*

Os{djg 3= K@ ti 1=== AO" a{t" hspd ajo a{`ndtc`ts{c fbis{dpnco sjoc{ tnc {sbc if ojaptdcp bdlc

tnc Gs}ta" ]abbavap ajo tnc @nibap* Ncj`c tndp dp àbbco tnc Gibocj ]c{dio dj Djodaj ndpti{ *

_nc @nibap wc{c }at{ijp if a{t ajo a{`ndtc`ts{c ajo tnc ìhhdppdijco a bit if tch}bcp"

}adjtdjgp ajo p`sb}ts{cp* _nsp wc pcc a bit if tch}bc ìh}bc~cp if tndp }c{dio*

1===(17== AO wap tnc }c{dio if a pc{dcp if fi{cdgj djvapdijp fi{ Djoda k{djgdjg dj odvc{pc `sbts{cp

ajo {cbdgdijp djti tnc hadjpt{cah if Djodaj `sbts{c" wnd n wap batc{ aoi}tco k tnc }ci}bc*

_iwa{op tnc 17tn `cjts{" Djoda ahc sjoc{ tnc K{dt dpn {sbc wnd n baptco fi{ ivc{ 0== ca{p*

10== K@

6== K@

0== K@

3= K@

1===AO

17== AO


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Djosp Vabbc @dvdbduatdij 0=== ;=== K@

@ijtch}i{a{ wdtn Hcpi}itahda &Aj dcjt Cg}tdaj @dvdbduatdijp

_nc bcapt(sjoc{ptiio ajo ibocpt if @dvdbduatdijp


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_nc Djosp Vabbc dvdbduatdij wap cjtd{cb sjljiwj sjtdb 14;1" wncj c~`avatdijp dj wnat wisbo kc`ihc ]aldptaj {cvcabco tnc

dtdcp if Na{a}}a ajo Hincjei Oa{i .pniwj nc{c$


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_ndp hptc{disp`sbts{c chc{gco jca{b ?"3== ca{p agi ajo tn{dvco fi{ a tnispajo

ca{p" }{ifdtdjg f{ih tnc ndgnb fc{tdbc bajop if tnc Djosp [dvc{ fbiio}badj ajo t{aoc wdtntnc dvdbduatdijp if jca{k Hcpi}itahda*


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Fibbiwdjg tnc ]a{tdt dij if Djoda" tnc ksbl if tnc a{`nacibigd ab fdjop wc{cdjnc{dtco k ]aldptaj


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A{`ndtc`ts{c dp a hat{d~ if `dvdbduatdij

( Bc nak

F{ih tnc ji{tn wcpt" tn{isgn tnc vabbcpif tnc Ndjos Lspn ajo }appcp if Lnkc{

ajo Kibaj

_nc g{cat {dvc{ pptch `abbco tnc Pdjons5tnc fdvc t{dksta{dcp {dpdjg dj Lapnhd{" fi{htnc fc{tdbc ]sjeak dj tnc ji{tn

_nc Gajgcp(Tahsja" ocp cjop f{ih tnc

wcptc{j Ndhbaap ti watc{ tnc g{cat}badj if tnc aj dcjt Haonaocpna ti tnc`ijfbscj`c if tnc K{ahna}st{a dj tncocbta if tnc {d n Kcjgab*

_nc Djosp vabbc dvdbduatdij tn{dvco ijtnc {d`n abbsvdsh if tnc Djosp ajoNal{a kapdjp*

_nc djp`{d}tdijp {chadj sj(djtc{}{ctcokst wdtn tncd{ ocvd`cp" tigctnc{ wdtntncd{ ptatscttcp" psggcpt wi{pnd} djvibvdjgtnc Hitnc{ Gioocpp" a ni{jco ocdt" aksbb" a }nabbd cbchcjt" t{ccp ajo gcjdd ifpa {co p}itp*

I{dgdjp if tnc Djosp Vabbc dvdbduatdij


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Pdtcp if tnc Djosp Vabbc dvdbduatdij

