1 Florida Regional Community Policing Institute at St. Petersburg College With funding from: Dept....

1

Florida Regional Community Florida Regional Community

Policing Institute Policing Institute at St. Petersburg Collegeat St. Petersburg College

With funding from: With funding from: Dept. of Justice, COPS OfficeDept. of Justice, COPS Office

Professionalism & Professionalism & Leadership in Law Leadership in Law EnforcementEnforcement

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Overview of the CourseOverview of the Course

Character, Professionalism, LeadershipCharacter, Professionalism, Leadership Foundations of EthicsFoundations of Ethics Ethical Decision-MakingEthical Decision-Making Ethical Issues in Law EnforcementEthical Issues in Law Enforcement

• Conflict of Interest, Power, Autonomy, Conflict of Interest, Power, Autonomy, DiscretionDiscretion

Ethical LeadershipEthical Leadership

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Class Introductions Class Introductions

Choose partner for quick interviews, then Choose partner for quick interviews, then introduce your partner to the class.introduce your partner to the class.

• NameName

• Agency & rankAgency & rank

• Years in law enforcement professionYears in law enforcement profession

• Hobbies or off-the-job interestsHobbies or off-the-job interests

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Course Ground Rules Course Ground Rules (p. 1)(p. 1)

Participate fully Ask questions Apply new knowledge Respect other’s opinions Keep an open mind Help lead the discussion

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Themes of the DayThemes of the Day

Unit 1Unit 1

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Themes of the DayThemes of the Day

Roles of Law Enforcement Officers Roles of Law Enforcement Officers

Character in Law Enforcement Character in Law Enforcement

Professionalism in Law Enforcement Professionalism in Law Enforcement

Leaders & LeadershipLeaders & Leadership

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Group 1Group 1Roles of LEO’sRoles of LEO’s

Role/ FunctionRole/ Function Protector Protector NegotiatorNegotiator MediatorMediator Social WorkerSocial Worker InvestigatorInvestigator Others?Others?

Qualities NeededQualities Needed Clint EastwoodClint Eastwood SalespersonSalesperson DiplomatDiplomat Caring/CompassionateCaring/Compassionate Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes ????

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Group 2Group 210 Character Traits of Good Officers10 Character Traits of Good Officers

1.1. HonestHonest

2.2. CourageousCourageous

3.3. WiseWise

4.4. CaringCaring

5.5. Team-playerTeam-player

6.6. Self-disciplinedSelf-disciplined

7.7. Law-AbidingLaw-Abiding

8.8. PatientPatient

9.9. DependableDependable

10.10. Fair / ImpartialFair / Impartial

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Group 3Group 3ProfessionalismProfessionalism

ProfessionalismProfessionalism Goes beyond Goes beyond

requirementsrequirements Seeks excellenceSeeks excellence Knows job wellKnows job well TrustedTrusted Duties before self-Duties before self-

interestinterest

UnprofessionalismUnprofessionalism Does only minimum; Does only minimum;

enough to get byenough to get by Settles for mediocritySettles for mediocrity Knowledge limitedKnowledge limited Can’t be fully trustedCan’t be fully trusted Self-interest before Self-interest before

dutiesduties

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Group 4AGroup 4AEffective LeadershipEffective Leadership

EffectiveEffective Delegates Delegates Above pettinessAbove pettiness VisionaryVisionary OrganizedOrganized Prioritizes wellPrioritizes well Mentors othersMentors others Strong Strong

communication skillscommunication skills

IneffectiveIneffective Does not delegate wellDoes not delegate well Petty/Holds grudgesPetty/Holds grudges No visionNo vision Scattered/ChaoticScattered/Chaotic Priorities poorlyPriorities poorly Exploits othersExploits others Frustrating Frustrating

CommunicatorCommunicator

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Group 4BGroup 4BEthical LeadershipEthical Leadership

