1. Energy use and potential in urban systems€¦ · 1. Energy use and potential in urban systems...

IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

1. Energy use and potential in urban

systems

John Dulac

Bangkok, 1 April 2019

IEA #energyefficientworld

2IEA 2019. All rights reserved.

1. Energy use and potential in urban systems

1. Energy use and potential in urban systems

Trainer(s): John Dulac

Scenario: Your mayor/governor is under pressure to reduce energy

consumption

Question: How do you help the mayor/governor understand the drivers of

energy consumption in the city?


Training Overview

1. Activity: mapping of urban authority influence

2. Why is urban energy use important?

• Urbanisation and energy use

• Impacts of energy use in urban areas

3. What’s the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?

• Technologies and solutions that allow higher efficiency

30 mins

15 mins

15 mins


1. Activity: Mapping of urban authority

influence


1. Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence

Break into groups of 6

Scenario: Your municipal commissioner is under pressure to reduce energy

consumption

Question: How do you help the commissioner understand the drivers of energy

consumption in the municipality?

What level of influence do you have on the

energy consuming aspects of your municipality?


1. Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence

• What level of influence do you have on the energy consuming aspects of

your municipality?

Source ESMAP 2012 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia

0

1

2

3

4

5

Land-use

planningEnergy

budget

Investment

planning

Water tariffs

Waste tariffs

Electricity

tariffs

Power supply

Public

lighting

Water supply

Wastewater

treatment

Solid waste

Building

codes

Mass transit

operation

Public

buildings





Urban areas account for the greatest shares of both global population and world

economic activity, two key drivers of energy use.

As such, the world’s urban areas have substantial influence over global energy

demand and energy-related emissions

Source UN Population Division, The Atlas

Where to start? Tools What are the steps?



Urban areas are growing, especially in emerging economies

0

20

40

60

80

100

Projected percentage of

global urban population

1950-2050

0 20 40 60 80 100

Africa

Asia

Europe

South America

North America

Oceania

Percentage of urban dwellers

per region, 2018

Source UN Population Division, The Atlas




Role of urban authorities: A few of the main responsibilities of

cities/municipalities are…

Planning

• Urban planning

• Building

regulations

• Infrastructure

Basic

Necessities

• Water supply

• Public health

• Sanitation

Other

Services

• Street lighting

• Social housing

• Parking, public

transport




… and they involve energy consuming sectors below in one way or another

Public

administration

buildings, schools,

hospitals, libraries,

museums, social

housing

Buildings

Public transport,

street design,

traffic signals and

signage

Transport

Lighting, water

local energy

networks

Utilities

Landfilling, waste

management

Waste




What happens in urban areas: Majority of global energy use and greenhouse

emissions comes from cities

Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016



2. Why is urban energy use important? Impacts

What happens in urban areas: Urban structures produce heat island effect, which

exacerbates need for cooling

Source: LBNL (2013), Heat Island Group, http://heatisland.lbl.gov/



2. Why is urban energy use important? Impacts

What happens in urban areas: Local air quality is also worse in urban areas,

exceeding WHO guidelines of 20 µg/m3, due to externalities of energy use

Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016

273 286

0

50

100

150

200

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Africa Americas Middle East Europe Asia and Oceania

WH

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ua

lity

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: PM

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= 2

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What drives energy use in urban areas?


2. Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use

Geophysical Structural Socio-economic

Sources: https://www.popsci.com/city-shape-grid-heat-island-temperature#page-4; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island#/media/File:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof.JPG


https://www.popsci.com/city-shape-grid-heat-island-temperature#page-4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island#/media/File:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof.JPG



Geophysical


• The hotter/more humid the

climate, the higher the demand for

cooling like air-conditioning

Source https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

• More water-strained, more

energy-intensive and costly to

deliver water

8.5

2.5

0.9

0.5

0.4

0.0 5.0 10.0

Desalination

Waste-W reuse

Waste-W treatment

Groundwater

Lake or river

Energy intensity (kWh per m³)