Hincjei(Oa{i

Na{a}}a

@najnsoa{i

Kabalit

[i}a{

Abahgd{}s{

Labdkajgaj

Kajawabd

Bitnab

[ajg}s{

[ieod

]{aknap}ataj

Ocpab}s{

Ps{litaoa

Onibavd{a

Esjd ls{aj

]ao{d

_a{lnajwaba oc{a

Ka{i{

Aj dh}i{tajt ag{d sbts{ab ajo `ihhc{ dab `ibijduatdij `cjtc{djg a{isjo tnc twi dh}i{tajt `cjt{cp Hincjei(Oa{i

ajo Na{a}}a


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Octadbp if tnc Hincjei(oa{i `dtaocb51 @ibbcgc; Katn0 [iihp .gscpt {iihp9$? Biaodjg }batfi{h ajo g{aja{3 O{adj6 [cpdocj`c fi{ }{dcptp .9$7 Appchkb nabb>_ch}bc `ih}bc~.9$4 Kaptdijp .if kalco k{d l$1=_iwc{ .if kalco k{d l$11 Hso(k{d l chkajlhcjt1; Ptad{p^ Ksoondpt pts}a .jit `ijtch}i{a{wdtn tnc aj dcjt Hincjei(oa{ipt{s`ts{cp$


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pt{adgnt pt{cctp at {dgnt ajgbcp" {c`tajgsba{ g{do

pniwdjg `ncpp kia{o }attc{j dj }baj

}{dj d}ab ksdbodjgp i{dcjtco tiwa{op tnc à{odjab

}idjtp

ca`n `dt odvdoco djti wa{op fi{ }{itc`tdvc

}s{}ipcp

Wcbb(o{adjco ìs{ta{o nispcp

A fad{ b aovaj`co pptch if o{adjp ajo àjabp ti

talc awa cffbscjtp sjoc{ wcbb(ìvc{co o{adjp" a

ìh}bc~ pptch if watc{ na{vcptdjg ajo

{cpc{vid{p ajo a ocvcbi}co watc{ }{iifdjg

tc`njibig5 G{cat Katn" Hincjei(Oa{i

_iwj }bajjdjg ajo pcttbchcjt }attc{jp

@dtaocb ij a{tdfd`dab hisjo

G{cat katn

Nahhah ij pistn capt ì{jc{

G{aja{ wdtn ndgn tdhkc{ ps}c{pt{s`ts{c wdtn

djtc{pc`tdjg `najjcbp kcbiw fi{ vcjtdbatdij

Pc{dcp if `cbbp ajo katnp


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Ac{dab }nitig{a}n if tnc +G{cat Katn+at tnc `cjt{c if tnc dtaocb if Na{a}}a.pcc dj tnc ha} akivc$*_nc {isjo pts`ts{c ti tnc bcft if tnc

katn dp tnc wcbb*


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+_nc G{cat Katn+ at Hincjei(oa{i*


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_nc A{`ncibigd ab {sdjp if Hicjeioa{i bi`atco ij tnc {dgnt kajl if tnc Djosp [dvc{" a{isjo ?== ldbihctc{pji{ tn if La{a nd" dj ]aldptaj'p Pdjon ]{ivdj`c


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_nc wcbb if tnc G{cat Katn* Pcwc{ o{adjp at Hincjei(oa{i*


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Fi{tdfdco dtaocb" kaptdijp

Biwc{ dt" hdoobc tiwj

Wi{lhcj qsa{tc{p

@cjt{ab oc}{cppdijp fi{ }isjodjg g{adjp

G{aja{dcp wdtn a}}{i}{datc vcjtdbatdij

Jctwi{l if pt{cctp

Pa{ad" {cptdjg }ba`cp fi{ t{avcbc{p

Ha{lct nabbp" g{aja{dcp" katnp"

Pti{c {iihp i{ iffd`cp

]aba`c pt{s ts{cp a{{ajgco a{isjo twi

p}a disp `is{ta{op

Nispc t}cp5 {iihp fbajlco k is{ ta{op

_iwj }bajjdjg ajo pcttbchcjt }attc{jp


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_nc a{`nacicbigd ab c~`avatdij if tnc ksdbodjg tnat dp ljiwj ap tnc +G{aja{+ at Na{a}}a*


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_nc wcbb dj tnc dtaocb if Na{a}}a dp tnc {isjo i}cjdjg jca{ tnc `cjt{c if tnc }nitig{a}n*Dt wap abhipt `c{tadjb tndp }c{hajcjt pis{`c if f{cpn watc{ ij ti} if a ocfcjpdkbc ndbb tnat haoc tnc pdtc if Na{a}}aps`n aj dh}i{tajt `cjt{c if tnc Djosp `sbts{c*]a{tdabb vdpdkbc ij tnc bcft dp tnc Ji{tn Gatcwa*


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ìjpt{s`tdij wdtn }{ijisj`co kattc{ i{ pbi}c

ks{jt k{d`l bado dj hso(hi{ta{ dj tnc Cjgbdpn kijo

c~}c{dcj`co tc`njdqsc if k{d l badjg `{aftp

twi i{ hi{c pti{dcp dj ncdgnt" s}}c{ pti{c ìjpt{s`tco ba{gcb if wiio" fbat {iifp . ptist kcahp ìvc{co wdtn

