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FIRE OFFICER DEVELOPEMENTFIRE OFFICER
DEVELOPEMENT
INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER
INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER
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NIOSH Fatality InvestigationsNIOSH Fatality Investigations
• Federal Mandate
• Reports found at: www.cdc.gov/niosh• Reoccurring recommendation:
“…ensure that a separate Incident Safety Officer, independent from the IC, is appointed…responds automatically to pre-designated incidents.”
• Federal Mandate
• Reports found at: www.cdc.gov/niosh• Reoccurring recommendation:
“…ensure that a separate Incident Safety Officer, independent from the IC, is appointed…responds automatically to pre-designated incidents.”
Applicable StandardsApplicable Standards
• NFPA-1521• EM-06• EM-07• EM-29 (references Increased Hazards)
• NFPA-1521• EM-06• EM-07• EM-29 (references Increased Hazards)
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Benefits of the Incident Safety Officer
Benefits of the Incident Safety Officer
• Diminishes accident potential and enhances safety culture
• Minimizes time lost due to injuries• Helps protect against liability• Maximizes Incident Commander focus• Instills safety-consciousness in the
Firefighters themselves• Enhances efficiency and effectiveness
• Diminishes accident potential and enhances safety culture
• Minimizes time lost due to injuries• Helps protect against liability• Maximizes Incident Commander focus• Instills safety-consciousness in the
Firefighters themselves• Enhances efficiency and effectiveness
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The Nature of FirefightersThe Nature of Firefighters• Aggressive - want to get in
• Action oriented• Results oriented• Risk-takers
• Hot and cold influences on behavior
• Fatigue (post incident)• Adrenaline burn – chemical
imbalance?• What do we know about
ourselves?
• Aggressive - want to get in • Action oriented• Results oriented• Risk-takers
• Hot and cold influences on behavior
• Fatigue (post incident)• Adrenaline burn – chemical
imbalance?• What do we know about
ourselves?
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Duties of the ISODuties of the ISO
In it’s simplest form, the ISO evaluates:
• Fire Behavior• Building Behavior - the environment• Firefighter Behavior
This helps you READ the RISK!
In it’s simplest form, the ISO evaluates:
• Fire Behavior• Building Behavior - the environment• Firefighter Behavior
This helps you READ the RISK!
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Risk ManagementRisk Management
• Risk : A chance of damage, injury or loss
• Risk Management: process of minimizing the Chance, Degree, or Probability of damage, loss, or injury
• Risk : A chance of damage, injury or loss
• Risk Management: process of minimizing the Chance, Degree, or Probability of damage, loss, or injury
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Classic Risk ManagementClassic Risk Management
• Hazard identification
• Hazard evaluation
• Prioritize hazards
• Control hazards
• Monitor hazards
• Hazard identification
• Hazard evaluation
• Prioritize hazards
• Control hazards
• Monitor hazards
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The ISO as a Risk ManagerThe ISO as a Risk Manager
• ISO identifies hazards• Provides an assessment of hazards for IC• Provides solutions to the IC
• Develops credibility• Predicts injuries BEFORE they happen• Makes a DIFFERENCE!
• ISO identifies hazards• Provides an assessment of hazards for IC• Provides solutions to the IC
• Develops credibility• Predicts injuries BEFORE they happen• Makes a DIFFERENCE!
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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?
To determine To determine ““HOW MUCHHOW MUCH” fire” fireTo determine To determine ““HOW MUCHHOW MUCH” fire” fire
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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?
To help find the To help find the LOCATIONLOCATION
of the fireof the fire
To help find the To help find the LOCATIONLOCATION
of the fireof the fire
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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?
To help predict To help predict COLLAPSECOLLAPSE
potentialpotential
To help predict To help predict COLLAPSECOLLAPSE
potentialpotential
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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?
To help To help PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE Strategies Strategies
& Tactics& Tactics
To help To help PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE Strategies Strategies
& Tactics& Tactics
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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?