Ethical LeadersEthical Leaders

Integrity – Good Integrity – Good PersonPerson

Always truthfulAlways truthful

Treats all fairlyTreats all fairly

Positive role modelPositive role model

Unethical LeadersUnethical Leaders

Many faces; no Many faces; no charactercharacter

Don’t assume Don’t assume truthfulnesstruthfulness

Plays favorites or Plays favorites or discriminatesdiscriminates

Negative role modelNegative role model

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Foundations of EthicsFoundations of Ethics

Unit 2Unit 2

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Foundations of EthicsFoundations of Ethics

Explore challenges to ethical reasoningExplore challenges to ethical reasoning

Evaluate “Origins of Ethical Beliefs”Evaluate “Origins of Ethical Beliefs”

Aristotle, Aquinas, Locke, Kant, RawlsAristotle, Aquinas, Locke, Kant, Rawls

Apply principles to ethics scenariosApply principles to ethics scenarios

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Challenges to EthicsChallenges to EthicsRelativismRelativism

What is morally right/wrong varies from What is morally right/wrong varies from one person to anotherone person to another or from or from one one society to anothersociety to another..

Ethical discussions are pointless Ethical discussions are pointless because there are no because there are no universal ethical universal ethical principlesprinciples that apply to everyone. that apply to everyone.

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Challenges to EthicsChallenges to EthicsAbsolutismAbsolutism

All moral/ethical judgments are All moral/ethical judgments are the the same for everyonesame for everyone..

There is one and only one There is one and only one correct correct answer to every ethical questionanswer to every ethical question, no , no matter how personal or trivial.matter how personal or trivial.

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Challenges to EthicsChallenges to EthicsLegalismLegalism

Ethical discussions are unnecessary Ethical discussions are unnecessary because we have because we have laws to tell us what is right laws to tell us what is right and wrongand wrong..

Why argue about ethics when we can just Why argue about ethics when we can just look it up in a law book?look it up in a law book?

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Origins of Ethics BeliefsOrigins of Ethics Beliefs(Richard Doss)(Richard Doss)

On what do we base our On what do we base our ethical beliefs?ethical beliefs?

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Origins of Ethical BeliefsOrigins of Ethical Beliefs(Richard Doss)(Richard Doss)

AuthorityAuthority

• What makes an action right or wrong is that What makes an action right or wrong is that someone in a position of authority said it wassomeone in a position of authority said it was. . These authorities can be These authorities can be governmental, governmental, religious, parental, departmental, etc.religious, parental, departmental, etc.

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Origins of Ethics - AuthorityOrigins of Ethics - Authority

• Pro:Pro: Obedience to authority is essential to Obedience to authority is essential to maintaining an orderly societymaintaining an orderly society..

• Con:Con: Authorities aren’t always right. Blind Authorities aren’t always right. Blind obedience to authority can obedience to authority can lead people to do lead people to do some terrible thingssome terrible things..

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Origins of Ethical BeliefsOrigins of Ethical Beliefs

CultureCulture• What makes an action right or wrong is that What makes an action right or wrong is that

my culture believes it to be that waymy culture believes it to be that way..

• Morality is based on the Morality is based on the deepest values and deepest values and principlesprinciples of one’s society. of one’s society.

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Origins of Ethics - CultureOrigins of Ethics - Culture

• Pro:Pro: Helps to create Helps to create social unity and social unity and cohesioncohesion through a shared value system. through a shared value system.

• Con:Con: What if you live in a society with a What if you live in a society with a lousy lousy value systemvalue system? Don’t social value systems ? Don’t social value systems have to be measured against have to be measured against some kind of some kind of universal ethical principlesuniversal ethical principles??

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EmotionEmotion• What makes an action right is that it What makes an action right is that it makes makes

me feel good or happyme feel good or happy..

• What makes an action wrong is that it What makes an action wrong is that it makes makes me feel bad or unhappyme feel bad or unhappy..

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Origins of Ethics - EmotionOrigins of Ethics - Emotion

• Pro:Pro: Emotions are Emotions are great motivators and great motivators and persuaderspersuaders. (Coaches, politicians). (Coaches, politicians)

• Con:Con: Emotions are Emotions are present tensepresent tense. Things that . Things that make us happy now can lead to make us happy now can lead to painful painful consequencesconsequences. Some people get happiness . Some people get happiness from doing from doing terrible things to othersterrible things to others..