}bajldjg$ fdjdpnco wdtn kcatcj ca{tn

i}cjdjgp gcjc{abb p}ajjco k wiiocj bdjtcbp

Pcvc{ab djptaj`cp if ì{kcbbco a{`n fi{hco k ivc{padbdjg ìs{pcp if k{d l

@ijpt{s tdij pptchp ajo tc`njibig


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A t}d ab phabb nispc wdtn ; ti ? {iihp at Hc{gna{ wisbo navc biilco bdlc tndp ajo wap bdlcb ti navc nispco afahdb*_nc ba{gc{ ksdbodjgp pniwj ij tnc ha} akivc wc{c `ijpt{s`tco ij tnc pahc }{dj d}bc kst" dt dp tnisgnt" wc{ccdtnc{ }aba`cp i{ spco fi{ tnc pti{agc if giiop*

@ijpt{s tdij pptchp ajo tc`njibig


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Ptajoa{oduco wcdgntp ajo hcaps{cp spcodj tnc Djosp dvdbduatdij*_nc pt{djgp ij tnc p`abc a{c" if `is{pc"hioc{j*


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Pshha{

Djosp Vabbc dvdbduatdij wap hadjb aj s{kaj `sbts{c psptadjco k ps{}bsp ag{d sbts{ab }{ios tdij ajo ìhhc{`c"tnc battc{ dj bsodjg t{aoc wdtn Pshc{ dj pistnc{j Hcpi}itahda*

Kitn Hincjei(oa{i ajo Na{a}}a a{c gcjc{abb `na{a tc{duco ap navdjg +odffc{cjtdatco bdvdjg qsa{tc{p" fbat({iifcok{d l nispcp" ajo fi{tdfdco aohdjdpt{atdvc i{ {cbdgdisp `cjtc{p*

Abtnisgn ps`n pdhdba{dtdcp navc gdvcj {dpc ti a{gshcjtp fi{ tnc c~dptcj`c if a ptajoa{oduco pptch if s{kaj baistajo }bajjdjg" ps`n pdhdba{dt dcp a{c ba{gcb osc ti tnc }{cpcj`c if a pchd(i{tnigijab t}c if dvd baist" ajo aìh}a{dpij if tnc baistp if Hincjei(oa{i ajo Na{a}}a pniwp tnat tnc a{c dj fa t" a{{ajgco dj a qsdtc odppdhdba{fapndij*

_nc wcdgntp ajo hcaps{cp if tnc Djosp Vabbc @dvdbduatdij" ij tnc itnc{ najo" wc{c ndgnb ptajoa{oduco" ajoìjfi{h ti a pct pàbc if g{aoatdijp* Odptdj tdvc pcabp wc{c spco" ahijg itnc{ a}}bd atdijp" }c{na}p fi{docjtdfd atdij if }{i}c{t ajo pnd}hcjt if giiop*

Abtnisgn ì}}c{ ajo k{ijuc wc{c dj spc"d{ij wap jit ct ch}bico*

+@ittij wap wivcj ajo oco fi{ bitndjg< wncat" {d c" ajo a va{dct if vcgctakbcp ajo f{sdtp wc{c `sbtdvatco< ajo ajshkc{ if ajdhabp" dj bsodjg tnc nsh}co ksbb" wc{c oihcptd atco*

Wnccb(haoc }ittc{pihc if dt aoi{jco wdtn ajdhab ajo gcihct{d hitdfpnap kccj fisjo dj }{ifspdij at abbtnc haei{ Djosp pdtcp*

A `cjt{abduco aohdjdpt{atdij fi{ ca`n dt" tnisgn jit tnc wnibc dvdbduatdij" nap kccj djfc{{co f{ih tnc {cvcabco`sbts{ab sjdfi{hdt< niwcvc{" dt {chadjp sj`c{tadj wnctnc{ astni{dt ba wdtn a ihhc{ dab ibdga{`n*

_nc{c a}}ca{p ti kc a ìh}bctc ba`l if }{dcptb +}ih} i{ bavdpn odp}ba+ tnat wap ìhhij dj itnc{ dvdbduatdijp*

ntt}5))hdjnap1>6*kbigp}it*ìh);=11)=1)na{a}}a*nthb


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Vcod }c{dio 13== >== K@


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Djoi(A{aj hdg{atdij f{ih tnc ji{tn wcpt bado tnc fisjoatdijp if tnc Vcod agc" i{ dgdjabb jihaop