To To PROTECTPROTECT Firefighters from aFirefighters from a
““HOSTILE FIRE HOSTILE FIRE
EVENT”EVENT”
To To PROTECTPROTECT Firefighters from aFirefighters from a
““HOSTILE FIRE HOSTILE FIRE
EVENT”EVENT”
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The “ADVANCED” Basics
The “ADVANCED” Basics
Concept #1: “Smoke”Concept #1: “Smoke”
Is FuelIs Fuel
Concept #1: “Smoke”Concept #1: “Smoke”
Is FuelIs Fuel
Particulates Particulates
Aerosols Aerosols
Gases Gases
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The “ADVANCED” Basics
The “ADVANCED” Basics
Concept #2: Fuels have Concept #2: Fuels have changed - Mass and Make-changed - Mass and Make-up!up!
Concept #2: Fuels have Concept #2: Fuels have changed - Mass and Make-changed - Mass and Make-up!up!
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The “ADVANCED” Basics
The “ADVANCED” Basics
Concept 3: Concept 3:
The Fuel has Triggers:The Fuel has Triggers:
•Flash Point Flash Point
•Fire PointFire Point
•Ignition TemperatureIgnition Temperature
Concept 3: Concept 3:
The Fuel has Triggers:The Fuel has Triggers:
•Flash Point Flash Point
•Fire PointFire Point
•Ignition TemperatureIgnition Temperature
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The “ADVANCED” Basics
The “ADVANCED” Basics
How does How does “flammable range”“flammable range” factor factor in?in?
How does How does “flammable range”“flammable range” factor factor in?in?
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Flammable Range & the Three Fires
Flammable Range & the Three Fires
Too Lean . . .Too Lean . . .
Too Rich . . .Too Rich . . .
Just Right . . .Just Right . . .
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“ HOSTILE ” Fire Events
“ HOSTILE ” Fire Events
• FlashoverFlashover
• BackdraftBackdraft
• Smoke ExplosionSmoke Explosion
• Rapid Fire SpreadRapid Fire Spread
• FlashoverFlashover
• BackdraftBackdraft
• Smoke ExplosionSmoke Explosion
• Rapid Fire SpreadRapid Fire Spread
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FLASHOVERFLASHOVER
WARNING SIGNS:WARNING SIGNS:Turbulent SmokeTurbulent Smoke““Rollover”Rollover”Auto Ignition outsideAuto Ignition outsideSmoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after Smoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after
flashoverflashover
WARNING SIGNS:WARNING SIGNS:Turbulent SmokeTurbulent Smoke““Rollover”Rollover”Auto Ignition outsideAuto Ignition outsideSmoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after Smoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after
flashoverflashover
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BACKDRAFTBACKDRAFT
Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 being introduced to a pressurized being introduced to a pressurized “box”“box”
Yellowish-grey smokeYellowish-grey smoke WhistlingWhistling Bowing windowsBowing windows ““Sealed” containersSealed” containers
Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 being introduced to a pressurized being introduced to a pressurized “box”“box”
Yellowish-grey smokeYellowish-grey smoke WhistlingWhistling Bowing windowsBowing windows ““Sealed” containersSealed” containers
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SMOKE EXPLOSIONSMOKE EXPLOSIONRemember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark
or flame applied to a mixture below its or flame applied to a mixture below its ignition temperatureignition temperature
Trapped gases in upper areasTrapped gases in upper areas Growing fireGrowing fire Increasing smoke densityIncreasing smoke density Air intake overtaking smoke exitingAir intake overtaking smoke exiting
Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark or flame applied to a mixture below its or flame applied to a mixture below its ignition temperatureignition temperature
Trapped gases in upper areasTrapped gases in upper areas Growing fireGrowing fire Increasing smoke densityIncreasing smoke density Air intake overtaking smoke exitingAir intake overtaking smoke exiting
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RAPID FIRE SPREADRAPID FIRE SPREAD
Usually “Container” InfluencedUsually “Container” Influenced
SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading
the firethe fire
Look for fast moving smoke in high Look for fast moving smoke in high
pressure zones pressure zones
May result from another “event”May result from another “event”
Usually “Container” InfluencedUsually “Container” Influenced
SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading
the firethe fire
Look for fast moving smoke in high Look for fast moving smoke in high
pressure zones pressure zones
May result from another “event”May result from another “event”
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“ Reading Smoke”“ Reading Smoke”
• Observations are Observations are
typically made typically made
from outside - from outside -
inside inside
observations hide observations hide
the “real” picture.the “real” picture.
