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FILOGENIA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMESTICOS
1.1. FilogeniaFilogenia
üü OrOríígen y evolucigen y evolucióón de las especiesn de las especies
üü En nuestro caso, especies de interEn nuestro caso, especies de interéés zoots zootéécnicocnico
üü TeorTeoríías:as: MonofilMonofilééticasticasPolifilPolifilééticasticas
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2. Herramientas de la filogenia:2. Herramientas de la filogenia:
üü FFóósilessiles
üü CC--1414
üü ADN mitocondrialADN mitocondrial
üü MicrosatMicrosatééliteslites
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145 – 65 millones
insectívoro nocturnoEozostrodon(Morganucodon), delTriásico superior -Jurásico inferior,como el primermamífero.
FILOGENIA DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS
protocordados
Secuenciaevolutiva de los
vertebrados
Peces
Anfibios
ReptilesSynapsida
(mamíferos como reptiles)
Mamíferos
Aves
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PANTODONTS, UINTATHERES AND XENUNGULATESPANTODONTS, UINTATHERES AND XENUNGULATES((Los primeros grandes mamLos primeros grandes mamííferos herbferos herbíívoros)voros)
Genero:Genero: CoryphodonCoryphodon
PantodontoPantodonto(orden: Ungulado)(orden: Ungulado)
UintatherioUintatherio XenungulataXenungulata
Desaparecieron
ArtiodactilosPerisodaptilosProboscidos
Pecora (rumiantes verdaderos)Tylopoda (camellos, llamas)Suina (cerdos, jabalíes,
hipopótamos)
caballos, asnos y cebras,tapir, rinoceronte
Elefantes
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CoryphodonCoryphodon::PantodontePantodonte, mam, mamíífero, herbfero, herbíívoro del eoceno.voro del eoceno.Forma filogenForma filogenéética mtica máás antigua conocida de:s antigua conocida de:ééquidos, suidos, caprinos, ovinos y bovinosquidos, suidos, caprinos, ovinos y bovinos
EVOLUCION DEL CABALLO
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Coryphodon (ungulado)
Familia Equidae F. Tapiradae F. Rhinocerontidae
peri
soda
ctilo
s
Familias
EQUIDOSEQUIDOS CORYPHODONCORYPHODON(Ungulado del Eoceno inferior)(Ungulado del Eoceno inferior)
3 subfamilias
HYRACOTERINAE PALEOTERINAE EQUINAEHYRACOTERINAE PALEOTERINAE EQUINAESERIE EUROPEA SERIE AMERICANA
HyracotheriumHyracotherium
PaleotheriumPaleotherium
AnchitheriumAnchitherium
HippariumHipparium
EohippusEohippusOrohippusOrohippus
MesohippusMesohippusMiohippusMiohippus
MerychippusMerychippusProtohippusProtohippusPliohippusPliohippus
Equus fossilis
Desaparecieron
X
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MIGRACIÓN EN LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS EQUINOS
1) E.1) E. caballuscaballusE.E. plicidensplicidensE.E. orientalisorientalis
“Series del Equus fossilis”(Dos teorías)
2) E.2) E. FerusFerusE.E. GermanicusGermanicusE.E. GmeliniGmeliniE.E. StenonisStenonis
Antepasados de razasequinas pesadas y ponies
• Caballo de Mongolia,• Caballo de Renania,• Tarpan• Caballos de la tundra
y de Sangre fría
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CEBRAS• E. zebra• E. Burchelli• E. Grevy• E. quagga
(desaparecido)
ASNOS• Asno doméstico• Asno salvaje de Nubia• Asno salvaje de Somalia
HEMIONONAGRO
Híbridos “quimeras”
Eohippus
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Evolución del Sus scrofa doméstico
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• Research using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)sequences from samples of Eurasian wild boarsand various breeds of domestic pigs hasprovided evidence to support a “multiple andindependent domestication” hypothesis
SUINOS (1)SUINOS (1)
CORYPHODONCORYPHODON
EOHYUSEOHYUSRamaRamaDirectaDirecta(Serie(SerieAmericana)Americana)
HipopotHipopotáámidosmidosSuidos Europeos (serie europea)Suidos Europeos (serie europea)RamaRama
TransversalTransversal
ArtyodactilosArtyodactilos
Suidos EocSuidos EocéénicosnicosChoerotheriumChoerotheriumPaleochoerusPaleochoerusSusSus