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IntuitionIntuition• This person thinks that actions are right or This person thinks that actions are right or

wrong because wrong because they just seem that way to they just seem that way to him.him.

• He has some kind of He has some kind of gut instinct, hunch, first gut instinct, hunch, first impressionimpression, an inner voice., an inner voice.

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Origins of Ethics - IntuitionOrigins of Ethics - Intuition

• Pro:Pro: Not bad idea to listen to that Not bad idea to listen to that inner voice inner voice & those warning bells& those warning bells..

• Con:Con: Sometimes we Sometimes we jump to wrong jump to wrong conclusionsconclusions. With intuition alone, you never . With intuition alone, you never know know why anything is right or wrongwhy anything is right or wrong. Just . Just seems that way.seems that way.

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ReasonReason• Ethical right and wrong are based on Ethical right and wrong are based on

consistent, logical thinkingconsistent, logical thinking..

• An action is right or wrong because it An action is right or wrong because it makes makes logical sense to think sological sense to think so..

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Origins of Ethics - ReasonOrigins of Ethics - Reason

• Pro:Pro: Tool that lets us Tool that lets us question and challenge question and challenge the other originsthe other origins..

• Con:Con: It doesn’t always seem to It doesn’t always seem to tell us all the tell us all the same thing; to lead to the same answerssame thing; to lead to the same answers..

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Introduction to Ethical Theories

Is there a right or best way to think Is there a right or best way to think about right/wrong that will lead us to about right/wrong that will lead us to truth?truth?

Think of looking in windows at a crime Think of looking in windows at a crime scene.scene.

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Ethical Theories

The arguments of some of history’s greatest The arguments of some of history’s greatest thinkers for the most logical way to think thinkers for the most logical way to think about ethics.about ethics.

The sources of most of the ethical principles The sources of most of the ethical principles we believe in and follow.we believe in and follow.

Why learn about them here?Why learn about them here?

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Natural Rights (Natural Rights (John LockeJohn Locke))

British philosopher and medical doctor, 1632-British philosopher and medical doctor, 1632-1704.1704.

Locke believed that ethics should be based Locke believed that ethics should be based on on individual human rightsindividual human rights..

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Natural RightsNatural Rights

Central Ethical PrincipleCentral Ethical Principle

Everyone is entitled to as many Everyone is entitled to as many rights rights and freedomsand freedoms as possible, as long as as possible, as long as rights and freedoms of others are not rights and freedoms of others are not violated.violated.

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Natural RightsNatural Rights

The only possible moral wrong is to The only possible moral wrong is to violate violate another person’s rightsanother person’s rights..

This theory was hugely influential on U.S. This theory was hugely influential on U.S. founders.founders.

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6 Kinds of Rights6 Kinds of Rights

SecuritySecurity Rights Rights

• Protect people from Protect people from murder, injury, and murder, injury, and torturetorture..

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Due ProcessDue Process Rights Rights

• Protect people from Protect people from arbitrary and excessively arbitrary and excessively harsh punishmentsharsh punishments; require ; require fair and publicfair and public trials for those accused of crimes.trials for those accused of crimes.

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LibertyLiberty Rights Rights

• Protect people’s Protect people’s freedomsfreedoms in areas such as in areas such as belief, expression, association, and belief, expression, association, and movementmovement..

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PoliticalPolitical Rights Rights

• Protects people’s freedom to participate in Protects people’s freedom to participate in politicspolitics by assembling, protesting, voting, and by assembling, protesting, voting, and serving in public officeserving in public office..

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EqualityEquality RightsRights

• Guarantee equal Guarantee equal citizenshipcitizenship; equality before ; equality before the the lawlaw; freedom from ; freedom from discriminationdiscrimination..

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WelfareWelfare Rights Rights

• Require that people be provided with Require that people be provided with educationeducation and protected from and protected from starvationstarvation and and severe severe povertypoverty..