• Observations are Observations are
typically made typically made
from outside - from outside -
inside inside
observations hide observations hide
the “real” picture.the “real” picture.
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“ Reading Smoke”“ Reading Smoke”
• Nothing is absolute Nothing is absolute
• Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it
for the real storyfor the real story
• Compare vent openingsCompare vent openings
• Nothing is absolute Nothing is absolute
• Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it
for the real storyfor the real story
• Compare vent openingsCompare vent openings
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The ART of Reading Smoke
The ART of Reading Smoke
A A 4-STEP PROCESS4-STEP PROCESS to help to help predict fire behavior and hostile predict fire behavior and hostile
eventsevents
A A 4-STEP PROCESS4-STEP PROCESS to help to help predict fire behavior and hostile predict fire behavior and hostile
eventsevents
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Step 1: Evaluate Key
Factors
Step 1: Evaluate Key
Factors• VolumeVolume
• Velocity Velocity
(Pressure)(Pressure)
• DensityDensity
• ColorColor
• VolumeVolume
• Velocity Velocity
(Pressure)(Pressure)
• DensityDensity
• ColorColor
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VOLUMEVOLUME
Always relative Always relative to the “Box”to the “Box”
Tells “how Tells “how much” fuel has much” fuel has off-gasedoff-gased
Sets the StageSets the Stage
Always relative Always relative to the “Box”to the “Box”
Tells “how Tells “how much” fuel has much” fuel has off-gasedoff-gased
Sets the StageSets the Stage
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VELOCITY (Pressure)VELOCITY (Pressure)
How fast is the How fast is the smoke leaving?smoke leaving?
Can indicate Can indicate volume or heatvolume or heat
Helps find the Helps find the location of the location of the actual fireactual fire
How fast is the How fast is the smoke leaving?smoke leaving?
Can indicate Can indicate volume or heatvolume or heat
Helps find the Helps find the location of the location of the actual fireactual fire
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DENSITYDENSITYMost Important Most Important
FactorFactorQuality of Quality of
BurningBurningContinuity of FuelContinuity of FuelLikelihood of an Likelihood of an
eventevent““Degree” of the Degree” of the
EventEvent
Most Important Most Important FactorFactor
Quality of Quality of BurningBurning
Continuity of FuelContinuity of FuelLikelihood of an Likelihood of an
eventevent““Degree” of the Degree” of the
EventEvent
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COLORCOLOR
Rarely tells Rarely tells “material burning“material burning
Stage of HeatingStage of Heating Location of FireLocation of Fire Amount of Amount of
FlamingFlaming ““Brown” SmokeBrown” Smoke
Rarely tells Rarely tells “material burning“material burning
Stage of HeatingStage of Heating Location of FireLocation of Fire Amount of Amount of
FlamingFlaming ““Brown” SmokeBrown” Smoke
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Step 2: Weigh Factors
Step 2: Weigh Factors
• Container (most Container (most important factor)important factor)
• Thermal BalanceThermal Balance
• WeatherWeather
• Firefighting Firefighting effortsefforts
• Container (most Container (most important factor)important factor)
• Thermal BalanceThermal Balance
• WeatherWeather
• Firefighting Firefighting effortsefforts
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Step 3: Judge the Fire Status
Step 3: Judge the Fire Status
Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?
