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Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

Angela BrownChapter 28 Section 3

Learning Targets:1. Describe the United States role in the Bay

of Pigs invasion.

2. Analyze the events leading to the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

3. Outline the goals of Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps.

4. Summarize Johnson’s foreign policy.

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The Bay of Pigs Invasion • Fidel Castro overthrew U.S. backed

dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.

• Castro took over private property, including U.S. corporations in Cuba.

• U.S. broke diplomatic relations – Castro turned to Soviet Union.

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Cuba, Fidel, Raul

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http://img.timeinc.net/time/daily/2006/0608/raul_fidel0801.jpg

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• U.S. feared Cuba a model for revolutionary upheaval in Latin America.

• President Kennedy learned of a plan of President Eisenhower’s.

• CIA was training Cuban opponents of Castro in Guatemala.

• The Cubans rebels planned to invade Cuba.

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Guatamala

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mapimages/central_america/guatemala/guatemala.gifhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1235000/images/_1235128_cuba_bay_of_pigs_map150.gif

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• Kennedy Administration expected Cuban people to use opportunity to help overthrow Castro.

• Resistance surfaced – Kennedy accepted advice of CIA, Joint Chiefs of staff and Secretary of Defense and pushed ahead.

• April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was a total disaster.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

http://www.k12.nf.ca/gc/SocialStudies/whist3201/World%20History/MMartin/bay_of_pigs.jpg

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bay-of-pigs/kennedy-2506-flag.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/baypigs.htm&h=580&w=743&sz=149&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=EaDthiYRThqXLM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=141&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBay%2Bof%2BPigs%2BInvasion%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

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• Air strike failed to destroy Cuba’s air power – Cubans were able to keep U.S. backed troops from coming ashore.

• Kennedy refused to use U.S. planes to provide air cover for the 1500 Cuban soldiers – accepted defeat

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• U.S. lost prestige – nation’s support to overthrow another nations government was exposed to world.

• Latin Americans were angered; it violated agreements not to interfere in Western Hemisphere.

• European leaders concerned about the kind of leadership the new president planned to provide.

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The Berlin Crisis • Soviets demanded a peace treaty to make

the division of Berlin permanent; goal to cut off flow of East Germans escaping to West Germany through Berlin.

• Kennedy feared Soviet plan to take over rest of Europe.

• 1961 Kennedy – Khrushchev meeting in Vienna Austria.

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Kennedy and Khrushchev

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• Khrushchev gave Kennedy a public ultimatum regarding Germany – Kennedy felt bullied.

• At home Kennedy asked Congress for $3 billion for defense.

• He doubled draftees, called up reserves for active service and sought $200 million to build fallout shelters across country; U.S. had to be prepared if crisis led to nuclear war.

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• Soviets responded by building the Berlin wall in 1961

• The wall became somber symbol of Cold War.

• Soviets had found a way to avoid a showdown over East Berlin.

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Construction of the Berlin Wall

http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/images/europe/berlin.buildwall.jpg

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Berlin Wall• Berlin Wall 75 miles

around West Berlin and separated West Berlin from East Berlin over a 28 mile stretch.

• It was torn down Nov. 9, 1989 and Germany was reunified one year later.

http://www.destination360.com/europe/germany/images/s/germany-berlin-wall.jpg

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The Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 photos from U.S. spy planes showed

Soviets building missile bases on Cuban soil.

• Kennedy convinced missiles in Cuba presented a direct challenge.

• JFK ordered U.S. forces on full alert.• Bombers and missiles on both sides

armed with nuclear weapons; U.S. soldiers prepared to invade Cuba.

18http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/history/graphics/history_missile.gif

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Photographs showed:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/images/phot_1962_cmissilecrisis.jpg

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Missile Site Map

http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/images/Missilesitemap.jpg

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Conflicting Thoughts • Robert, Attorney

General argued against knocking out missiles.

• Sec of State Dean Acheson argued to destroy them.

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Course of Action• Oct 22 JFK on TV told

public about missiles and demanded Soviets remove missiles.

• He authorized a naval “quarantine” around Cuba to prevent Soviets from bring more missiles to Cuba. (couldn’t call it blockade – blockade is an act of war)

http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/speechgfx/jfk-cuban.jpg

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Quarantine

http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/NDhistory/LessonImages/modified%20pics/cuban%20missile%20crisis%201.jpg

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• Oct. 24 “quarantine” began.• Oct 25 Soviet ship crossed line stopped by

Navy and was allowed to proceed only carrying oil• Other Soviet ships headed toward Cuba reversed

direction; Khrushchev called them back.• Oct 26 Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy

stating the Soviets would withdraw missiles if U.S. ended quarantine and stayed out of Cuba.

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• 2nd letter the next day demanded U.S. remove missiles from Turkey in exchange.

• U.S. accepted terms of first letter and ignored the second.

• The World was closer than ever to nuclear war; Kennedy emerged a hero.

• Crisis lead to efforts to reduce risk of nuclear war.

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• Kennedy/Khrushchev established “hotline” for immediate discussion in event of crisis.

• 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear testing above ground which eliminated nuclear fallout. It still permitted underground testing.

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Moving Out???

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/46.jpg

28http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw3584.gif

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The Alliance for Progress • 1961 Alliance for progress created a vast

cooperative effort to satisfy basic needs of North, Central, and South American people for homes, work, land, health, and schools.

• Administration pledged $20 million over 19 years.

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Bogota school for 22,000

http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/alianzas.jpg

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• Latin American questioned benefits of alliance; viewed it as tool of U.S. to stop spread of communism = alliance never lived up to Kennedy’s expectations.

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The Peace Corps • 1961 Peace Corps – new program send

volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help developing nations around the world

http://media.newsnetnebraska.org/vimages/shared/vnews/stories/s-44039a502eb91-70-1.jpg

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Johnson’s Foreign PolicyThe Dominican Republic

• 1965 military backed government of Dominican Republic attacked by rebels.

• Johnson feared for safety of U.S. citizens living there.

• Argued wrongly that communist to blame and sent 22,000 marines to Dominican, which tipped the balance away from the rebels.

• Provisional government backed by U.S. put in place; elections were held the following year.

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http://www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/xmaps/hispaniola_in_america.jpg

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Vietnam • 1963 JFK had 16,000 military advisers in

South Vietnam and was contributing economic aid.

• Johnson opposed more direct involvement in 1964 campaign for president.

• Soon he could not tolerate letting communists take South Vietnam.

• 1965 American involvement in conflict deepened.

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http://www.veteranshour.com/vietnam.jpg

Exit Slip:1. After Kennedy authorized a military buildup

to show that the United States would not be bullied by the Soviet Union, the Soviets….

2. As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis…

3. Describe the major guiding principles behind the foreign policies of Kennedy and Johnson?

4. Kennedy believed he could encourage stability in Latin America by…

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