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How to Use Natural Rights

Consider the optional actions that could be Consider the optional actions that could be taken.taken.

Eliminate any options that Eliminate any options that violate anyone’s violate anyone’s rightsrights..

All remaining options are ethically All remaining options are ethically permissible.permissible.

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Application

ScenarioScenario

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Kantianism - Immanuel KantKantianism - Immanuel Kant

• German philosopher, 1724-1804German philosopher, 1724-1804

• Goal: To show that individuals can Goal: To show that individuals can determine moral right/wrong determine moral right/wrong for for themselvesthemselves, and not be dependent on , and not be dependent on authorities to tell them what is right.authorities to tell them what is right.

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KantKant

Key: Showing people how to use Key: Showing people how to use logic and logic and moral reasoning to determine ethical right moral reasoning to determine ethical right and wrongand wrong..

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Kant’s Kant’s Two Key PrinciplesTwo Key Principles

““Universality”Universality” – You should always act consistently with the moral standard that you would want everyone else to follow.

““Respect for Persons”Respect for Persons” – It’s always wrong to exploit people; to use them in a way that harms them for the benefit of someone else.”

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How to Use KantHow to Use Kant

Consider your options.Consider your options.

Eliminate any that violate Eliminate any that violate universalityuniversality or or respect for personsrespect for persons..

All remaining options are morally permissible.All remaining options are morally permissible.

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Application

ScenarioScenario

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UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham, British, 1748-1832Jeremy Bentham, British, 1748-1832

Ethics based onEthics based on producing the producing the greatest greatest possible goodpossible good for the for the greatest possible greatest possible numbernumber. (good = . (good = happinesshappiness))

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UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

The The individualindividual isn’t very important. isn’t very important.

Individual Individual rightsrights are irrelevant. are irrelevant.

Only thing that matters is overall Only thing that matters is overall good of the good of the groupgroup..

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How to Use UtilitarianismHow to Use Utilitarianism Consider your options.Consider your options.

Consider everyone who could be Consider everyone who could be affected by affected by these optionsthese options and how much and how much happiness or happiness or unhappiness would resultunhappiness would result to each person to each person with each optionwith each option..

Option with Option with highest “net” utilityhighest “net” utility is the most is the most ethical option.ethical option.

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Application

ScenarioScenario

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ContractarianismContractarianism

John Rawls, American, 1921-2002.John Rawls, American, 1921-2002.

Foundation of ethics is Foundation of ethics is fairnessfairness..

Problem: Human nature is to act from Problem: Human nature is to act from self-self-interestinterest, making it hard to recognize , making it hard to recognize real real fairnessfairness when we see it. when we see it.

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Solution: “Solution: “Veil of ignorance”Veil of ignorance”

Imaginary blindfold preventing you from Imaginary blindfold preventing you from knowing knowing exactly who you areexactly who you are in a situation. in a situation.

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Which action would seem Which action would seem most fairmost fair to you, no matter whom you turned to you, no matter whom you turned out to be in the situation?out to be in the situation?

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How to Use Contractarianism

Consider your options.Consider your options.

Using the Using the veil of ignoranceveil of ignorance, choose the , choose the option that would seem most fair to you no option that would seem most fair to you no matter whom you were in the situation.matter whom you were in the situation.

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Application

ScenarioScenario

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Virtue EthicsVirtue Ethics

Ancient Athens, 450-350 B.C.Ancient Athens, 450-350 B.C.

““3 Great Lights” – 3 Great Lights” – Socrates, Plato, AristotleSocrates, Plato, Aristotle

First to base ethical decisions on First to base ethical decisions on reason and reason and logical thinkinglogical thinking..

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Virtue EthicsVirtue Ethics Assumption: Purpose of life is to find Assumption: Purpose of life is to find

happiness and fulfillmenthappiness and fulfillment..

Greeks searching for Greeks searching for “the good life,”“the good life,” pattern pattern of living that would lead to happiness and of living that would lead to happiness and fulfillment.fulfillment.

How do we find it?How do we find it?