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Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:
Stable -predictableStable -predictable
Rapidly Rapidly changingchanging -predictable-predictableUnstable/Unstable/
UnpredictableUnpredictable
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Step 4: Predict the EVENT
Step 4: Predict the EVENT
Consider that:Consider that:
• One hostile event can - One hostile event can - and and
usually willusually will - lead to another - lead to another
event.event.
• Communicate your Communicate your
observations.observations.
• Warning Signs are not always Warning Signs are not always
visual – use your KNOWLEDGE visual – use your KNOWLEDGE
and EXPERIENCE.and EXPERIENCE.
TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…
Consider that:Consider that:
• One hostile event can - One hostile event can - and and
usually willusually will - lead to another - lead to another
event.event.
• Communicate your Communicate your
observations.observations.
• Warning Signs are not always Warning Signs are not always
visual – use your KNOWLEDGE visual – use your KNOWLEDGE
and EXPERIENCE.and EXPERIENCE.
TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…
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Some other “Tricks”Some other “Tricks”
Watch open doorways - watch what Watch open doorways - watch what the smoke does – and what the the smoke does – and what the fresh air does!fresh air does!
Watch open doorways - watch what Watch open doorways - watch what the smoke does – and what the the smoke does – and what the fresh air does!fresh air does!
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THE ART OF READING SMOKE
THE ART OF READING SMOKE
Some ExamplesSome ExamplesSome ExamplesSome Examples
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The Science of Predicting Collapse
The Science of Predicting Collapse
The “Science of Predicting Collapse” is actually
A “ 5 STEP-APPROACH” to evaluating collapse potential.
The “Science of Predicting Collapse” is actually
A “ 5 STEP-APPROACH” to evaluating collapse potential.
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Methods/Types of Construction
Methods/Types of Construction Fire Resistive
Non-Combustible: Steel, concrete, masonry, glass
Ordinary: Load-bearing masonry exterior wall, combustible interior construction
Heavy Timber (Mill)
Wood Frame: Platform, Balloon, Lightweight
Hybrids?
Fire Resistive
Non-Combustible: Steel, concrete, masonry, glass
Ordinary: Load-bearing masonry exterior wall, combustible interior construction
Heavy Timber (Mill)
Wood Frame: Platform, Balloon, Lightweight
Hybrids?
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Relationship of Mass/Fire Resistance
Relationship of Mass/Fire Resistance
• The most prevalent reason the year 2002 fire is different than the 1980 fire!
• Most interior Firefighting tactics are based on a 1950’s structure!
• Mass = Fire Resistance
• The most prevalent reason the year 2002 fire is different than the 1980 fire!
• Most interior Firefighting tactics are based on a 1950’s structure!
• Mass = Fire Resistance
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The 1950’s BuildingThe 1950’s Building
Most Members are in COMPRESSION
Connections are “through” the materials
MASS not MATH Fire Loading at
8000 BTUs per Pound
Most Members are in COMPRESSION
Connections are “through” the materials
MASS not MATH Fire Loading at
8000 BTUs per Pound
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2000 & Beyond2000 & Beyond
Members in TENSION
Connections are surface attached
MATH not MASS
Fire Loading is 16,000+ BTUs #
Members in TENSION
Connections are surface attached
MATH not MASS
Fire Loading is 16,000+ BTUs #
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Lightweight ConstructionLightweight ConstructionTrusses
ThroughoutEngineered Wood:
Waste WoodGlued and Pressed Particles
CompositesExperimentation
Methods
Trusses Throughout
Engineered Wood:Waste WoodGlued and Pressed Particles
CompositesExperimentation
Methods
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Step 1: Classify the TypeStep 1: Classify the Type
• Generalize Type of Construction• FR, NC, O, HT, & WF• **Hybrid**
• Strengths & Weaknesses• Fire behavior within type• Fire spread potential• Hazards vs. Tactics
• Generalize Type of Construction• FR, NC, O, HT, & WF• **Hybrid**
• Strengths & Weaknesses• Fire behavior within type• Fire spread potential• Hazards vs. Tactics
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Step 2: Determine Structural Involvement
Step 2: Determine Structural Involvement
Structural Fire or Contents Fire
Connections Involved
Protective Barriers Compromised
Lightweight components off-gassing
Structural Fire or Contents Fire
Connections Involved
Protective Barriers Compromised
Lightweight components off-gassing
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STEP 3: Visualize Load Imposition
STEP 3: Visualize Load Imposition
Visually “Undress” the Building
Bring in your Knowledge of Materials – and how they react in fire
Weak Links?