EohyusEohyusParahyusParahyusHelohyusHelohyusPerchoerusPerchoerusTimohyusTimohyus
DicotylesDicotyles ((BBááquiroquiro))
SelenodontesSelenodontes (Rumiantes) **(Rumiantes) **
SusSus ((cerdos verdaderos)cerdos verdaderos)
DicotylesDicotyles(pecar(pecaríí europeo)europeo)
PhacochoerusPhacochoerus((cerdo verrugosocerdo verrugoso ÁÁfrica)frica)
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FAMILIA DE LOS SUIDOS
1. Tajassuinae2. Babirussinae3. Suinae
1. Phacochoerus(cerdo verrugoso africano)
2. Hylochoerus(cerdo de las selvas africanas)
3. Potamochoerus(cerdos fluviales)
4. Sus• (cerdos verdaderos que a su vez
se dividen en 4 subgéneros queconstituyen los cerdos
domésticos)
Subfamilias
Géneros
SUINOS (2)
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Bos primigenius
CORYPHODONCORYPHODON
EOHYUSEOHYUS
ARTYODACTILOSARTYODACTILOS
SelenodontesSelenodontes (Rumiantes) **(Rumiantes) **
Bovinos (1)
HOMACODON HYAEMOSCHUS GELOCUS
Eohippus (equinos)
cerdos
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BOVIDOS (2)
HOMACODON HYAEMOSCHUS GELOCUS(Rumiante) (Rumiante) (Rumiante)
Parameryx
Peobrotherium
Procamelus
Camelus Auchenia
Hyaemoschus Tragalus Amphitragalus
Cervus Sansán
Antílope CervusSansán Pikermi
Antílope CervusPikermi
Bos Ovis Capra Antílope
Leptobos Bubalus Bos
AntAntíílope delope de PikermiPikermi
(Ibex, antílopes, cabras salvajes)
(Subfamilia Bovinae)
(Familia Bovidae)
BOVIDOS (3)Bos
EUROPEOS ASIATICOSY AFRICANOS
• Bos primigenius• Bos frontosus• Bos brachycerus
(longifrons)• Bosbrachycephalus• Bos akeratus
Bos p. namadicus (Bos indicus, Asia)
Bos p. orthoceros o mauretanicus(Africa)
Bos p. hamaticus (Africa)
(Bos primigenius)Uro salvaje
Bos taurus
Bos primigenius taurus
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AUROCH
Bos primigenius, Aurochs o Uro.Vivió en Europa, Asia Occidental y Norte de Africa aprox. 4000 BC.Domesticado in Schleswig-Holstein, hoy frontera entre Alemania y Dinamarca.Desapareció en el siglo 17.De capa oscura, talla grande (1,75m alzada), cuernos fuertes con pitoneshacia arriba y adelante.
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azul: primigenius subspeciesamarillo: mauretanicus subspeciesverde: namadicus subspecies
Bos taurus
Bos taurus africano
Bos indicus
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Estos evolucionan a partir del Uro o Auroch (Bos primigenius)
BosBos primigeniusprimigenius:: Rama directaRama directa ScottishScottish HighlandHighland, Hereford,, Hereford,Longhorn,Longhorn, PinzgauPinzgau, Devon, Frisona, Holstein, Devon, Frisona, HolsteinNormanda,Normanda, AyrshireAyrshire,, RomagnolaRomagnola,,Toro de LidiaToro de Lidia
BosBos brachycerusbrachycerus:: Cuernos cortos, delgados;Cuernos cortos, delgados; apofisisapofisis nasalnasalcorta, orbitas pronunciadascorta, orbitas pronunciadasSchwyz oSchwyz o BraunviehBraunvieh yy AnglerAngler,,Kerry, Bretona francesa, JerseyKerry, Bretona francesa, Jersey
BosBos frontosusfrontosus:: Frente amplia, puente nasalFrente amplia, puente nasal convexilconvexilííneosneosFleckviehFleckvieh ((simmenthalsimmenthal))
BosBos BrachycephalusBrachycephalus:: Cabeza corta, pequeCabeza corta, pequeññaaDexterDexter, Kerry, Jersey,, Kerry, Jersey, DevonsDevons, Ib, Ibééricosricos
BosBos AkeratusAkeratus:: tope o mochos (Angus, Galloway, Redtope o mochos (Angus, Galloway, Red polledpolled))
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Sub-Familia Bovinae (Bovinos)
1) Bos 2) Leptobos (extinguidos) 3) Bubalus
I. Bos Bibos Bibos gaurusBibos frontalisBibos banteng
II. Bos Phoephagus Phoephagus grunniens
III. Bos bison Bison bisonBison bonasus
IV. Bos Bos taurusBos indicusBos hamaticus
Géneros
Subgéneros Especies
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MIACIS
CANIDOS
Originalmente se pensó en un origen múltiple
Recientemente (2000) se descubrió una formafilogenética común: EL PERRO ASIATICO
Canis pallipes Canis simensis Canis ingarCanis lupus E. Canis lupus Occ. Canis cancrívorusCanis aureus Canis latrans Canis mesomelas
