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ELC 544 RADAR AND SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Lecture 1

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WHAT THIS LECTURE ADRESSES

Prerequisites– ECE -324 – Communication Systems I– ECE 421 – Communication Systems II– ECE 461 – Television Engineering

ECE523 Course Outline ECE523 Teaching Sequence Laboratory/Practical Sessions

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ECE 461 – TELEVISION ENGINEERING (1)

Basic principles of television: Elements of TV systems standards. Generation, characteristics and compatibility. Block diagram of monochrome transmission systems. Transmission camera tubes and devices. Monochrome TV transmitter and receiver functions. Switched mode power supply (SMPS).

Principles of color perception: Nature of light, color theory and chromaticity.

Transmission principles: Luminance and chrominance signals, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM); Colour TV receiver functions according to international systems. Colour picture tubes.

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ECE 461 – TELEVISION ENGINEERING (1)

Advances in TV technology: High definition television (HDTV) systems, Pyro-electric vidicon, stereophonic TV, direct TV broadcast by satellites. Television studio systems.

Very small arperture transmitter (VSAT) Technology: Classification of VSAT’s and their applications.

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ECE-544 COURSE OUTLINE

1. Introduction to Satellite Systems: Historical Background, Basic Satellite Services

2. Components of a Communication satellite System: The Space Segment, The Earth Segment, Frequency Bands

3. Characteristics of a satellite System: Coverage; Access; Distribution; Frequency optimization (Bandwidth utilization and Frequency Reuse); Propagation Delay; Flexibility and Availability

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ECE-544 COURSE OUTLINE (2)

4. Satellite Communication Services: Satellite Telephone services; Television and Audio Services; Data Transmission; Integrated Services; Emergency Communication Services

5. Regulatory Considerations: Satellite Space/orbit System Regulations; Satellite Frequency Regulations

6. Principles of radar: Pulsed and continuous wave radar. Free space radar range equation; Radar receivers; Automatic searching and tracking radar; Moving target indicator (MTI); Radar performance factors; Doppler effects in the application of continuous wave radar.

7. RADAR Facsimile transmission: Facsimile principles, data compression; Data coding and encryption

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TEACHING SEQUENCE (1)

30th January -21st Feb 2012 (4 Weeks)

Introduction to Satellite Systems– Historical Background– Basic Satellite Services – Components of a satellite Communication System– The Space Segment– The Earth Segment – Frequency Bands

CAT I - Approx. 22nd February 2012

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TEACHING SEQUENCE (2)

27th February – 19th March 2012 (3 Weeks)Characteristics of a Satellite System

– Coverage– Access– Distribution– Frequency optimization (Bandwidth utilization and Frequency Reuse)– Propagation Delay– Flexibility and Availability

27th March – 10th April 2012 (3 Weeks)Satellite Communication Services

– Telephony services– Television and Audio Services– Data Transmission – Integrated Services– Emergency Communication Services– Satellite System Regulations

CAT II: 20th March 2012

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TEACHING SEQUENCE (3)

10th April – 2nd May 2012 (3 Weeks)RADAR Systems

– Principles of RADAR– Pulsed and continuous wave radar. Free space radar range

equation. – Radar receivers. – Automatic searching and tracking radar. – Moving target indicator (MTI). – Radar performance factors. – Doppler effects in the application of continuous wave radar. – Data compression, data coding and encryption..

CAT III: 3rd May 2012

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LABORATORY/PRACTICAL SESSIONS

Internet-Based Exercise on Satellite Orbits/Satellite Applications/Satellite Sighting

Satellite Transmission Systems Satellite Receiver Systems

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REFERENCE BOOKS

International Telecommunication Union, “Handbook on Satellite Communications-Third Edition,” Wiley, 2002

K.K. Sharma, “Fundamentals of RADAR and Television Engineering,” S.K. Kataria and Sons, 2009

Sapna Katiyar, “Satellite Communication,” S.K. Kataria and Sons, Reprint 2010

Dharma Raj Cheruku, “Satellite Communication,” I.K International Publishing House-2010

Monojit Mitra, “Satellite Communication,” PHI Learning Private Limited, 2010.