EPRI Water and Sustainability Volume 4

https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/

https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/



• More sprawled cities use more

energy than dense ones (transport

use, water pumping costs)

1020

9080

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Small Cities Large Cities

Street Lighting Other Costs

• Bigger cities need more lighting,

hence consume more energy

Source http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-

cities

• The more grid-like, the more it

traps heat

Source

http://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CityTextureUHI_Feb2018.pdf


Structural

http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-cities




Socio-economic

• Higher income urban population

tends to consume more energy per

capita

Source IEA ETP 2016

• More dense population consumes

less energy per capita

Source IEA ETP 2016


2. Why is urban energy use important? Opportunity

Fortunately, the majority of opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions are

also in urban areas

0

10

20

30

40

50

4DS Urbanreductions

Non-urbanreductions

2DS

2014 2050

Gt

CO

2

Power & heat Industry Transport Buildings

UrbanUrban

Non urban

Non urban

Urban

Non urban

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2013 2020 2030 2040 2050

GtC

O2

Non-urban 31% Urban 69%

Non-urban

Urban

6DS

2DS

Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2016



2. What is the potential for energy

efficiency in urban systems?


2. What is the potential? Concept of energy efficiency potential

• Technical potential: analysing the total energy efficiency potential without any

economic or market constraints (e.g. analysing the energy savings potential if all

buildings used best-available technology)

• Economic potential: analysing the energy efficiency potential assuming

economic constraints for cost effectiveness (e.g. analysing the energy savings

potential if buildings used the most-efficient, cost-effective technology)

• Market potential: analysing the energy efficiency potential assuming market

constraints in implementing energy efficiency (e.g. analysing the energy savings

potential using an adoption curve to estimate typical market implementation

given the available policies and technologies)



2. What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?

• URBAN PLANNING and TRANSPORT: Potential of obtaining lower emissions

and energy use based on planning design, influencing transport

Carbon footprints (residential emissions) in different neighbourhoods in Toronto, Canada



Improving land use and transport could reduce 50% of global CO2 emissions.

In Southeast Asia, reduction could be between 58% to 93%


Source: http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm; http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933442845


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2015 BAU 2050 LUT 2050

millio

n t

on

nes

CO

₂

em

issi

on

s

Kuala Lumpur Manila Jakarta Phnom Penh Hanoi

Total CO₂ emissions in Southeast Asian cities in Business-as-Usual

(BAU) and Improved Land Use and Transport (LUT) scenarios

http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933442845


Savings based on the sizes of the motors and hours of operation could go up to 1500 GWhr/yr


• WATER: potential to save energy from motor replacement based on size and

application

Source https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov


https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/Primer on energy efficiency in water and wastewater plants_0.pdf



• LIGHTING: Potential to save on street lighting by 2020 using the current

generation LED lamps in replacing the existing lamp technologies (India)

Source https://ies.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl6576e.pdf

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800In

can

desc

en

t

Tu

ng

sten

Halo

CFL

Hg

vap

or

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meta

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e

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ear

flu

or.

% s

avin

g t

o B

ase

case

En

erg

y s

avin

gs

by 2

020

current LED c-LED % savings




• WASTE: Efficient waste management leading to waste-to energy technologies

like incineration and gasification can recover between 4 to 10TWhr (Bangkok)

https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.169742.1550156899!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Poster_SIDA08_Seksan.pdf




• OTHERS - Potential of high energy savings by simply enforcing the national

building codes

Source https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015 ; https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/11/indias-move-make-buildings-efficient

0

5

10

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20

25

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40

45

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Retail mall Private office Hospital Hotel Government

Office

Institute Others

Perc

en

tag

esa

vin

gs

En

erg

ysa

vin

gs

(MW

h)

5-YEAR ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL DUE TO ECBC (JAIPUR)

Actual savings in 5 years (MWh) Percentage savings



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