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Plato’s StrategiesPlato’s Strategies

(Assumption) – Happy, fulfilled people are (Assumption) – Happy, fulfilled people are generally generally morally maturemorally mature people. people.

What are they doing right?What are they doing right?

Which Which character traitscharacter traits do morally mature do morally mature people generally share?people generally share?

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VirtuesVirtues

These character traits of a good life are These character traits of a good life are called called virtuesvirtues

Self-control, justice, wisdom, courageSelf-control, justice, wisdom, courage

Happiness/fulfillment comes from Happiness/fulfillment comes from incorporating these into our lives.incorporating these into our lives.

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Defining VirtuesDefining Virtues

How can we know precisely what a virtue How can we know precisely what a virtue means? (courage, generosity, etc.)means? (courage, generosity, etc.)

Aristotle’s test is called Aristotle’s test is called “the golden mean.“the golden mean.” ” Virtues are a perfect balance between Virtues are a perfect balance between undesirable extremes.undesirable extremes.

Examples?Examples?

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Virtue EthicsVirtue Ethics

So, a good person is one who incorporates So, a good person is one who incorporates important important virtuesvirtues into his life. The more into his life. The more virtues, the better the odds of finding virtues, the better the odds of finding happiness/fulfillment.happiness/fulfillment.

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How to Use Virtue EthicsHow to Use Virtue Ethics

Consider your optionsConsider your options

Follow the course of action consistent with Follow the course of action consistent with the the most ethical virtuesmost ethical virtues..

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ApplicationApplication

ScenarioScenario

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Natural Law: Natural Law: Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas

Theme: “Theme: “GoodGood is to be done and promoted; is to be done and promoted; evilevil is to be avoided.” is to be avoided.”

Instead of virtues, Aquinas focused on Instead of virtues, Aquinas focused on valuesvalues..

Values are beliefs, ideas. Virtues are Values are beliefs, ideas. Virtues are personal personal character traitscharacter traits..

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Natural Law

Aquinas identified six “universal human values”:

• Human Life

• Health

• Procreation

• Welfare of children

• Knowledge

• Human Relationships

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Natural Law

Actions that promote these values are Actions that promote these values are goodgood..

Actions that violate or interfere with these Actions that violate or interfere with these values are values are evilevil..

Contemporary American values?Contemporary American values?

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How to Use Natural Law

Consider the values relevant to the situation Consider the values relevant to the situation or decision.or decision.

Follow a course of action that does not Follow a course of action that does not violate or interfere with any violate or interfere with any universal valuesuniversal values..

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ScenarioScenario

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Applying Ethical TheoriesApplying Ethical Theories

Natural RightsNatural Rights KantianismKantianism UtilitarianismUtilitarianism ContractarianismContractarianism Virtue EthicsVirtue Ethics Natural LawNatural Law

Read the scenario Read the scenario (p. 17).(p. 17).

Work together to Work together to decide what course decide what course of action each theory of action each theory would recommend would recommend as the right or best.as the right or best.

Record answers on Record answers on p. 18.p. 18.

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The ETHICS ModelThe ETHICS ModelApplied Ethics Institute,Applied Ethics Institute,St. Petersburg CollegeSt. Petersburg College

Unit 3Unit 3

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The ETHICS ModelThe ETHICS Model

(E) (E) Evaluate the ProblemEvaluate the Problem

• Identify the Identify the central ethical decisioncentral ethical decision that that needs to be made.needs to be made.

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(T)(T) Think Through the Options Think Through the Options

• What What optional actionsoptional actions are available to are available to resolve the problem?resolve the problem?

• Identify Identify four or morefour or more options. options.

• Avoid Avoid short-termshort-term thinking. thinking.

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(H)(H) Highlight the StakeholdersHighlight the Stakeholders

• Stakeholders are those who could be affected Stakeholders are those who could be affected by by your optional actionsyour optional actions..

• Identify as many as possible.Identify as many as possible.

• Also consider how various Also consider how various individuals or individuals or groupsgroups might be affected by the options. might be affected by the options.