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Historical Perspective

1929 The Problem of Space Flight. The Rocket Engine, by Hermann Noordung, describes the concept of the geostationary orbit.

1945 In a visionary paper, Arthur C. Clarke, the well-known physicist and author, describes a world communication and broadcasting system based on geosynchronous space stations.

1957 (4 Oct.) Launching of the Sputnik-l artificial satellites (USSR) and detection of the first satellite-transmitted radio signals.

1959 (March) Pierce's basic paper on satellite communication possibilities.

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Historical Perspective

1960 (Aug.):

Launching of the ECHO-l balloon satellite (USA/NASA). Earth-station to earth-station passive relaying of telephone and television signals at 1 and 2.5 GHz by reflection on the metalized surface of this 30 m balloon placed in a circular orbit at 1 600 km altitude.

1960 (Oct.): First experiment of active relaying communications using a space-borne amplifier at 2 GHz (delayed relaylng communications) by the Courier-1B satellite (USA) at about 1 000 km altitude.

1962: Foundation of the COMSAT Corporation (USA), the first company specifically devoted to domestic and international satellite communications.

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Historical Perspective

1962: Launching of the TELSTAR-l satellite (USA/AT&T) (July) and of the Relay-l satellite (USA/NASA) (December). Both were non-geostationary, low-altitude satellites operating in the 6/4 GHz bands.

1962: First experimental transatlantic communications (television and multiplexed telephony) between the first large-scale, pre-operational earth stations (Andover, Maine, USA, Pleumeu-Bodou, France and Goonhilly, UK).

1963: First international regulations of satellite communications (ITU Extraordinary Radio Conference). Initiation of sharing between space and terrestrial services.

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Historical Perspective

1963 (July): Launching of SYNCOM-2 (USA/NASA), the first geostationary satellite (300 telephone circuits or 1 TV channel).

1964 (Aug.): Establishment of the MTELSAT organization (19 national Administrations as initial signatories).

1965 (April): Launching of the EARLY BIRD (INTELSAT-l) satellite, first commercial geostationary communication satellite (240 telephone circuits or I TV channel). First operational communications (USA, France, Federal Republic of Germany, UK).

1965: Launching of MOLNYA-1 (USSR), a non-geostationary satellite (elliptical orbit, 12 hours revolution).

Beginning of television transmission to small size receive earth stations in USSR (29 Molnyas were launched between 1965 and 1975).

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Historical Perspective

1967: INTELSAT II satellites (240 telephone circuits in multiple access mode or 1 TV channel) over Atlantic and Pacific Ocean regions.

1968-1970: INTELSAT III satellites (1,500 telephone circuits, 4 TV channels or combinations thereof). INTELSAT worldwide operation.

1969: Launch of ATS-5 (USA/NASA). First geosynchronous satellite with a 15.3 and 3.6 GHz bands propagation experiment.

1971 (Jan.): First INTELSAT IV satellite (4,000 circuits + 2 TV channels).

1971 (Nov.): Establishment of the INTERSPUTNIK Organization (USSR and 9 initial signatories).

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Historical Perspective

1972 (Nov.):

Launching of the ANIK- 1 satellite and first implementation of a national (domestic) satellite communications system outside the USSR KanaddTELESATl.

1974 (April): WESTAR 1 satellite. Beginning of national satellite communications in the USA.

1974 (Dec.):

Launching of the SYMPHONIE-1 satellite (France, Federal Republic of Germany): the first three-axis stabilized geostationary communications satellite.

1975 (Jan.): Algerian satellite communication system: First operational national system (14 earth stations) using a leased INTELSAT transponder.

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Historical Perspective

1975 (Sept.): First INTELSAT IVA satellite (20 transponders: more than 6,000 circuits + 2 TV channels, Frequency reuse by beam separation).