@ijpdoc{akbc hdp`cbbajcisp djfi{hatdij dp ìjtadjco dj tnc Vcoap" tnc b{d ab ìh}ipdtdijp wnd n navc kccj

}{cpc{vco tn{isgn tn{cc hdbbcjjdshp" wndbc djgcjdisp vdgjcttcp oc}d tdjg tnc bdfc ig tnc tdhcp a{c à{vco ist dj

tnc Pts}ap at Kna{nst ajo Paj`nd

Kahkii ajo {cco nstp .}{coihdjatcb {isjo dj fi{h$" ps{{isjoco k a p}c dab ldjo if fcj`c if kahkii }iptp*

Dj tnc Vcod vdbbagc" tnc nstp wc{c if a kccndvc }attc{j haoc if a d{`sba{ wabb if kahkiip ncbo tigctnc{ wdtn

kajop if wdtncp ajo ìvc{co cdtnc{ wdtn a oihd ab {iif if bcavcp i{ tnat nco wdtn g{app* _ndp cvibvco djti aj ivab

wdtn a ka{{cb {iif fi{hco ij a f{ahc if kcjt kahkiip abpi ìvc{co wdtn tnat`n* Pihc wc{c a{{ajgco dj tn{ccp

ajo fis{p a{isjo a pqsa{c ìs{ta{o ajo tnc {iifp ìvc{co wdtn }bajlp if wiio ajo tdbcp*

Sjkalco k{d lp spco fi{ tnc wabbp ajo oii{wap pqsa{c i}cjdjgp wdtn oiskbc oii{p

Vcod @sbts{c" Djoi(A{aj dvdbduatdijp


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K 1=== K@" tnc Vcod ìhhsjdt c~}ajoco ap tiwjp at dh}i{tajt `cjt{cp" wnc{c tnc t{aodtdijab pt{s`ts{c if tnc

vdbbagc wap {c}{ios`co ij a ba{gc{ p abc ajo dj a hi{c pskptajtdab fi{h* Wdtn g{catc{ {dvab{dcp" a{ipc a}dtabp if

ptatcp pt{ijgb fi{ tdfdco*

Wdtndj aj cj bips{c if wiiocj }abdpaocp" wc{c ksdbodjgp if cjtd{cb wiiocj ìjpt{s`tdij*

@dtdcp ba{gcb if wiio ìjpt{s`tdij wc{c }bajjco k Hana Givdjoa" a`ì{odjg ti Onahha}aba a Ksoondpt

ìhhcjtati{ dj 3== K@*

[c tajgsba{ dj }baj" odvdoco djti fis{ qsa{tc{p k twi hadj tni{isgnfa{cp djc{pc tdjg at {dgnt ajgbcp" ca n bcaodjg ti

a dt gatc*

Ijc if tnc qsa{tc{p ìjtadjco tnc dtaocb ajo {iab a}a{thcjtp ajitnc{ {cpibvco dtpcbf djti {cpdocj`cp if tnc s}}c{

bappcp" a tnd{o wap fi{ tnc bcpp }{ctcjtdisp ksdbodjgp if tnc hdoobc bapp ajo fist{n fi{ tnc t{aoc{p wdtn tncd{

wi{lpni}p*



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Kcgdjjdjgp if ptijc hapij{ ìjpt{s`tdij5 @dt wabb if [aeg{dna" tnc aj dcjt à}dtab if Hagaona" jiw a vapt a{ca if

{sdjp dj tnc ]atja odpt{d t if Kdna{*

Sjo{cppcp ptijc hapija{ kbi`lp5 0 3 bcjgtn" a{cfsbb fdttco ajo kijoco tigctnc{* _nc ì{c if phabbc{ kbi`lp wdtn

f{aghcjtp if ptijc }a lco dj tnc djct{ptd cp" ji hi{ ta{ a}}ca{p ti kc spco*

Hapij{ s}ti tnc ncdgnt if 1= 1; akivc wnd n a ps}c{pt{s`ts{c if wiio ajo k{d`l ajo ptijc ajo k{d`l ìhkdjco*



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[cfc{cj`cp

ntt}5))www*istskc* ih)wat n9v8PoGkah]gf>i djosp dvdbduatdijntt}5))ajtdqsdt*a`*sl)}{iegabb)ag{awab0;0) na{a}}antt}5))www*ajoahaj*i{g)KIIL)F1(Djosp@dvdbduatdij)djosp*nthntt}5))www*hhdbah* ih)ksbbdctY`na}tc{1*nth

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1 Early Civilizations

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