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(I) (I) Identify & Apply Relevant Ethical Identify & Apply Relevant Ethical PrinciplesPrinciples

• Evaluate options by the Evaluate options by the central ethical central ethical principlesprinciples of each ethical theory. of each ethical theory.• Which options would a theory forbid?Which options would a theory forbid?

• Which options would a theory recommend?Which options would a theory recommend?

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(C) (C) Choose the Best/Wisest Course of Choose the Best/Wisest Course of ActionAction

• Review the previous steps.Review the previous steps.

• Using that information, choose Using that information, choose the optionthe option that that you believe represents the best/wisest course you believe represents the best/wisest course of action.of action.

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(S) (S) State Your JustificationState Your Justification

• JustifyJustify your decision. your decision.

• Give at least 3 main reasons why you chose Give at least 3 main reasons why you chose this option over any others.this option over any others.

• Use earlier steps for ammo.Use earlier steps for ammo.

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Applying theETHICS Model

Scenario (p. 22-23)

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Conflicts of Interest in Conflicts of Interest in Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement

Unit 4Unit 4

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What is a Conflict of Interest?

C of I’s occur when:C of I’s occur when:• A person (Bob) is in a relationship with another, A person (Bob) is in a relationship with another,

requiring Bob to exercise requiring Bob to exercise personal judgmentpersonal judgment in in the other’s behalf, andthe other’s behalf, and

• Bob has Bob has another interestanother interest tending to interfere with tending to interfere with the proper exercise of that judgment.the proper exercise of that judgment.

• Examples?Examples?

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What’s Wrong withConflicts of Interest?

It causes Bob to be less It causes Bob to be less reliable and reliable and trustworthytrustworthy..

It increases the risk of It increases the risk of poor decisions and poor decisions and judgmentsjudgments..

Examples?Examples?

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Conflicts of Interest - Levels

Real (or actual)Real (or actual) conflicts conflicts• ExampleExample

PotentialPotential conflictsconflicts• ExampleExample

Perceived (or apparent)Perceived (or apparent) conflicts conflicts• ExampleExample

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Conflicts of Interest - Conflicts of Interest - ResponsesResponses

Do Do nothing; ignore it.nothing; ignore it.

AvoidAvoid the situation.the situation.

EscapeEscape the conflict.the conflict.

DiscloseDisclose the conflict.the conflict.

ManageManage the conflict.the conflict.

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Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest

ApplicationApplication(p. 27)(p. 27)

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Power, Autonomy & Power, Autonomy & DiscretionDiscretion

Unit 5Unit 5

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PowerPower

Law enforcement professionals are one of a Law enforcement professionals are one of a very few groups in society allowed to have very few groups in society allowed to have non-negotiable, coercive forcenon-negotiable, coercive force..

(Others include (Others include parents, judges, and perhaps parents, judges, and perhaps teachersteachers.).)

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PowerPower

The proper handling of power requires The proper handling of power requires maturity and wisdommaturity and wisdom..

When power is When power is abused or wielded unwiselyabused or wielded unwisely, , society usually steps in and takes it away.society usually steps in and takes it away.

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AutonomyAutonomy

Means Means “Self-governance”“Self-governance”

Society grants autonomy in exchange for Society grants autonomy in exchange for providing some unique & important service.providing some unique & important service.

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AutonomyAutonomy

This autonomy is based on This autonomy is based on trusttrust. When trust . When trust is violated, autonomy is usually is violated, autonomy is usually taken awaytaken away..

The proper use of autonomy also requires The proper use of autonomy also requires maturity and wisdommaturity and wisdom..

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DiscretionDiscretion

Discretion is Discretion is the individual version of group the individual version of group autonomy. It means being trusted to make autonomy. It means being trusted to make your own decisions, at least in some areasyour own decisions, at least in some areas..

Discretion has Discretion has limitslimits. Never absolute.. Never absolute.

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DiscretionDiscretion

Discretion also requires Discretion also requires maturity and maturity and wisdomwisdom..

