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International Living With a Star: Basic Research With A High Public Purpose

D.N. Baker

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences

Department of Physics

University of Colorado, Boulder

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THE LABORATORY FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE PHYSICS

A RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADOBOULDER, COLORADO

.

Celebrating Sixty Years of Space Science Research

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CU/LASP: Pushing the Boundaries of Space Research

• LASP conducts theoretical and experimental research in….• Planetary Physics• Solar Influences• Atmospheric Sciences• Space Physics

• LASP has successfully developed scientific instrumentation for….• 12 Deep Space Missions• 14 Earth-Orbiting Missions• Over 230 Sub-Orbital Rocket

Experiments

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LASP Space Mission Participation

LASP has now sent instruments to every planet in the solar system and beyond (Voyager)

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100 Students

SCIENTISTS STUDY DATA, PUBLISH DISCOVERIES

AND FORMULATE NEW QUESTIONS

ENGINEERS DESIGN, BUILD & TEST

FLIGHT HARDWAREMISSION OPERATIONS

MANAGES SPACECRAFT AND COLLECTS DATA

130 STUDENTS

270 PROFESSIONALS

All Phases: Formulate, Design, Build, Test, and Operate

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Training the Next Generation Workforce

• LASP employs about 130 graduate and undergraduates throughout the Lab (science, engineering and mission operations).

• Gaining experience as productive members of LASP team, including skills important for partnering with space sciences industries.

Hands-on experience in designing, building, testing, and operating space flight hardware

Working as a member of a team Understanding the space business community and

concernsMaintaining high quality under tight deadlines Learn about procedures and standards

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LASP Science Partnerships

• Colorado Partners– Denver Museum of Nature and Science– National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)– NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center– Space Science Institute– Southwest Research Institute

• International Partners– Canadian Space Agency – Germany (MPI), Belgium, Austria, Britain, etc.– European Space Agency, Japan– How about Taiwan??

ITAR restrictions inhibit international collaborations. Need continued attention from policymakers in changing these laws.

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Solar Variability: SORCE and NPOESS

• Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) launched flawlessly on 25 January 2003

• Mission is measuring the total and spectral solar “irradiance” with unprecedented precision

• This program will help us understand global climate change

• National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is used to monitor global environmental conditions.

• LASP’s SORCE SIM and TIM instruments may be on NPOESS or other similar missions.

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AIM: Studying Clouds at the Edge of Space

Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) is an Earth orbiting satellite that is carrying out the first detailed exploration of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), clouds that may be the result of human-induces climate change.

Over its two-year mission, AIM will document the entire complex life cycle of these clouds. With this information, scientists will be able to resolve many of the mysteries about how these clouds form and be better able to predict how they will change in the future.

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Mercury MESSENGER Flyby - October 2008

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LASP-led Mars Scout MissionBruce Jakosky, PILaunch date: 2013

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mission

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Understanding of Sun-Earth Connections

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Yohkoh Soft X-rays: The 11-Year Solar Activity Cycle

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Civilian Spacecraft at Geostationary Orbit

Estimated to be greater than $200

billion in space assets

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SOHO: Images of the Sun—October 2003

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The Halloween Storms in the Heliosphere

Electron (left) and Proton (right)Radiation Belt Models

Electron (left) and Proton (right)Radiation Belt Models

Radiation belt changes during Halloween 2003 stormsBaker et al. (Nature, 2004)

Long-Term View From SAMPEX

Multi-MeV electrons in the outer Van Allen belt show huge variability on all relevant time scales. This includes daily to solar cycle variations. There is a clear part played by solar wind speed.

Questions have been raised about the relative roles of high speed solar wind streams versus CME-driven geomagnetic storms.

High-Energy Electrons

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Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

• Definition:– A transfer of

electrostatic charge between bodies at different electrostatic potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field.