1975 (Dec.): Launching of the first USSR geostationary Stationary satellite.

1976 (Jan.): Launching of the CTS (or Hermes) satellite (Canada), first experimental high-power broadcasting satellite (14/12 GHz).

1976 (Feb.): Launching of the MARISAT satellite (USA), first maritime communications satellite.

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Historical Perspective

1976 (July.): Launching of the PALAPA-I satellite. First national system (40 earth stations) operating with a dedicated satellite in a developing country (Indonesia).

1976 (July.): Launching of the PALAPA-I satellite. First national system (40 earth stations) operating with a dedicated satellite in a developing country (Indonesia).

1976 (Oct.): Launching of the first EKRAN satellite (USSR). Beginning of the implementation of the first operational broadcasting satellite system (6.210.7 GHz).

1977 (June):

Establishment of the EUTELSAT organization with 17 administrations as initial signatories.

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Historical Perspective

1977 (Aug.):

Launching of the SIR10 satellite (Italy). First experimental communication satellite using frequencies above 15 GHz (1711 1 GHz).

1977: ITU World broadcasting-satellite Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1977) (WARC SAT-77).

1978 (Feb.): Launching of the BSE experimental broadcasting satellite for Japan (14/12 GHz)

1978 (May): Launching of the OTS satellite, first communication satellite in the 14/11 GHz band and first experimental regional communication satellite for Europe (ESA: European Space Agency).

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Historical Perspective

1979 (June):

Establishment of the INMARSAT organization for global maritime satellite communications (26 initial signatories).

1980 (Dec.):

First INTELSAT V satellite (l2 000 circuits, FDMA + TDMA operation, 614 GHz and 1411 1 GHz wideband transponders, Frequency reuse by beam separation + dual polarization).

1981 Beginning of operation in the USA, of satellite business systems based on very small data receive earth

stations (using VSATs).

1983 ITU Regional Administrative Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service in Region 2.

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Historical Perspective

1983 (Feb) Launching of the CS-2 satellite (Japan). First domestic operational communication satellite in the 30/20 GHz band.

1983 (June) First launch of the ECS (EUTELSAT) satellite, (9 wideband transponders at 14/11GHz: 12 000 circuits with full TDMA operation + TV. Frequency reuse by beam separation and by dual polarization).

1984 Beginning of operation of satellite business systems (using VSATs) with full transmitheceive operation.

1984 (April) Launching of STW-l, the first communication satellite of China, providing TV, telephone and data transmission services.

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Historical Perspective

1984 (Aug.): Launching of the first French domestic TELECOM I multi-mission satellite: 614 GHz, telephony and TV distribution; 817 GHz, military communications; 14/12 GHz, TVRO and business communications in TDMA/DA.

1984 (Nov.): First retrieval of communication satellites from space, using the space shuttle (USA).

1985 (Aug.): ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-85) (1st session on utilization of the geostationary orbit).

1988 (Oct.): ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-88) (2nd session on utilization of the

geostationary orbit).

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Historical Perspective

1989: INTELSAT V1 satellite (Satellite-Switched TDMA, up to 120 000 circuits (with DCME), etc.)

1992 (Feb.):

Launching of the first Spanish HISPASAT-I multi-mission satellite: 14/11-12 GHz distribution, contribution, SNG, TVRO, VSAT, business services, TV America, etc.; 17/12 GHz, DBS analogue and digital television; 817 GHz governmental communications.

1997 -1998 INTELSAT VIII satellites

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Historical Perspective

1998 onwards:

Launching of various non-geostationary satellites and implementation of the corresponding MSS systems (Iridium, Globalstar, etc.) and FSS systems (Teledesic, Skybridge, etc.).

1999 First INTELSAT K-TV satellite (30 14/11-12 GHz transponders for up to 210 TV programmes with possible direct to home (DTH) broadcast and VSAT services).

2000 INTELSAT 1X satellites (up to 160 000 circuits (with DCME)).