Visually “Undress” the Building
Bring in your Knowledge of Materials – and how they react in fire
Weak Links?
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Step 4: Evaluate TIMEStep 4: Evaluate TIME
How long has the fire been burning?
How long will it take to get to the fire?
REMEMBER……
How long has the fire been burning?
How long will it take to get to the fire?
REMEMBER……
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Step 5: Predict Collapse Sequence
Step 5: Predict Collapse Sequence
• Visualize the collapse scenario• Partial or localized? General ?• Who is at most risk?• Imminent or just a potential• Proclaim a COLLAPSE ZONE• What operation(s) needs to be
altered, suspended, terminated
• Visualize the collapse scenario• Partial or localized? General ?• Who is at most risk?• Imminent or just a potential• Proclaim a COLLAPSE ZONE• What operation(s) needs to be
altered, suspended, terminated
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You Now Have the Information To
Predict Collapse
You Now Have the Information To
Predict CollapseEnvision the Collapse – see it
happen in your mind
ZONE the Incident
COMMUNICATE!
Envision the Collapse – see it happen in your mind
ZONE the Incident
COMMUNICATE!
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Once you’ve Zoned & Communicated, Remember. .
.
Once you’ve Zoned & Communicated, Remember. .
. • More FF’s are killed outside the building than
in• You Must understand defensive outside tactics
• The collapse zone - types of collapse• The reach of hose streams• The advantages & risks of aerial streams• The collapse zone for aerial streams• Flanking a fire from the safe zone
• More FF’s are killed outside the building than in
• You Must understand defensive outside tactics• The collapse zone - types of collapse• The reach of hose streams• The advantages & risks of aerial streams• The collapse zone for aerial streams• Flanking a fire from the safe zone
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Construction Sites – WATCH OUT!
Construction Sites – WATCH OUT!
• Under construction vs. Under fire attack• Components not necessarily joined - less
stable• Irregular ground, holes, mud• Power and water may not be functioning• Walk ways and worker paths may not be
secure• Beware of openings between floors,
ventilation shafts, etc.
• Under construction vs. Under fire attack• Components not necessarily joined - less
stable• Irregular ground, holes, mud• Power and water may not be functioning• Walk ways and worker paths may not be
secure• Beware of openings between floors,
ventilation shafts, etc.
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Construction Site Hazards (cont’d)Construction Site Hazards (cont’d)
• Beware of openings or upper floors not yet encased with windows or walls
• Materials in piles may be overloading a structural element
• Flammables will intensify heating• Security fencing may represent an
access/egress problem
• Beware of openings or upper floors not yet encased with windows or walls
• Materials in piles may be overloading a structural element
• Flammables will intensify heating• Security fencing may represent an
access/egress problem
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Exposure of CrewsExposure of Crews
Can you tell when your people have had enough?
Don’t Wait for this to Happen!
Can you tell when your people have had enough?
Don’t Wait for this to Happen!