When discretion is When discretion is misused or abusedmisused or abused, it is , it is usually scaled back or taken away.usually scaled back or taken away.

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Power, Autonomy & Power, Autonomy & DiscretionDiscretion

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Effective & Ethical Effective & Ethical LeadershipLeadership

Unit 6Unit 6

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Manager vs. LeaderManager vs. Leader

ManagerManager

You direct the work, rather than performperform it.

LeaderLeader

You believe that, working in concertconcert with others, you can make a make a differencedifference.

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ManagerManager

You have You have responsibilities for responsibilities for hiring, firing, training & hiring, firing, training & discipliningdisciplining employees. employees.

LeaderLeader

You create something You create something of of valuevalue that did not that did not exist beforeexist before..

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ManagerManager

You exercise authority You exercise authority over the over the qualityquality of work of work and the and the conditionsconditions under which it is under which it is performed.performed.

LeaderLeader

You exhibit You exhibit positive positive energyenergy..

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ManagerManager

You work as a liaison You work as a liaison between between employeesemployees and and upper upper managementmanagement..

LeaderLeader

You create a sense of You create a sense of accomplishmentaccomplishment for for yourself and others.yourself and others.

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ManagerManager

You motivate You motivate employees and employees and contribute to a contribute to a culture culture of accomplishmentof accomplishment..

LeaderLeader

You welcome You welcome and and embrace changeembrace change..

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Components of Ethical Components of Ethical LeadershipLeadership

PurposePurpose

• The ethical leader reasons and acts with organizational purposes firmly in mind. This provides focus and consistency.

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KnowledgeKnowledge

• The ethical leader has the knowledge to The ethical leader has the knowledge to judge judge & act prudently& act prudently. This knowledge is found . This knowledge is found throughout the organization, but must be throughout the organization, but must be shared by those who hold it.shared by those who hold it.

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AuthorityAuthority

• The ethical leader has the power to The ethical leader has the power to make make decisions and actdecisions and act, but also recognizes that all , but also recognizes that all of those involved and affected must have the of those involved and affected must have the authority to authority to contribute what they havecontribute what they have toward toward shared purposes.shared purposes.

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TrustTrust

• The ethical leader inspires – and is the The ethical leader inspires – and is the beneficiary of – trust throughout the beneficiary of – trust throughout the organization and its environment. Without organization and its environment. Without trust and knowledgetrust and knowledge, people are afraid to , people are afraid to express their authority.express their authority.

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Character Traits of Effective Character Traits of Effective and Ethical Leadersand Ethical Leaders

CourageCourage

PridePride

SinceritySincerity

AdaptabilityAdaptability

InfluenceInfluence

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Modes of Ethical Leadership

Level 1: Level 1: InspirationInspiration

• Setting the example so others will Setting the example so others will contribute to their fullest to achieve contribute to their fullest to achieve the organization’s goals.the organization’s goals.

• (Lowest level of intervention)(Lowest level of intervention)

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Level 2: Level 2: FacilitationFacilitation

• Supporting other committed members, and Supporting other committed members, and guiding themguiding them when necessary, so that they when necessary, so that they are able to contribute their capabilities as are able to contribute their capabilities as much as possible.much as possible.

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Level 3: Level 3: PersuasionPersuasion

• Appealing to Appealing to reasonreason to convince to convince others to contribute toward achieving others to contribute toward achieving these goals and purposes.these goals and purposes.

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Level 4: Level 4: ManipulationManipulation

• Offering incentivesincentives when commitment is lacking.

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Modes of Ethical LeadershipModes of Ethical Leadership

Level 5: Level 5: CoercionCoercion

• ForcingForcing others to contribute some degree of others to contribute some degree of their capability when they have little their capability when they have little commitment to do so on their own.commitment to do so on their own.

• (Highest level of intervention)(Highest level of intervention)

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Wrap Up & ClosureWrap Up & Closure

Unit 7Unit 7

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Last AssignmentsLast Assignments

Help to write a short scenario for use in a Help to write a short scenario for use in a future class.future class.

Post-testPost-test

Class EvaluationClass Evaluation

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