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ESD Damage

175X 4300X

HA-2700 surface damage in the C2 MOS capacitor (Courtesy of JPL)

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Spacecraft Anomalies and Failures

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1993* 1994* 1995* 1996* 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

# o

f R

ep

ort

s

Events

SC Failures

Average # of events/yr = 24.3Average # of failures/yr = 2.5 Most events/failures are not attibuted to space weather, but 46 of 70 in 2003 occurred during Halloween Storm

Ave Events

Ave Failures

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Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP):Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope (REPT)

(Being built at CU – LASP)

REPT Instrument Cross Section

Collimator

Detector Stack

Be Window BIAS

CSA

2X 20mm detectors 7X 40mm detector pairs

Detector flex circuits

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International Living With a Star (ILWS)

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Economic Impacts of Space Weather• Airborne Survey Data Collection: $50,000

per day• Marine Seismic Data Collection: $80,000-

$200,000 per day• Offshore Oil Rig Operation: $300,000-

$1,000,000 per day

GPS Global Production Value—expected growth:

2003 - $13 billion

2008 - $21.5 billion

2017 - $757 billionIndustrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) – Mar 2005

Global Positioning System

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration

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Space Studies Board Economic Impacts Study

• Phase I: Workshop– May 22-23, 2008– Representatives from academia, industry,

government, and industry associations • Associations have aggregated data and avoid

concerns about proprietary or competition-sensitive data

– Analysis in specific areas; e.g., GPS, power industry, aviation, military systems, human and robotic exploration beyond low-Earth orbit

– Econometric analysis of value of improved SpaceWx

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Anticipated Benefits

• Economic Impacts analyses provide:– Better guidance for policy makers on investment

in Space Weather systems– Better rationale for Agency budgeting– Better understanding of “high-payoff” forecasts– Clearer guidance for future human exploration– Improved societal appreciation for SWx risks

National Academy of Sciences Report ( in final preparation)

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Summary

• LASP and CU are performing forefront research in space and Earth sciences

• The challenges associated with space weather affect all developed and developing countries

• Work on space weather specification, modeling, and forecasting has great societal benefit: It is basic research with a high public purpose

• Future space exploration and human endeavors will require major advances in physical understanding and improved transition of space research to operations

• ITAR is a major impediment to effective U.S. space programs; It is imperative that ITAR law be revamped.

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Thank you.

Questions?

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FISFES NCKU-TaiwanParticle Acceleration to High Energies in the Magnetosphere

D.N. Baker, S.G. Kanekal, X. Li and S. ElkingtonLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

University of Colorado at Boulder

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The Interdependencies of Society

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CISM: The Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling

LASP’s Principal Role:The Knowledge Transfer Team

Goal: To provide access to models, as well as technologyexchange opportunities and fellowships.

Allows CISM scientists to communicate their innovations to the broad government and industry community. Allows the community to convey their needs to the CISM scientists.

Partners include Lockheed Martin, Ball Aerospace, Boeing, Metatech and NOAA/Space Weather Prediction Center

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Key Regions of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration

BowShock

Cusp

Solar Wind

Shock Acceleration

Auroral Region Acceleration

Magnetopause Acceleration

Inner Magnetosphere Acceleration

Tail Reconnection Acceleration

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MHD/Particle Simulations of Energetic Electron Trapping

• 60 keV test electrons, constant M

• Started 20 RE downtail, 15s intervals

• Evolves naturally under MHD E and B fields

• Removed from simulation at magnetopause

• Color coded by energy

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Coronal Mass Ejection - Earth Impact

Cou

rtes

y of

NA

SA

A few of the agencies and industries that rely on space

weather services today:

• U.S. power grid infrastructure • Commercial airline industry • Dep. of Transportation ( GPS) • NASA human space flight activities • Satellite launch and operations • DoD Operations

DOENuclear Reg Comm

SchlumbergerNY/PJM Grid

BallLoral

NESDIS/SOCCDigital Globe

BoeingLockheedAerospaceEchostar

NASASpace Command

ISS AstronautsFAA

AmericanUnited Airlines

NorthwestContinental

Growth of Space WeatherCustomers

Sunspot CyclesSunspot Cycles

Commercial Space Transportation

Airline Polar Flights Microchip technology

Precision Guided Munitions Cell phones Atomic Clock Satellite Operations Carbon Dating experiments GPS Navigation Ozone Measurements Aircraft Radiation Hazard Commercial TV Relays Communications Satellite Orientation Spacecraft Charging Satellite Reconnaissance & Remote Sensing Instrument Damage Geophysical Exploration. Pipeline Operations Anti-Submarine Detection Satellite Power Arrays Power Distribution Long-Range Telephone Systems Radiation Hazards to Astronauts Interplanetary Satellite experiments VLF Navigation Systems (OMEGA, LORAN) Over the Horizon Radar Solar-Terres. Research & Applic. Satellites Research & Operations Requirements Satellite Orbit Prediction Solar Balloon & Rocket experiments Ionospheric Rocket experiments Radar Short-wave Radio Propagation