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PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDSPHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Ergonomics• Thermal Stress• Dehydration and Energy Depletion• Other Physiological Stressors
• 1 Noise• 2 Diurnal Effects• 3 Psychological Stressors
• Critical Incident Stress• Cumulative Stress
• Ergonomics• Thermal Stress• Dehydration and Energy Depletion• Other Physiological Stressors
• 1 Noise• 2 Diurnal Effects• 3 Psychological Stressors
• Critical Incident Stress• Cumulative Stress
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HEAT INDEXHEAT INDEX
• 85 degrees @ 35% RH = 85 degrees• 90 degrees @ 35% RH = 91 degrees• 95 degrees @ 35% RH = 98 degrees• 100 degrees @ 35% RH = 107 degrees• 105 degrees @ 35% RH = 118 degrees• 110 degrees @ 35% RH = 130 degrees
• 85 degrees @ 35% RH = 85 degrees• 90 degrees @ 35% RH = 91 degrees• 95 degrees @ 35% RH = 98 degrees• 100 degrees @ 35% RH = 107 degrees• 105 degrees @ 35% RH = 118 degrees• 110 degrees @ 35% RH = 130 degrees
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THERMAL STRESSAND
HEAT INDEX
THERMAL STRESSAND
HEAT INDEX
• Current SOP EM-29, Non Emergency
• Heat Index up to 89
• Heat Index from 90 to 99
• Heat Index of 100 or greater
• Heat Index of 105 or greater
• Emergency activities 90 or greater
• Current SOP EM-29, Non Emergency
• Heat Index up to 89
• Heat Index from 90 to 99
• Heat Index of 100 or greater
• Heat Index of 105 or greater
• Emergency activities 90 or greater
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U.S. ARMY STANDARDU.S. ARMY STANDARD
• 78 TO 81.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 82 TO 84.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 85 TO 87.9 USE DISCRETION• 88 TO 89.9 STRENIOUS ACTIVITIES
LIMITED• 90 AND ABOVE STRENUOUS ACTIVITY
CANCELLED
• 78 TO 81.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 82 TO 84.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 85 TO 87.9 USE DISCRETION• 88 TO 89.9 STRENIOUS ACTIVITIES
LIMITED• 90 AND ABOVE STRENUOUS ACTIVITY
CANCELLED
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HYDRATION AND FLUID REPLACEMENT
HYDRATION AND FLUID REPLACEMENT
• 17 minutes of firefighting results in a 15% reduction in plasma volume.
• Hyperthermia causes vasodilation, an increase in vessel diameter.
• Vasodilation also may reduce blood pressure.• Aggressive hydration. 1.7 liters of fluid to
replace fluid lost during 17 minutes of firefighting.
• 17 minutes of firefighting results in a 15% reduction in plasma volume.
• Hyperthermia causes vasodilation, an increase in vessel diameter.
• Vasodilation also may reduce blood pressure.• Aggressive hydration. 1.7 liters of fluid to
replace fluid lost during 17 minutes of firefighting.
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Triggers and TrapsTriggers and Traps
Triggers – Those things the ISO can do to help instill safe operations.
Traps – General approaches that will render the ISO ineffective.
Triggers – Those things the ISO can do to help instill safe operations.
Traps – General approaches that will render the ISO ineffective.
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TRIGGERS to Safe Operations
TRIGGERS to Safe Operations
BE VISIBLE – Display the word “Safety” like a banner
BE VISIBLE – Display the word “Safety” like a banner
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TRIGGERS to Safe Operations
TRIGGERS to Safe Operations
Lead by Example!
SOFT Intervention – advice, sharing observations, humor, etc.
FIRM Intervention – Stop, Alter, Suspend operations. Stern Advisories.
Lead by Example!
SOFT Intervention – advice, sharing observations, humor, etc.
FIRM Intervention – Stop, Alter, Suspend operations. Stern Advisories.
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Your Goal:Your Goal:
Be a Valuable Consultant:
• Present tangible - well articulated hazard observations
• Don’t subvert IC• Offer solutions and
contingencies - credibility!
• Regular contact - face to face - every 15 min
Be a Valuable Consultant:
• Present tangible - well articulated hazard observations
• Don’t subvert IC• Offer solutions and
contingencies - credibility!
• Regular contact - face to face - every 15 min