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CANIDOS
MIACISEoceno (54 millones años) Posible ancestro común paraperros y gatos
CYNODICTIS
CYNODESMUS SMILODON
TOMARCTUSDaphaenus
PERRO ASIATICO(Familia Canidae. Canis familiaris)
Felinos
Canis metris optimae C. Inostranzewi C. Leineri C. intermedius
miacis
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smilodon
smilodonX
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CANIDOS
Origen de Razas Principales
Lobos del Sur Canis lupasterI II
Perro paria orientalDingo australianoCanis putiatini studeri:
Canis palustris Europeos (Terriers)Asiáticos (samoyedos, chow)
Canis intermedius: Sabuesos, fox, bracos)Canis matrix optimae Perros pastores, dogos,
san bernardo, bulldog,boxer, mastif y collies
Canis inostranzewi: Perros polares
GalgosNorte Sur
Lobos Irlandeses LebrelesDeerhound Podencos
perro paria
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Mol Biol Evol (2009) 26 (12): 2849-2864.
mtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin forDogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves
• Abstract• There is no generally accepted picture of where, when, and how the
domestic dog originated. Previous studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)have failed to establish the time and precise place of origin because of lackof phylogenetic resolution in the so far studied control region (CR), andinadequate sampling. We therefore analyzed entire mitochondrialgenomes for 169 dogs to obtain maximal phylogenetic resolution and theCR for 1,543 dogs across the Old World for a comprehensive picture ofgeographical diversity. Hereby, a detailed picture of the origins of the dogcan for the first time be suggested. We obtained evidence that the dog hasa single origin in time and space and an estimation of the time of origin,number of founders, and approximate region, which also gives potentialclues about the human culture involved. The analyses showed that dogsuniversally share a common homogenous gene pool containing 10 majorhaplogroups. However, the full range of genetic diversity, all 10haplogroups, was found only in southeastern Asia south of Yangtze River,and diversity decreased following a gradient across Eurasia, throughseven haplogroups in Central China and five in North China andSouthwest (SW)Asia, down to only four haplogroups in Europe. The meansequence distance to ancestral haplotypes indicates an origin 5,400–16,300years ago (ya) from at least 51 female wolf founders. These resultsindicate that the domestic dog originated in southern China less than16,300 ya, from several hundred wolves. The place and time coincideapproximately with the origin of rice agriculture, suggesting that the dogsmay have originated among sedentary hunter-gatherers or early farmers,and the numerous founders indicate that wolf taming was an importantculture trait.
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Genero: BosSubgenero: bibosEspecie: Sondaicus javanicus (Banteng)
Bos: Bibos: sondaicus javanicus (Banteng)
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Banteng (Bos Bibos sondaicus)
Genero:Genero: BosBosSubgeneroSubgenero:: bibosbibosEspecie:Especie: frontalisfrontalis ((GayalGayal))
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Gayal
Genero:Genero: BosBossubgenerosubgenero:: BibosBibosEspecie:Especie: gaurusgaurus ((GGauraur))
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Gaur
Genero: BosSubgenero: phoephagusEspecie: grunniens (Yak)
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Bos (phoephagus) grunniens (Yak)
Watusi: African Bos taurus (orthoceros)
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BosBos ((BibosBibos)) gaurusgaurus ((GGauraur))
Bos (bibos) frontalis (gayal)
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Descendemos del mono?
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